ВУЗ: Не указан

Категория: Не указан

Дисциплина: Не указана

Добавлен: 11.12.2023

Просмотров: 180

Скачиваний: 1

ВНИМАНИЕ! Если данный файл нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

«NDT Edu» Ж0C0?:5@Hі;і3і H5:B5C;іA5@і:B5ABі3і">20@8I5AB2> A >3@0=8G5==>9>B25BAB25==>ABLN«NDT Edu» ВИЗ#АЛ0H/Й KOH" OЛ01 !>45@60=85B2545=85 3&5@<8=>;>38O 31. (878G5A:85 п@8=F8пK <5B>40 8 A2O70==K5 A =8<8 7=0=8O 41.1.OA=>2=K5 п>;>65=8O 41.2. OA2I5=585 5 1.3. OпB8G5A:85 п@8=F8пK 82.O1>@C4>20=85 13 3. И=D>@<0F8O 4> п@>2545=8O :>=B@>;O 8 п@>2545=85 :>=B@>;O 20#@8;>65=85 1 З0:;NG5=85 п> @57C;LB0B0< 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O 36#@8;>65=85 2 И=AB@C:F8O (B5E=>;>38G5A:0O :0@B0) =0 п@>2545=85 287C0;L=>3>:>=B@>;O 37#@8;>65=85 3 #@8<5@ п@>B>:>;0 8AпKB0=89 п> 287C0;L=><C :>=B@>;N 39#@8;>65=85 4 Cп8A>: HД =0 >1J5:BK 40В2545=85 В87C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L – =5@07@CH0NI53> <5B>4 :>=B@>;O >A=>20==K9 =0 2708<>459AB288 A25B>2>3> 87;CG5=8O A :>=B@>;8@C5<K< >1J5:B><. -B> 548=AB25==K9<5B>4 =5@07@CH0NI53> :>=B@>;O, :>B>@K9 <>65B 2Kп>;=OBLAO 8 G0AB> 2Kп>;=O5BAO 157:0:>3>-;81> >1>@C4>20=8O 8;8 п@>2>48BAO A 8Aп>;L7>20=85< п@>AB59H8E 87<5@8B5;L=KE A@54AB2. O= п>72>;O5B 2KO2;OBL п>25@E=>AB=K5 п>@K 8 B@5I8=K, п>4@57K, :@0B5@K, п@>6>38, A28I8, =0п;K2K, A<5I5=8O :@><>: 8 4@C385 45D5:BK. K =54>AB0B:0< <5B>40 <>6=> >B=5AB8 =87:CN 25@>OB=>ABL >1=0@C65=8O <5;:8E п>25@E=>AB=KE 45D5:B>2, 0 B0:65 7028A8<>ABL 2KO2;O5<>AB8 45D5:B>2 >B AC1J5:B82=KE D0:B>@>2 (>AB@>B0 7@5=8O, CAB0;>ABL, >пKB @01>BK 2Kп>;=ONI53> :>=B@>;L Aп5F80;8AB0) 8 CA;>289 :>=B@>;O (>A25I5==>ABL, >пB8G5A:89 :>=B@0AB 8 4@.). &5< =5 <5=55 п@>AB>B0, <0;0O B@C4>5<:>ABL 8 >п@545;5==0O 8=D>@<0B82=>ABL 287C0;L=>3> 8 87<5@8B5;L=>3> :>=B@>;O 45;0NB 53> >1O70B5;L=K< 8 п@54H5AB2CNI8< п@>2545=8N=5@07@CH0NI53> :>=B@>;O 4@C38<8 <5B>40<8. K0:8<8 1K C=8:0;L=K<8 =8 1K;8 <5B>4K 8 A@54AB20 п>A;54CNI8E :>=B@>;L=KE >п5@0F89, :>=B@>;L 8745;89 =0G8=05BAO A287C0;L=>3> >A<>B@0 =52>>@C65==K< 3;07><. H0 >пB8<0;L=>< 4;O 3;07 @0AAB>O=88 2 250<< @07;8G0NB 45B0;8 @07<5@><

