Файл: Учебное пособие 2 по английскому языку Для студентов лечебного и педиатрического факультета (2 семестр) 2020 год.doc

XIII. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:

to, in, into, in, to, of, through, in, of

1. Blood flows _______ the heart _____ one direction. 2. The pulmonary artery branches _____ the left and right pulmonary arteries. 3. Contractile cells respond __ impulses of action potential from the pacemaker cells. 4. The body can increase the heart rate __ response ___ a wide variety of conditions. 5. Blood pressure values are universally stated ___ millimeters ___ mercury. 6. The measures ___ blood pressure change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, or disease.
XIV. Read the following sentences and choose a correct word:

1. 
   The heart functions as a coordinator\a pump in the cardiovascular system to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body.
   
2. 
   The pulmonary\systemic circulation collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.
   
3. 
   The heart is primarily made up of lining cells\muscle tissue.
   
4. 
   A network of nerve fibers\ chordae tendineae coordinates the contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle tissue.
   
5. 
   The pumping phase of the cycle, also known as diastole\systole, occurs when heart muscle contracts
   
6. 
   The filling phase, which is known as systole\diastole, occurs when heart muscle relaxes.
   
7. 
   Heart rate is a term used to describe the power\frequency of the cardiac cycle.
   
8. 
   The pulse is the most straightforward way of measuring the heart rate\circadian rhythm.
   
9. 
   The pressure of the blood in other vessels is higher\lower than the arterial pressure.
   

XV. Identify and give functions (including where blood is coming from and going to) for each of the following:



XVI. Read the text and point out the main idea of the text.

Heart Sounds

One of the simplest, yet effective, diagnostic techniques applied to assess the state of a patient’s heart is auscultation using a stethoscope.

In a normal, healthy heart, there are only two audible heart sounds: S₁ and S₂. S₁ is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as a “lubb,” or first heart sound. The second heart sound, S₂, is the sound of the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole and is described as a “dubb”. In both cases, as the valves close, the openings within the atrioventricular septum guarded by the valves will become reduced, and blood flow through the opening will become more turbulent until the valves are fully closed. There is a third heart sound, S₃, but it is rarely heard in healthy individuals. S₃ may be heard in youth, some athletes, and pregnant women. If the sound is heard later in life, it may indicate congestive heart failure, warranting further tests. The fourth heart sound, S₄, results from the contraction of the atria pushing blood into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle, indicating failure of the left ventricle. A few individuals may have both S₃ and S₄, and this combined sound is referred to as S₇.

The term murmur is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood. Murmurs are graded on a scale of 1 to 6, with 1 being the most common, the most difficult sound to detect, and the least serious. The most severe is a 6. Murmurs can result from narrowing (stenosis), regurgitation or insufficiency of any of the main heart valves but they can also result from a number of other disorders, including atrial

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and ventricular septal defects. Phonocardiograms or auscultograms can be used to record both normal and abnormal sounds using specialized electronic stethoscopes.

During auscultation, it is common practice for the clinician to ask the patient to breathe deeply. This procedure not only allows for listening to airflow, but it may also amplify heart murmurs. Inhalation increases blood flow into the right side of the heart and may increase the amplitude of right-sided heart murmurs. Expiration partially restricts blood flow into the left side of the heart and may amplify left-sided heart murmurs.
Listening

XVII. Watch the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaXna8LmoiY

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XVIII. Watch the video ‘Conduction system of the Heart and ECG principles’ and answer the questions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYZ4daFwMa8

• 
  What is the function of SA?
  
• 
  What is the function of AV?
  

