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Culture and traditions of war/military
Military culture and traditions is the specific set of practices associated with the military - soldiers and officers, and society in general.
It includes:
1) memories of the heroic past- struggle for liberation, defence, access to certain areas,
2) stories and legends about real and mythical heroes,
3) memories and views on the unity for the sake of common idea or cause,
4) daily and particular practices for military - before, during and after the military conflict, life in military camp style
5) everyday training and education (physical, mental, psychological) for any type of conflict preparedness,
6) way of thinking as to be ready for defence and attack in words, and fighting, mental mapping- who and why is the enemy and how to deal with him, system of military production;
7) way of conflict settlement – arrangements of life- dwelling, migration, guarding the aul and pasturelands,
8) role of military in the society and males’ functions as military caste position and role in society, in Kazakh society- batyrs and heroes, that played big role in social hierarchy
9) the symbolic and technical sides – tribal military call- uran, banner, the styles of military uniform, hardware - weaponry making tradition and cultural techniques, regular drills,
10) military software- military thought tradition – strategy, tactics, army layout and planning
11) diplomacy of war
12) arts of war – legends, myths, songs, games, music with military content.
Cultural values of war in Kazakh society
Loyalty—love to native land, family/ancestors- clan/tribe/juz- Kazakh people. Now – to the Republic of Kazakhstan and its regime.
Duty—Fulfill your obligations, participation in military drills, wars, military service compulsory since mid 1930s (USSR).
Respect—to comrades and enemies as they should be treated.
Selfless Service—Put the welfare of the people before your own.
Honor—Live up to all the your people values.
Integrity—Do what’s right, legally and morally.
Personal Courage—Face fear, danger, and adversity (physical or moral).
Role of army
The Army is an organization that instills pride in its members because of its history, mission, capabilities, and the respect it has earned in the service of the Nation. A reflection of that pride is visible in the customs, courtesies, and traditions the Army holds. Adherence to them connects people with soldiers throughout Kazakh history.
The Army has its own customs, both official and social. Some have been handed down from the distant past while others are of comparatively recent origin. Those customs that endure stand on their own merits. As a long established social organization, the Army observes a number of customs that add to the interest, pleasure, and graciousness of Army life.
Tradition is a customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior help by an identifiable group of people. It is information, beliefs, and customs handed down by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction. Kazakh military traditions are really the "Army Way" of doing and thinking. An interesting thing about traditions is that many of our Army traditions started out as something quite different from what they are now.
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Military tradition is an interesting and often amusing subject. It gives a person a feeling of pride to understand just why we do things the way we do. Traditions are expressed in the things we do, the uniform we wear, and the things we say. Many of the words we use in the Army are unique and have been added to our vocabulary from different parts of the world and at different times in history.
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Army traditions are the things that everyone in the Army does, everywhere.
Elements of culture of war
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Power based on force / Belief that violence works Military training
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Enemy images/ Intolerance and prejudice against people who are different
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Sense of patriotism / Religious intolerance (suspicion and fear)
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Nature of governance / Corruption / Obedience to orders from the top down (subservience and fear)
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Nature of society and social hierarchy
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Ideology of war- who is hero and his status in society
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Armaments / Armies / War preparations / Military industry
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Disregard for human rights (people living in fear)
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Profiting from the exploitation of people and nature within and/or between countries (greed)
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Male domination and power / Patriarchy
Specifics of military culture and traditions in Kazakh society
1. War was integral part of life in all spheres
2. All life of society was subject to war- itself and preparations- nomadic lifestyle
3. Ideal for leader, man and society – warrior and war-like, victorious
4. Violence- norm for settlement of disputes in all spheres at all levels
5. Economic system was based on struggle for survival with nature and other peoples
6. Social and political life- competition, major augment- power, and mostly military or physical.
Historical legacy
1)Turkic; 2)Mongol; 3)Islamic- war for religion, and designation for the opponent- Muslim, bad Muslim or infidel; 4)Russian; 5)Soviet; 6)Post-1991- soviet legacy, Kazakhstani patriotism and international commitments – CIS and SCO security structures, NATO, peacekeeping
Heroic epics
The Book of Qorqyt-ata (recorded in XIV century), Alpamys batyr (Turkic kaganat times), Er-Edige (collapse of the Golden Horde), Qoblandy batyr (Jungar wars), Er Targyn, Qambar batyr.