T5@<8=>;>38O

1. $878G5A:85 п@8=F8пK <5B>40 8 A2O70==K5 A =8<8 7=0=8O

1.1.OA=>2=K5 п>;>65=8O

1.2. OA2I5=585

1.3. OпB8G5A:85 п@8=F8пK

2.O1>@C4>20=85

T01;8F0 2 – K>=B@>;8@C5 п0@0<5B@K 8 B@51>20=8O : 287C0;L=> :>=B@>;N п>;CD01@8:B>2 K>=B@>;8@C5<K9п0@0<5B@ &@51>20=8O : :>=B@>;N 1.H0@C6=K9480<5B@ (D=),2=CB@5==89 480<5B@(D2) И7<5@5=85 D= 8 D2 A >1>8E :>=F>2 B@C1K. И7<5@5=85 D2 2Kп>;=ONB п@8 п>AB02:5 B@C1 п> 2=CB@5==5 480<5B@C. 2.&>;I8=0 ;8AB0, AB5=:8 B@C1K (S=) И7<5@5=85 S= A >1>8E :>=F>2 B@C1K =5 <5=55 G5<2 42CE A5G5=8GE. И7<5@5=85 S= ;8AB0 =5 <5=55 G5< 2 42CE A5G5=8OE (п> 4;8=5, H8@8=5) A :064>9 AB>@>=K ;8AB0. 3. O20;L=>ABLB@C1 (0) И7<5@5=85 @07<5@0 4A >1>8E :>=F>2 B@C1K 4. K@8287=0B@C1K (1) И7<5@5=85 :@8287=K =0 CG0AB:5 1 < 2 42CEA5G5=8OE п> 4;8=5. 5. Д;8=0 B@C1K,;8AB0 (L) И7<5@5=85 =5 <5=55 3 B@C1 (;8AB>2) 87 п0@B88 6. (8@8=0 ;8AB0(B) И7<5@5=85 =5 <5=55 3 ;8AB>2 >B п0@B88 7. &@5I8=K, п;5=K, @20=8=K, 70:0BK, @0:>28=K, @0AA;>5=8O OA<>B@ =0@C6=>9 п>25@E=>AB8 =52>@C65==K< 3;07><; >A<>B@ 2=CB@5==59 п>25@E=>AB8 B@C1=52>>@C65==K< 3;07>< (п@8 =0;8G88 4>ABCп0) 8 A п><>ILN п5@8A:>п0, M=4>A>:п0 8 B.п. #D<@9K4A1.K>=B@>;N 2 A>>B25BAB288 A> AB@>:0<8 1-4 п>4;560B =5 <5=55 50% B@C1 (;8AB>2) >B п0@B88.2. K>=B@>;N 2 A>>B25BAB288 A> AB@>:>9 7 п>4;568B =5 <5=55 10% 4;8=K :064>9 B@C1K (п;>I048 п>25@E=>AB8 ;8AB0). 3.#@8 =52>7<>6=>AB8 2Kп>;=5=8O 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O 2=CB@5==59 п>25@E=>AB8 B@C1 4>пCA:05BAO 2K@57:0 :>=B@>;L=KE >1@07F>2 4;8=>9 200 << 2:>;8G5AB25 =5 <5=55 2 HB. 8 8E >A<>B@ п>A;5 2K@57:8. #@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8, 8Aп@02;5=85 <5AB0 2K@57:8 2Kп>;=ONB 2 A>>B25BAB288 A B@51>20=8O<8 =>@<0B82=KE4>:C<5=B>2, @0Aп@>AB@0=ONI8EAO =0 B@C1K :>=:@5B=KE 284>2. OC9D4J>BAFDBzP B87C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L п>43>B>2:8 8 A1>@:8 45B0;59 8 A1>@>G=KE 548=8F п>4 A20@:C.#D<CB87BFB6>989F4z9=CB8E64D>G6<;G4zPAO@>BAFDBz9@CDB69DONF: -=0;8G85 <0@:8@>2:8 8 (8;8) 4>:C<5=B0F88, п>4B25@640NI59 п@85<:C п>;CD01@8:0B>2, 45B0;59, A1>@>G=KE 548=8F 8 8745;89 п@8 2E>4=>< :>=B@>;5;-=0;8G85 <0@:8@>2:8 873>B>28B5;O =0 45B0;OE, п>43>B>2;5==KE п>4 A20@:C;-=0;8G85 C40;5=8O <5E0=8G5A:8< пCB5< 7>=K B5@<8G5A:>3> 2;8O=8O 2 <5AB5 B5@<8G5A:>9 (>3=52>9) @57:8 703>B>2>: (=5>1E>48<>ABL 4>;6=0 1KBL C:070=0 2:>=AB@C:B>@A:>9 8;8 B5E=>;>38G5A:>9 4>:C<5=B0F88);-35><5B@8G5A:CN D>@<C >1@01>B0==KE :@><>: 8 @07<5@K 8E @0745;:8 (C3>; A:>A0, B>;I8=C 8 H8@8=C п@8BCп;5=8O), 2 B.G. п@8 п>43>B>2:5 45B0;59 A @07;8G=>9=><8=0;L=>9 B>;I8=>9 AB5=:8;- 35><5B@8G5A:CN D>@<C >1@01>B0==KE 2=CB@5==8E п>25@E=>AB59 :>;LF52KE 45B0;59 8 8E @07<5@K;- @07<5@K (480<5B@, 4;8=0, C3>; 2KE>40 @57F0) @0AB>G:8 (@0740G8) :>=F>2 B@C1 п> 2=CB@5==5 480<5B@C;- D>@ п>4:;04=KE п;0AB8= (:>;5F) 8 @0Aп;02;O5 2AB02>:, 0 B0:65 8E @07<5@K (H8@8=0, B>;I8=0, C3;K A:>A0, 480<5B@);- @07<5@K M;5<5=B>2 A5:B>@=KE >B2>4>2;- п5@п5=48:C;O@=>ABL B>@F>2 п>43>B>2;5==KE п>4 A20@:C F8;8=4@8G5A:8E 45B0;59 : 8E >1@07CNI8<;- <8=8<0;L=CN D0:B8G5A:CN B>;I8=C AB5=:8 F8;8=4@8G5A:>9 45B0;8 п>A;5 @0AB>G:8 п> 2=CB@5==5 480<5B@C; - @07<5@K >B25@AB89 п>4 HBCF5@ (п0B@C1>:) 8 >1@01>B:8 :@><>: 2 B@C15 (:>;;5:B>@5, :>@пCA5);- B>;I8=C 8 H8@8=C п>4:;04:8 2 70<:>2>< A>548=5=88;- =0;8G85 7020@:8 @07J5<0 п>4:;04=>9 п;0AB8=K (:>;LF0), :0G5AB2> H20 7020@:8 п>4:;04=>9 п;0AB8=K (:>;LF0), 0 B0:65 =0;8G85 70G8AB:8 H20 7020@:8 @07J5<0 п>4:;04=>9 п;0AB8=K (:>;LF0);- H8@8=C 7>=K <5E0=8G5A:>9 70G8AB:8 =0@C6=>9 8 2=CB@5==59 п>25@E=>AB59 45B0;59 8 H5@>E>20B>ABL п>25@E=>AB59 :@><>: 8 п@8;530NI8E п>25@E=>AB59 45B0;59, 2 B. G. <5AB0 70G8AB:8 H20 @07J5<0 >AB0NI59AO п>4:;04=>9 п;0AB8=K (:>;LF0);- G8AB>BC (>BACBAB285 703@O7=5=89, пK;8, п@>4C:B>2 :>@@>788, 2;038, <0A;0 8 B. п.), п>4;560I8E A20@:5 (=0п;02:5) :@><>: 8 п@8;530NI8E : =8< п>25@E=>AB59, 0 B0:65 п>4;560I8E =5@07@CH0NI5<C :>=B@>;N CG0AB:>2.