LESSON 14
Grammar: It is…. that, it was not until……that, Revision Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs, -ing Forms
Blood

I. Answer the questions:

1. What are the components of the human blood?

2. What are the functions of human blood?

3. How much blood does a person have?

Word building

Prefix, root	Meaning	Example
haem- (hemato-) haemo- (haemato-)	Blood	haematoma
-cyte	Cell	thrombocyte
thromb-	clot, lump	thrombocytopenia
Erythro-	Red	erythrocyte
leuko-	White	leukocyte
-penia	Deficiency	neutropenia
-emia	condition of blood	anaemia

II. Read and translate the words of Latin-Greek origin.

cellular [`seljulq], plasma [`plxzmq], erythrocyte [I`rITrqVsAIt], leucocyte [`lju:kqVsAIt], thrombocyte [`TrOmbqVsAIt], lymphocyte [`lImfqsAIt], hemoglobin [,hJmq(V)`glqubIn], granule [`grxnju:l], neutrophil [`nju:trq(V)fIl], eosinophil [,i:q`sInqfIl], basophil [`beIsq(V)fIl], histamine [`hIstqmJn], monocyte [`mOnq(V)sAIt], viral [`vaIqr(q)l], hemostasis [,hJmq`steIsIs]

Active Vocabulary

whole blood [`hqul `blAd] – цельная кровь

corpuscle [`kLpAsl] - тельце

platelet [`pleItlqt] – кровяная пластинка

dense [dens] – плотный, густой

viscosity [vIs`kOsqtI] - вязкость

stem cell – стволовая клетка

infectious agent [In`fekSqs `eIGqnt] – возбудитель инфекции

pathogen [`pxTqGqn] – патоген, болезнетворный организм

clotting [`klOtIN] = (coagulation [kqV,xgjq`leIS(q)n]) – свёртывание

bone marrow [‘mxrqu] – костный мозг

life span – продолжительность жизни

bloodstream [`blAdstrJm] = (blood flow [`blAd,flqu]) - кровоток

to damage [`dxmIG] – повреждать
Useful vocabulary

to exhale [eks`heIl, Iks-] - выдыхать

foreign substance [`fOrIn `sAbstqns] – инородное вещество

concave [kON`keIv] – вогнутый, впалый

volume ratio [`reISIqu] – жидкостный

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коэффициент

mature [mq`Cuq]– зрелый, созревший

to bind [baInd] – связывать, скреплять

capacity [kq`pxsqtI] – ёмкость, объём

granular leukocytes [`grxn ju:l]– гранулоцит, зернистый лейкоцит

agranular leukocytes [`grxn ju:l `lju:kqVsAIt]– незернистый лейкоцит

to fight off[`faItqf] – предотвратить, бороться

macrophage [`makrqfeIG] - макрофаг

to ingest [In`Gest] - проглатывать, засасывать

scab [skxb] – короста, струп

soluble [`sOljqbl] - растворимый

III. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to the word formation:

circulation - circulating - circulated, mature - immature –maturity, neutral -neutrophil – neutralize, to bind – bound – binding, to dissolve - dissolved - soluble – solution, to vary - variety - various, immunity – immune - immunological, viscosity - viscous, to damage - the damage - damaged, the clot - to clot - clotting
IV. Read and translate the following word combinations

a circulating tissue, fluid plasma and formed cellular elements, to make up less than 1%, due to its origin, slightly denser and more viscous than water, part of the body's immune system, to attack infectious agents and foreign substances, the most common type of blood cells, a surface area, to comprise about a third of the total RBC volume, a very small percentage, the total number of cells in the bloodstream, to neutralize bacteria that invade the body, to protect the body, natural killer cells, to fight off viral infections, the sticky surface of the platelets, the non-cellular or liquid portion of the blood, to maintain balance between the blood and tissue fluids, one of the main components in the formation of blood clots, medium for these substances.
Grammar

V. Read and translate the sentences

1. It was a French researcher, Alfred Donné, who discovered a third element in blood - platelets. 2. It is the number and types of cells in the blood that can indicate disease and infection. 3. It was until 1657 that Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit priest and scientist from Germany, examined blood from plague victims. 4. It was until 1678 that the red blood corpuscles were described by Jan Swammerdam of Amsterdam, a Dutch naturalist and physician. 5. It was Anthony van Leeuwenhoek who made the first complete account of the red cells in the last quarter of the 17th century
VI. Make the construction It is……. that (who), it was until…….. that with the highlighted words:

1. Leucocytes play the important role in the immune system. 2. Hemoglobin is the main constituent part of a red blood cell. 3. Blood is the means of transport system that carry substances from one location to another. 4. Karl Landsteiner distinguished the main blood groups. 5. Max Schultze published the first description of platelets as part of a study devoted mainly to the white blood cells in 1865. 6. Platelets were discovered by the Italian pathologist Giulio Bizzozero in 1882. 7. In 1842 William Addison drew pictures of a platelet-fibrin clot.
VIII. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Именно, благодаря гемоглобину, содержащемуся в эритроциах

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, кровь имеет красный цвет. 2. Именно, низкий уровень гемоглобина приводит к анемии. 3. Только в 1492 году в Риме было впервые сделано переливание крови. 4. Именно, Вильям Гарвей впервые описал кровообращение. 5. Только в 1901 году были открыты три основных группы крови. 6. Именно, американский врач Бернард Фантус впервые ввёл понятие «банк крови».
IX. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs:

1. Thrombocytes make up less than 1%. 2. Blood normally is slightly denser and more viscous than water. 3. Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cells and make up about 45% of the blood volume. 4. The center of an erythrocyte is its thinnest part. 5. WBCs differ from RBCs in the fact that they are usually larger in size. 6. The largest group of solutes in plasma contains three important proteins. 7. Albumins are the most common group of proteins in plasma constituting nearly two-thirds. 8. The plasma is largely water, containing proteins, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and dissolved waste products. 9. Carbon Monoxide binds with hemoglobin faster than oxygen, and stays bound for several hours. 10. The greater the viscosity of blood, the more friction there is, and more pressure is needed to force blood through.
X. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to –ing forms:

1. Blood is a circulating tissue. 2. Platelets take part in blood clotting. 3. The primary functions of RBCs are carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, binding to red colored substance - hemoglobin, and removing carbon dioxide. 4. The word hemoglobin comes from "hemo" meaning blood and "globin" meaning protein. 5. The RBCs’ distinctive red color is due to the spectral properties of the binding of iron ions in hemoglobin. 6. Eosinophils contain digestive enzymes specialized for digesting viruses. 7. The circulating life of a platelet is 8–10 days before macrophages capture and digest them. 8. Blood has many functions including transportation of nutrients round the body, maintaining homeostasis and the immune system. 10. Maintaining the balance of blood is important.
Reading
XI. What facts are true?

Erythrocyte

• 
  Red blood cells contain the blood's hemoglobin.
  
• 
  Erythrocytes are produced outside of red bone marrow.
  

Leucocyte

• 
  Leukocytes play important functions in the body’s immune system.
  
• 
  Leukocytes are made only in the bone marrow.
  

Platelet

• 
  Platelets are responsible for coagulation.
  
• 
  Platelets are formed in the red bone marrow from large macrophage cells.
  

Plasma

• 
  Plasma is the non-cellular portion of the blood.
  
• 
  Three important proteins of the plasma are albumins, globulins, and clotting proteins.
  

X. Read the text and check your predictions:

Human Blood

Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and formed cellular elements (red and white blood cells, and platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets (thrombocytes) make up less than 1%. Anatomically, blood is considered a connective tissue, due to its origin in the bones and its functions. It is slightly denser and more viscous than water. The thickness of blood is called viscosity. Blood forms about 79% of the body weight. It is blood that carries elements from one location in the body to another. Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, from lungs the arterial blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body, and the venous blood carries carbon dioxide.

One microliter of blood contains:

• 
  4.7-6.1 million (male), 4.2-5.4 million (female) erythrocytes
  
• 
  4 ,000–11,000 leukocytes
  
• 
  200,000–500,000 thrombocytes
  

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