Specifics of heroic epic
1) historical narrative on events and peoples; 2) encyclopaedia of human life; 3) philosophy; 4) collection of myths and realities; 5) real historical figures were present- past and present in one- Edige; 6) universal characters typical for all Turkic peoples- Еr Кокshe — hero of Kyrgyz epic «Маnas» and Russian legends’ ethnic history of tribes and clans- «Qoblandy batyr». He was Kypshak and his tribesmen lived in the Arys river and Qaraspan mountains.
196 164 people from Kazakhstan took part in the war, 497 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the USSR. 700.000 people worked in the Labor Army (deported Koreans, Germans, Poles and others).
Heroes of GPW
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Nurken Abdirov (1919 - 1942), fighter pilot,
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Talgat Begeldinov (born 1922), fighter pilot, Manshuk Mametova (1922 - 1943), machine gunner, Alia Moldagulova (1925 - 1944), sniper,
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Baurzhan Momyshuly (1910 - 1982), writer,
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Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev (born 1924), first soldier to raise the Soviet Flag over the Reichstagichstag in Berlin
Building the new national soldier
1. the role of national epic heroes in building the national soldier
2. new officer: a sociological portrait- The renewal of military elites, r sociological composition, changes in recruitment and evaluation systems and in career profiles.
3. changes in the ethnic composition of the armed forces of Kazakhstan -to the massive departure of Russian officers (who returned mainly to Russia and the Ukraine).
4. Professional military staff preparation and training : the training of a specialist corps whose members are recruited among a population with a low level of instruction and which was not allowed to occupy positions of responsibility during under the Soviet regime.
Military/society relations
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The role of solidarities and loyalties in Central Asian armies: minorities in the military; kinship networks in the military.
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The action of military elites as lobby groups and the perceptions they generate. Are these elites no more than interest group(s) competing with others for the ownership and use of resources, power, etc… or does their state function (defense, public order) confer upon them a specific role and modus operandi?
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How the contradictions affecting Central Asian societies (tribal and clan divisions, ethnic tension, regional disparities, urban-rural differences, social inequalities etc) affects the national armies ?
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- The Central Asian armies in Central Asian public opinion.
Military reform
1. Doctrine, strategy and tactics; 2. Security challenges; 3. Economy of the military reform; 4. Security forces
Heroic epics- batyrlar jury
Functions: 1) educative and ideological- train the young generation on glorious heroic past; 2) philosophical- reasons of war and mission of the society and its members in the war.
Heroes of Great Patriotic war (1941-1945)
96 Kazakhs were awarded the heroes title during the war. Among them:
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Nurken Abdirov (1919 - 1942), fighter pilot, Talgat Begeldinov (born 1922), fighter pilot, Manshuk Mametova (1922 - 1943), machine gunner,
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Aliya Moldagulova (1925 - 1944), sniper, Baurzhan Momyshuly (1910 - 1982), writer, Rakhimzhan Qoshqakbayev (born 1924), first soldier to raise the Soviet Flag over the Reichstag in Berlin (not awarded).
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Malik Gabdulin
Post-war criticism
The heroes could be more, among them could be- Baurzhan Momysh-uly (only in 1990 by Gorbachev degree, after death), Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbayev, Qassym Qaisenov.
Since mid 1980s- more heroes: -Kairbolat (Nickolai) Maidanov (for Afghan war), in 1998- Tokhtar Aubakirov (for landing his Mig fighter on the ship deck), and then as the first cosmonaut –Halyk Kaharmany.
Post 1991
Tohtar Aubakirov (born 1946), the first Kazakh cosmonaut, member of Kazakhstan parliament.
Talgan Mussabayev (born 1951), test pilot, former cosmonaut, Director of Aerospace Agency of Republic of Kazakhstan
Patriotism culture
Patriotism is a love and devotion to one's country. It has had different meanings over time and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography, and philosophy.