#D<E5BD>989F4z9=CB8E64D>G6<;G4zPAO@>BAFDBz9@CDB69DONF:- п@028;L=>ABL CAB0=>2:8 п>4:;04=KE п;0AB8= (:>;5F);- п@028;L=>ABL CAB0=>2:8 2@5<5==KE B5E=>;>38G5A:8E :@5п;5=89, @07<5@K H2>2 8E п@820@:8, 0 B0:65 @0AAB>O=85 >B :@><:8 @0745;:8 4> B5E=>;>38G5A:>3> :@5п;5=8O 8 @0Aп>;>65=85 :@5п;5=89 п> 4;8=5 (п5@8<5B@C) A>548=5=8O (п@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8, 2 A;CG05 AA;8 2 B5E=8G5A:>9 4>:C<5=B0F88 >3>2>@5=> @0AAB>O=85 <564C A>A54=8<8:@5п;5=8O<8);- п@028;L=>ABL A1>@:8 8 :@5п;5=8O 45B0;59 2 A1>@>G=KE п@8Aп>A>1;5=8OE;- 25;8G8=C 707>@0 2 A>548=5=88, 2 B. G. <564C 45B0;LN 8 п>4:;04=>9 п;0AB8=>9 (:>;LF><);- @07<5@ A<5I5=8O :@><>: (2=CB@5==8E 8 =0@C6=KE) A>1@0==KE 45B0;59;- @07<5@ п5@5:@KB8O 45B0;59 2 =0E;5AB>G=>< A>548=5=88;- п@028;L=>ABL @0Aп>;>65=8O п@8E20B>:, 8E :>;8G5AB2> 8 :0G5AB2>, 0 B0:65 @07<5@K (4;8=0, 2KA>B0) п@8E20B>: 8 8E @0Aп>;>65=8O п> 4;8=5 (п5@8<5B@C) A>548=5=8O (п@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8, 2 A;CG05, 5A;8 MB> >3>2>@5=> B5E=8G5A:>9 4>:C<5=B0F859, B0:65 @0AAB>O=8O <564C A>A54=8<8 п@8E20B:0<8); - @07<5@ 707>@0 2 70<:5 @0Aп;02;O5<>9 п@>2>;>G=>9 2AB02:8;- @07<5@ п5@5;><0 >A59 F8;8=4@8G5A:8E 45B0;59 B@C1K 8 п;>A:>AB59 п;>A:8E 45B0;59 (;8AB>2); - @07<5@ =5A>>A=>AB8 >A59 HBCF5@0 8 >B25@AB8O 2 :>@пCA5 (B@C15);- @07<5@ =5A>2п045=8O (>B:;>=5=8O) >A59 2 C3;>2KE A>548=5=8OE B@C1;- 35><5B@8G5A:85 (;8=59=K5) @07<5@K C7;0, A>1@0==>3> п>4 A20@:C (2 A;CG0OE,>3>2>@5==KE B5E=8G5A:>9 4>:C<5=B0F859);- п@028;L=>ABL CAB0=>2:8 п@8Aп>A>1;5=89 4;O п>44C20 70I8B=>3> 3070;- п@028;L=>ABL =0=5A5=8O 0:B828@CNI53> D;NA0 8 70I8B=>9 D;NA-п0ABK;- =0;8G85 8 @07<5@ H8@8=K 70I8B=>3> п>:@KB8O >B 1@K73 @0Aп;02;5==>3><5B0;;0 =0 п>25@E=>AB8 45B0;59 87 0CAB5=8B=KE AB0;59, A20@82059 4C3>2>9 8 п>;C02B><0B8G5A:>9 (02B><0B8G5A:>9) A20@:>9 п;02OI8<AO M;5:B@>4>< 2 A@545 70I8B=>3> 3070;- G8AB>BC :@><>: 8 п@8;530NI8E : =8< п>25@E=>AB59 45B0;59.B87C0;L=><C :>=B@>;N п>43>B>2:8 8 A1>@:8 45B0;59 п>4 A20@:C п>4;560B =5 <5=55 20% 45B0;59 8 A>548=5=89 87 G8A;0 п@54AB02;5==KE : п@85<:5.#@8 2KO2;5=88 >B:;>=5=89 >1J5< 2K1>@>G=>3> :>=B@>;O 4;O 3@CппK >4=>B8п=KE 45B0;59 (A>548=5=89) C25;8G820NB 242>5. #@8 2KO2;5=88 >B:;>=5=89 2 C42>5==>92K1>@:5 3@CппC 45B0;59, п>43>B>2;5==>9 : п@85<:5, п>425@30NB Aп;>H=><C :>=B@>;N. B87C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L C40;5=8O 7>=K B5@<8G5A:>3> 2;8O=8O 2 <5AB5 B5@<8G5A:>9 (>3=52>9) @57:8 2Kп>;=ONB =0 :064>9 45B0;8, п>425@302H59AO @57:5, п@8 MB>< =0 :@><:0E @0745;:8 =5 4>;6=> 1KBL A;54>2 @57:8 (4; 45B0;59 87 =87:>C3;5@>48ABKE,<0@30=F>28ABKE 8 :@5<=5<0@30=F>28ABKE AB0;59) 8 A;54>2 @07<5B:8 (:5@=5=85),=0=5A5==>9 =0 =0@C6=>9 п>25@E=>AB8 45B0;59 п>A;5 @57:8.&@51>20=8O : 2Kп>;=5=8N 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O п@8 п>43>B>2:5 45B0;59 п>4 A1>@:C п@82545=K 2 B01;8F5 3, 0 п@8 A1>@:5 A>548=5=89 п>4 A20@:C - 2 B01;8F5 4.564c>1   ...   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   ...   20

T01;8F0 3 – K>=B@>;8@C5 п0@0<5B@K 8 A@54AB20 87<5@5=89 п@8

T01;8F0 5. T@51>20=8O : 87<5@5=8O<

П@8;>65=85 1 З0:;NG5=85 п> @57C;LB0B0< 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O

8<>ABL 1;87:> @0Aп>;>65==KE >1J5:B>2,

:>B>@0O 7028A8B >B п@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8 @0AA<0B@820=8O, 0 B0:65 >B A;54CNI8E >A=>2=KE D0:B>@>2: :>=B@0AB0, O@:>AB8, F25B0, C3;>2KE @07<5@>2 >1J5:B>2, @57:>AB8 8E :>=BC@>2 8 CA;>289 >A25I5=8O.

K064><C 87 C:070==KE A2>9AB2 A>>B25BAB2C5B A2>9 01A>;NB=K9 п>@>3 2848<>AB8,

=865 :>B>@>3> п@54<5B =5 <>65B 1KBL 2845=, A:>;L 1K 1;03>п@8OB=K =8 1K;8 CA;>28O

=01;N45=8O A B>G:8 7@5=8O 4@C38E D0:B>@>2.

H0п@8<5@, п@8 A;8H:>< <0;>9 O@:>AB8 8;8 >G5=L <0;>< :>=B@0AB5 п@54<5B

=5;L7O A45;0BL 28482KE @07<5@>2 8;8 п@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8 @0AA<0B@820=8O.

B848<>ABL 1;87:> @0Aп>;>65==KE >1J5:B>2 7028A8B B0:65 >B п>;>65=8O 8AB>G=8:>2 A25B0 (п@8 >A;5п;ONI5< 8E 2>7459AB288 2848<>ABL A=8605BAO)

8Aп5:B@0;L=>3> A>AB020 8E 87;CG5=8O. O4=0:> =081>;55 206=K<8 CA;>28O<8 2848<>AB8 AG8B0NB :>=B@0AB 8 C3;>2K5 @07<5@K >1J5:B0.

#>4 :>=B@0AB>< п>=8<0NB A2>9AB2> >1J5:B>2 2K45;OBLAO =0 >:@C60NI5< D>=5 1;03>40@O @07;8G8N 8E >пB8G5A:8E A2>9AB2. $07;8G0NB п>A;54>20B5;L=K9 8

>4=>2@5<5==K9 :>=B@0ABK. #>A;54>20B5;L=K9 :>=B@0AB 70:;NG05BAO 2 87<5=5=88
287C0;L=>9 >F5=:8 >1J5:B0 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, :0:>9 A25B @0=55 459AB2>20; =0 B>B 65 CG0AB>: A5BG0B:8. /2;5=85 п>A;54>20B5;L=>3> :>=B@0AB0 4>;6=> CG8BK20BLAO п@8

>1>@C4>20=88 @01>G8E <5AB, 345 п@>2>48BAO >A<>B@ 45B0;59 8 8745;89.

O4=>2@5<5==K9 :>=B@0AB >1JOA=O5BAO @07;8G85< 87;CG5=8O =5A:>;L:8E 2848<KE

>4=>2@5<5==> >1J5:B>2, :>B>@K5 :06CBAO :>=B@>;5@C =0E>4OI8<8AO 2

=5п>A@54AB25==>< A>п@8:>A=>25=88. Cп>A>1=>ABL 3;070 70<5G0BL @07;8G85 B0:8E

>1J5:B>2 =07K20NB :>=B@0AB=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN 7@5=8O. K>=B@0ABK, @07;8G05<K5

:>=B@>;5@><, @0745;ONB =0 O@:>AB=K5 8 F25B>2K5. B п5@2>< A;CG05 420 87;CG5=8O п@>872>4OB =0 3;07 2п5G0B;5=8O >48=0:>2K5 п> F25B=>AB8, => @07=K5 п> O@:>AB8. B> 2B>@>< A;CG05 2п5G0B;5=8O @07;8G0NBAO п> F25B=>AB8. З0 <5@C O@:>AB=>3> :>=B@0AB0 G0I5 2A53> п@8=8<0NB >B=>H5=85




Г45 B> O@:>ABL @0AA<0B@8205<>3> >1J5:B0; BD O@:>ABL >:@C60NI53> D>=0. #@8 K>0,5 :>=B@0AB AG8B05BAO 1>;LH8<, п@8 0,2<K<0,5 A@54=8<, п@8 K0,2 – <0;K<.

H081>;55 >BG5B;82>5 2>Aп@8OB85 87>1@065=8O 2>7<>6=> п@8 <0:A8<0;L=><

:>=B@0AB5 <564C >1J5:B>< 8 D>=><. #@8 MB>< A8;0 459AB28O :>=B@0AB0 п@O<> п@>п>@F8>=0;L=0 @07=>AB8 :>MDD8F85=B>2 >B@065=8O п>25@E=>AB59 >1J5:B0 8 D>=0.

0:A8<0;L=>3> O@:>AB=>3> :>=B@0AB0 <>6=> 4>AB83=CBL п@8 8Aп>;L7>20=88 15;>3> 8 G5@=>3> F25B>2, :>B>@K5 8<5NB A>>B25BAB25==> =081>;LH89 8 =08<5=LH89

:>MDD8F85=BK >B@065=8O. #@8 A>;=5G=>< >A25I5=88 :>MDD8F85=B >B@065=8O A>AB02;O5B 65-80 % - 4;O 15;>3> 8 3-10 % - 4;O G5@=>3> F25B0; O@:>AB=K9 :>=B@0AB - 85- 95 %.

C@02=5=85 25;8G8= :>=B@0AB0 <564C G5@=K< 8 15;K<, 0 B0:65 E@><0B8G5A:8<8 F25B0<8 п>:07K205B, GB> =081>;LH89 :>=B@0AB G5@=>3> F25B0 A D>=>< 4>AB8305BAO п@8 65;B>< 8 15;>< F25B5 п>A;54=53>. Б5;K9 F25B >1@07C5B =081>;LH89 :>=B@0AB 87 G8A;0 E@><0B8G5A:8E F25B>2 A :@0A=K< F25B><. 5=LH5 25;8G8=0 :>=B@0AB0 15;>3> A 75;5=K<, 5I5 <5=LH5 15;>3> A A8=8<.

B @01>B5 3;070 ACI5AB25==CN @>;L 83@05B <8=8<0;L=0O 25;8G8=0 O@:>AB=>3>

:>=B@0AB0, :>B>@CN :>=B@>;5@ 5I5 Aп>A>15= @07;8G0BL. ЭB0 п@545;L=> <0;0O 25;8G8=0

:>=B@0AB0 =07K205BAO п>@>3>< :>=B@0AB=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 3;070 (Kп>@). #>@>3

:>=B@0AB=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459 A>AB02;O5B 0,01-0,02 (B.5. 1-2 %)

п@8 =01;N45=88 2 4=52=KE CA;>28OE >1J5:B>2 A C3;>2K<8 @07<5@0<8 =5 <5=55 0,5° п@8

>пB8<0;L=KE CA;>28OE >A<>B@0.

B @50;L=KE CA;>28OE >A<>B@0, >A>15==> п@8 п>8A:5 <5;:8E 45D5:B>2 =0 п>25@E=>AB8 45B0;59, п>@>3>2K9 :>=B@0AB A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 0,05 (5 %), 8=>340 1>;LH5, GB> >1JOA=O5BAO <0;>9 O@:>ABLN 45D5:B>2, 8E =51>;LH8<8 C3;>2K<8 @07<5@0<8 8 4@C38<8 D0:B>@0<8. #>@>3>2>5 7=0G5=85 :>=B@0AB=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 C25;8G8205BAO B0:65 п@8 A=865=88 >A25I5==>AB8 >A<0B@8205<KE >1J5:B>2. OB=>H5=85 25;8G8=K

=01;N405<>3> :>=B@0AB0 K : 25;8G8=5 п>@>3>2>3> :>=B@0AB0 K п@8 40==KE CA;>28OE

>п@545;O5B 2848<>ABL >1J5:B0 V:

#@8 =01;N405<>< :>=B@0AB5 15-20 % 8 п>@>3>2>< :>=B@0AB5 5 % 2848<>ABL 45D5:B>2 =0 п>25@E=>AB8 45B0;59 A>AB02;O5B 3-4. O4=0:> п@8 =01;N405<>< :>=B@0AB5,

1;87:>< : =C;N, 8E 2848<>ABL B0:65 1C45B 1;87:0 : =C;N. C;54>20B5;L=>, =5:>B>@K5

4065 :@Cп=K5 45D5:BK =5 <>3CB 1KBL >1=0@C65=K 3;07>< 87-70 <0;>3> :>=B@0AB0 =0 п>25@E=>AB8 45B0;59.
ВD9@9AAO9I4D4>F9D< ;D9A

B@5<O, =5>1E>48<>5 4;O 2>7=8:=>25=8O 7@8B5;L=>3> >ICI5=8O C G5;>25:0, 7028A8B >B O@:>AB8 >1J5:B0 8 4;8=K 2>;=K 8 2 A@54=5< :>;51;5BAO >B 0,025 4> 0,1 A. #@8

>A<>B@5 F25B=KE >1J5:B>2 A:>@>ABL 2>7=8:=>25=8O >ICI5=8O 8 53> A8;0 2>7@0AB0NB п>

<5@5 п5@5E>40 >B F25B>2 :>@>B:>2>;=>2>3> CG0AB:0 Aп5:B@0 : F25B0< 4;8==>2>;=>2>3>. C 87<5=5=85< 8=B5=A82=>AB8 >A25I5=8O п>@O4>: =0@0AB0=8O A:>@>AB8 7@8B5;L=>3>

>ICI5=8O @07;8G=KE F25B>2KE B>=>2 =5 87<5=O5BAO.

Г;07, :0: 8 ;N10O @5038@CNI0O A8AB5<0, >1;0405B 8=5@F859. B>7=8:H55 A25B>2>5

>ICI5=85 8AG5705B =5 A@07C. #>MB><C 1KAB@> 4286CI0OAO B>G:0 п@54AB02;O5BAO 2 2845 A25BOI59AO ;8=88, 0 <5;L:0NI89 A25B п@8 4>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:>9 G0AB>B5 =5 >B;8G8< >B п>AB>O==>3>. K@8B8G5A:0O G0AB>B0 A;8O=8O <5;L:0=89 7028A8B >B 0<п;8BC4K :>;510=89 (:>=B@0AB0) 8 >1KG=> =5 п@52KH05B 50 ГF.

K>;8G5AB2> 8=D>@<0F88, :>B>@>5 <>65B 1KBL 2>Aп@8=OB> 7@8B5;L=>9 A8AB5<>9 G5;>25:0 2 548=8FC 2@5<5=8, >3@0=8G5=>. ЭB> A2O70=> A п045=85< @07@5H0NI59 Aп>A>1=>AB8 8 :>=B@0AB=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 п@8 C<5=LH5=88 2@5<5=8 =01;N45=8O 8 0=0;870 >1J5:B0.

#@8 >A<>B@5 >1J5:B0 53> 45B0;8, п@82;5:0NI85 2=8<0=85, п>>G5@54=> п@>5F8@CNBAO =0 F5=B@0;L=CN O<:C A5BG0B:8, >1;040NICN <0:A8<0;L=>9 @07@5H0NI59 Aп>A>1=>ABLN. Г;07 2 п@>F5AA5 =01;N45=8O B> >B=>A8B5;L=> =5п>42865=, B> @57:8< A:0G:>< п>2>@0G8205BAO =0 C3>; 4> 10-20°. B A@54=5< п@>8AE>48B 2-5 A:0G:>2 2 1 A. #@8 MB>< A:>@>ABL ;CG0 7@5=8O, A:>;L7OI53> п> 45B0;8, 4>AB8305B 300-400 <</A. &@5I8=K 4;8=>9 2-5 << п@8 B0:>9 A:>@>AB8 >A<>B@0 <>3CB 1KBL =5 >1=0@C65=K, B0: :0: п@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL 8E >A<>B@0 <0;0 (0,005-0,01 A), 8 7@8B5;L=>5 >ICI5=85 =5 CAп55B AD>@<8@>20BLAO. ЭB8 >3@0=8G5=8O 4>;6=K CG8BK20BLAO п@8 :>=B@>;5 45B0;59 Aп>A>10<8 287C0;L=>3> =01;N45=8O.
B87C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L <>65B 1KBL п@O<K< 8;8 =5п@O<K<.

#@O<>9 287C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L 287C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L A =5п@5@K2=K< E>4><

;CG59 <564C 3;070<8 >п5@0B>@0 8 :>=B@>;8@C5<>9 п>25@E=>ABLN. ЭB>B :>=B@>;L п@>2>48BAO 157 п@8<5=5=8O 8;8 A п@8<5=5=85< 2Aп><>30B5;L=KE A@54AB2, =0п@8<5@ 75@:0;0, ;8=7K, M=4>A:>п0 8;8 2>;>:>==>->пB8G5A:8E CAB@>9AB2.

H5п@O<>9 287C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L - 287C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L A п@5@K20=85< E>40 ;CG59

<564C 3;070<8 >п5@0B>@0 8 :>=B@>;8@C5<>9 п>25@E=>ABLN. H5п@O<>9 287C0;L=K9

:>=B@>;L п@>2>48BAO A п@8<5=5=85< D>B>- 8 2845>B5E=8:8, 02B><0B878@>20==KE 8 @>1>B878@>20==KE A8AB5<.

#@O<>9 287C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L >1KG=> п@>2>4OB 2 2845 <5AB=>3> :>=B@>;O п@8 CA;>288, GB> :>=B@>;8@C5<0O п>25@E=>ABL @0Aп>;>65=0 =0 @0AAB>O=88 =5 1>;55 600 << п>4 C3;>< =5 <5=55 3. Д;O C;CGH5=8O C3;0 >17>@0 <>3CB п@8<5=OBL 75@:0;0. &0:65 2>7<>6=> п@8<5=5=85 2Aп><>30B5;L=KE A@54AB2, B0:8E :0: C25;8G8B5;L=K5 ;CпK, M=4>A:>пK 8 2>;>:>==>->пB8G5A:85 A@54AB20.

#@O<>9 287C0;L=K9 :>=B@>;L <>65B п@>2>48BLAO =0 @0AAB>O=88 1>;55 600 << 2 2845 >17>@=>3> :>=B@>;O. #@8 2K1@0==>< @0AAB>O=88 =5>1E>48<> A>E@0=OBL

2>7<>6=>ABL п@>2545=8O :>=B@>;O.

#@8 п@>2545=88 :>=B@>;O >1J5:B :>=B@>;O 8;8 53> M;5<5=BK 4>;6=K 8<5BL 4>п>;=8B5;L=>5 >A25I5=85 =5 <5=55 160 ;: 4;O >17>@=>3> :>=B@>;O 8 =5 <5=55 500 ;:

4;O <5AB=>3> :>=B@>;O.

Д;O п>2KH5=8O MDD5:B82=>AB8 :>=B@>;O п@8 8Aп>;L7>20=88 >A25I5=8O 4>;6=> 1KBL п@8=OB> 2> 2=8<0=85 A;54CNI55:

a) п@028;L=0O CAB0=>2:0 >A25I5=8O 4;O >A<>B@0;

b) п@54>B2@0I5=85 >A;5п;5=8O;

c) CAB0=>2:0 >пB8<0;L=>9 F25B>2>9 B5<п5@0BC@K 8AB>G=8:0 >A25I5=8O;
d) п@8<5=5=85 C@>2=O >A25I5==>AB8, A>>B25BAB2CNI53> >B@060B5;L=>9 Aп>A>1=>AB8 п>25@E=>AB8.

EA;8 п@>2545=85 п@O<>3> 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O =52>7<>6=>, >= <>65B 1KBL 70<5=5= =5п@O<K< 287C0;L=K< :>=B@>;5<. Д;O =5п@O<>3> 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O <>3CB п@8<5=OBLAO B0:85 2Aп><>30B5;L=K5 A@54AB20, :0: M=4>A:>п, 2>;>:>==>->пB8G5A:85 A@54AB20, A>548=5==K5 A :0<5@>9, 8;8 4@C385 п>4E>4OI85 CAB@>9AB20.

#@83>4=>ABL 8Aп>;L7C5<>3> CAB@>9AB20 =5п@O<>3> 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O 4;O F5;59 287C0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O 4>;6=0 1KBL п@>25@5=0.


1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   ...   20

2.O1>@C4>20=85


#@8 287C0;L=>< :>=B@>;5, :0: п@028;>, п@8<5=ONB A;54CNI85 B5E=8G5A:85 A@54AB20 (>1>@C4>20=85 8 A@54AB20 87<5@5=89):

->A25B8B5;L=>5 >1>@C4>20=85;

-;N:A<5B@K;

-п@>D8;>3@0DK-п@>D8;><5B@K 8;8 >1@07FK H5@>E>20B>AB8 п>25@E=>AB8 (A@02=5=8O);

-M=4>A:>пK, D81@>A:>пK, 1>@>A>:пK, 8=AB@C<5=BK 2>;>:>==>9 >пB8:8 8 B5;52878>==K5 :0<5@K;

-75@:0;0;

-C3;><5@K A =>=8CA><;

-AB5=:><5@K 8 B>;I8=><5@K 8=48:0B>@=K5;

-B>;I8=><5@K C;LB@072C:>2K5, <03=8B=K5 8 28E@5B>:>2K5;

-HB0=35=F8@:C;8 42CAB>@>==85 A 3;C18=><5@K;

-HB0=35=@59A<0AK 8 HB0=35=3;C18=><5@K;

-;CпK 87<5@8B5;L=K5 8 п@>A<>B@>2K5;

-<8:@>A:>пK;

-<8:@><5B@K;

-=CB@><5@K <8:@><5B@8G5A:85 8 8=48:0B>@=K5;

-=01>@K ICп>2 72, 73, 74;

-=01>@K @048CA=KE H01;>=>2;

-=01>@K C=825@A0;L=KE 8 Aп5F80;L=KE H01;>=>2, п@54=07=0G5==K5 4;O 87<5@5=8O D>@ 8 @07<5@>2 :@><>:, 707>@>2, A>1@0==KE п>4 A20@:C 45B0;59, 0 B0:65 @07<5@>2 2Kп>;=5==KE A20@=KE H2>2;

-=01>@K @57L1>2KE H01;>=>2;

-:0;81@K;

-;8=59:8 87<5@8B5;L=K5 8 <5B@K A:;04=K5 <5B0;;8G5A:85;

->пB8G5A:85 8 8=4C:B82=K5 ;8=59:8;

-@C;5B:8 <5B0;;8G5A:85;

-C3>;L=8:8 п>25@>G=K5 90⁰ ;5:0;L=K5 п;>A:85;

-<5@K 4;8=K :>=F52K5 п;>A:>п0@0;;5;L=K5 A =01>@>< Aп5F80;L=KE п@8=04;56=>AB59;

-8=B5@D5@><5B@K;

-02B>:>;;8<0B>@K;

-C@>2=8;

-п>25@>G=K5 ;8=59:8 (п@O<>C3>;L=>3> 8 42CB02@>2>3> A5G5=8O, <>AB8:8) 8 п;8BK;

->пB8G5A:85 AB@C=K;

-2878@=K5 B@C1K;
-<0B5@80;K 4;O 873>B>2;5=8O A;5п:>2 A20@=KE H2>2.

#@8<5=O5<K5 п@8 :>=B@>;5 A@54AB20 87<5@5=89 4>;6=K >15Aп5G820BL

=5>1E>48 B>G=>ABL 8 4>AB>25@=>ABL 87<5@5=89 8 =07=0G0BLAO 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B

>A>15==>AB59 >1J5:B0 :>=B@>;O 8 :>=B@>;8@C5<>3> п0@0<5B@0.

K><п;5:B >1>@C4>20=8O 4;O BИK (@8AC=>: 5) <>65B 2:;NG0BL 2 A51O (=0п@8<5@):



$8A. 5. CB0=40@B=K9 :><п;5:B BИK

  • (>=0@8: :0@<0==K9;

  • 0@:5@ п> <5B0;;C;

  • ЛCп0 A п>4A25B:>9;

  • $C;5B:0 87<5@8B5;L=0O 200 A<;

  • Л8=59:0 87<5@8B5;L=0O 30 A<;

  • (B0=35=F8@:C;L;

  • Y=825@A0;L=K9 H01;>= A20@I8:0 Y(C-2;

  • Y=825@A0;L=K9 H01;>= A20@I8:0 Y(C-3;

  • Y3>;L=8: п>25@>G=K9;

  • H01>@ ICп>2 7 4 K;. (0,1 - 1,0 <<);

  • H01>@ @048CA>2 71(1-6 <<);

  • H01>@ @048CA>2 7 3 (7 - 25 <<);

  • CC<:0 Cп0:>2>G=0O.

ЛCпK 8 <8:@>A:>пK. Д;O :>=B@>;O 1;87:> @0Aп>;>65==KE 45B0;59 (=0E>4OI8EAO

=0 @0AAB>O=88 =5 1>;55 250 << >B 3;07 :>=B@>;5@0) 8Aп>;L7CNB ;CпK 8 <8:@>A:>пK @07;8G=>3> B8п0. ЛCпK 8 <8:@>A:>пK п>72>;ONB >1=0@C6820BL B@5I8=K @07;8G=>3> п@>8AE>645=8O, п>25@E=>AB=K5 :>@@>78>==K5 8 M@>78>==K5 п>2@5645=8O, 701>8=K,

>B:@KBK5 @0:>28=K, O72K, п>@K, 2K:@0H820=85 <0B5@80;0 45B0;59, @8A:8, =048@K B@CI8EAO п>25@E=>AB59 8 4@C385 п>25@E=>AB=K5 45D5:BK 45B0;59, 0 B0:65 @07;8G=K5 45D5:BK ;0:>:@0A>G=KE 8 30;L20=8G5A:8E п>:@KB89. #@8 0=0;875 E0@0:B5@0 45D5:B>2 MB8 п@81>@K п>72>;ONB >B;8G0BL CAB0;>AB=K5 B@5I8=K >B E@Cп:8E, B@5I8=K - >B @8A>:, п@8<OBKE 70CA5=F52, A:>;>2 >:8A=>9 п;5=:8, =8B5284=KE 703@O7=5=89 (2>;>:>= 25B>H8, I5B8=K >B :8AB59) 8 B.4.

O1KG=> >A<>B@ 45B0;59 п@>2>4OB A п><>ILN ;Cп A D>:CA=K< @0AAB>O=85< >B 125 4> 12,5 << 8 C25;8G5=85< A>>B25BAB25==> >B 2 4> 20E. И7-70 ACI5AB25==>3> A=865=8O п>;O 7@5=8O 8 3;C18=K @57:>AB8 п@8 1>;LH8E C25;8G5=8OE 4;O >A<>B@0 45B0;59 2 F5E>2KE CA;>28OE 2 >A=>2=>< п@8<5=ONB <8:@>A:>пK A C25;8G5=85< >B 8 4> 40-50E.
Y25;8G5=85 87>1@065=8O <8:@>A:>п><, 8Aп>;L7C5<K< 4;O >A<>B@0 45B0;59,

=5A:>;L:> п@52KH05B C25;8G5=85 ;Cп>9. O4=0:>, 4065 п@8 8Aп>;L7>20=88 <8:@>A:>п0 8

;CпK A @02=K< C25;8G5=85<, MDD5:B82=>ABL п@8<5=5=8O <8:@>A:>п0 87-70 2KA>:>3>

:0G5AB20 87>1@065=8O 8 =0456=>3> >1=0@C65=8O 45D5:B>2 2KH5. #@8<5=O5<K5 4;O

:>=B@>;O 45B0;59 <8:@>A:>пK 40NB п@O<>5 AB5@5>A:>п8G5A:>5 87>1@065=85

:>=B@>;8@C5<>9 п>25@E=>AB8, GB> >1;53G05B п>8A: 45D5:B>2. O1;0ABL п@8<5=5=8O

<8:@>A:>п>2 >3@0=8G5=0, :0: п@028;>, 702>4A:8<8 CA;>28O<8.

0b>
1   ...   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   ...   20

Д>AB>8=AB2>< <8:@>A:>п>2 O2;O5BAO 8E >B=>A8B5;L=> 1>;LH>5 @01>G55 @0AAB>O=85, п>72>;ONI55 8Aп>;L7>20BL 8E 4;O >A<>B@0 @07;8G=KE C3;C1;5=89 8 п07>2 =0 45B0;OE. H0п@8<5@, @01>G55 @0AAB>O=85 ;CпK 20E A>AB02;O5B 10 <<, 0 <8:@>A:>п0 БC-

02 (@8AC=>: 6) - 64 << п@8 ;N1>< C25;8G5=88.



$8A.6. 8:@>A>:п БC-02

'A<69DE4zPAO9L45zBAOE64DM<>4. #@>AB59H85 CAB@>9AB20, п@54=07=0G5==K5 4;O :>=B@>;O 2=5H=8E E0@0:B5@8AB8: A20@=>3> A>548=5=8O.

Y(C-2 п@54=07=0G5= 4;O :>=B@>;O :0B5B>2 C3;>2KE H2>2 2 480п07>=5 4- 14<< (@8AC=>: 7). K>=B@>;L п@>2>48BAO ABCп5=G0BK< <5B>4>< >п@545;5=8O 4> <8=8<0;L=>3> 707>@0.

$8A.7. Y(C 2

Y(C-2 A>AB>8B 87 3-E ;5п5AB:>2 8 1 A>548=8B5;L=>3> :>;LF0. K064K9 87

;5п5AB:>2 8<55B B>G=> 2Kп>;=5==K5 2KB>G:8 >
п@545;5==>3> :0B5B0. Д;O C4>1AB20

:>=B@>;O @O4>< A :064>9 2KB>G:>9 2K18B @07<5@ A>>B25BAB2CNI53> @048CAC :0B5B0 H20. K>=B@>;L :0B5B0 A20@=>3> H20 п@>872>48BLAO пCB5< п>A;54>20B5;L=>3> A>п@8:>A=>25=8O (п>41>@0);5п5AB:>2 A A>548=5==K<8 A20@:>9 45B0;O<8. $07<5@ AG8B05BAO CAB0=>2;5==K<, 5A;8 4;8==0O AB>@>=0 ;5п5AB:0 8 п5@5<KG:0 <564C :0B5B0<8

;5п5AB:0 п@8;530NB : 45B0;O< 157 2848<>3> 707>@0, 0 707>@ <564C 4C30<8 ;5п5AB:0 8 H20 O2;O5BAO <8=8<0;L=K<. #@8 =5A>2п045=88 =8 A >4=>9 ABCп5=LN @07<5@>2 2 C:070==>< 480п07>=5 7=0G5=85 :0B5B0 >п@545;O5BAO M<п8@8G5A:8< пCB5<.
Y(C-3 п@54=07=0G5= 4;O 87<5@5=8O :>=B@>;8@C5<KE п0@0<5B@>2 B@C1, :>=B@>;O

:0G5AB20 A1>@:8 ABK:>2 A>548=5=89 B@C1, 0 B0:65 4;O 87<5@5=8O п0@0<5B@>2 A20@=>3> H20 п@8 53> :>=B@>;5 (@8AC
=>: 8).




$8A.8 Y(C 3

(01;>= Y(C-3 A>AB>8B 87 >A=>20=8O 1, A>548=5==>3> >ALN 4 A 4286:>< 2 8

70:@5п;5==>3> =0 4286:5 C:070B5;5< 3 ($8A.9).

K>=B@>;L п@>872>48BAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><:

1. K>=B@>;L 3;C18=K @0:>28=, 3;C18=K 701>8=, п@52KH5=85 :@><>: 3;C18=K @0745;:8 ABK:0 4> :>@=52>3> A;>O 8 2KA>BC CA8;5=8O H20 п@>872>4OB п@8 CAB0=>2:5 H01;>=0 п>25@E=>ABLN A (@8AC=>: 9) =0 8745;85, 70B5< п>2>@>B>< 4286:0 2 2>:@C3 >A8 4 225AB8 C:070B5;L 3 2 A>п@8:>A=>25=85 A 87<5@O5<>9 п>25@E=>ABLN. $57C;LB0B AG8BK205BAO п@>B82 @8A:8 K п> H:0;5 Г (@8AC=>: 9).

2. K>=B@>;L 707>@0 п@>872>48BAO 22545=85< 4286:0 2 53> :;8=>2>9 G0ABLN 2

:>=B@>;8@C5<K9 707>@. #> H:0;5 И (@8AC=>: 9), =0=5A5==>9 =0 4286:5, AG8BK205BAO @57C;LB0B.

3. K>=B@>;L п@8BCп;5=8O H20, H8@8=K H20 п@>872>4