It is a related sentiment to nationalism, but nationalism is not necessarily an inherent part of patriotism.
Controversy on Ospan batyr, hero of Kazakhs in China, the last Kazakh batyr
In 1944 the USSR set up the East Turkestan republic (renamed soon in Three districts- fear of Islamic name) В led by Uigur Alikhan Tore. In September 1945, Ospan batyr was appointed the governor of Altai okrug. But he refused to be a puppet of the USSR, and dreamt of independent state for Kazakhs, therefore collaborated with Gomingdan regime since 1946. After defeat of nationalists refused to cooperate with the communists, in 1950 was captured by Maoists and executed in 1951.
Кто посягнет на мои чувства, религию, землю, народ – тот и будет моим врагом. От такой борьбы я никогда не откажусь.
Great Patriotic war 1941-1945
1. Front lines; 2. Guerrilla fighters; 3. European Resistance; 4. Underground resistance in the occupation zones; 5. Labor Army; 6. Fields and factories
Controversy
1. Turkestan legion
2. Collaborators with Nazis
3. Defectors after WWII- those who stayed in Western Europe or moved to Turkey, and acted as agents of western anti-soviet propaganda, instrument - Radio Free Europe, and its affiliate- Azattyq
domestic war against the people during the WWII
4. GULAG activities during the WWII on the territory of Kazakhstan- KARLAG, STEPLAG, ALZHIR
5. Ethnic cleansings and deportations during the war- Kalmyks, Germans, Greeks, Poles, Kurds, Turks-Meskhetians, Moldovans, Chechens, Balkars, Karachais, West Ukranians
6. Dissidents in Kazakh SSR (disagreed with the soviet regime)
7. December 1986 events participants
Kazakhs in GULAG
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17 123 (1,30 %) by 1 January 1939.
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By 1951- 25 906 (12 554/13 352 — 1,03 %)
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Objects built by GULAG prisoners and deported peoples in Kazakhstan- Zhezkazgan, Balkhash, Karaganda infrastructure, rail ways link- Balkhash-Karaganda-
Securitization
Security concerns dominate in decisions-making in domestic and foreign policy.
Aspects:
1) closed/tabooed topics – tribalism, ethnic and racial problems, president and his family, military issues and defense budget.
2) special status to some settlements- closed cities
Legacy of heroism
1. History
2. Geographical names- cities, towns, villages, streets
3. Legends and myths
4. Personal names- the original meaning of the name lost its significance and is associated with some historical figure (hero or talented person) -Er, batyr, temir, tas, bolat, balta, Soldatbek, asker, - are composite part of male name, and names of heroes; Arystan, Barys, Jolbarys, Jigit, Yeskendir, Qairat, Qaisar,
Female names - Gaukhar, Aliya, Manshuk
5. Lexicon- be brave and strong and patriot of your people and land as Baurzhan or Raibek
6. Celebration of May 9th- V-Day
7. May 7th- Day of the motherland defender
Sports culture
In 1920s in some regions of Kazakhstan were formed groups on national sports games. In 1938 was held in Alma-Ata I republican kolkhoz spartakiad. An obligatory type- kazakhsha-qures (Kazakh wrestling). In 1939—1941 the program included tayak-jugurty, togyz qumalaq. In 19044-1947 were included all traditional Kazakh sports games.
Traditional sports games presently
Alaman baiga- long distance racing; at-omraulastury – fighting with an opponent in a ring on horse; baiga- horse racing; burkut-salu- hunting with a falcon; jorga-jarys – racing on specially trained horses; jauay-jarys- fighting on foot; jamby- aty- shooting from an arrow or a rifle; kazaksha-kures- belly wrestling in Kazakh manner; kokpar- horse racing type; kumis-alu- horse racing type; qyz-kuu- racing on horse and catching a girl; qyz-jarys- racing contest between girls; saiys – wrestling on horse; togyz-qumalaq- table game with bones; tayaq-jugurty- throwing a stick on a snow to a distance; tuie-jarys- racing on camel.
Military training in Kazakhstan
1. Sports classes in secondary school; 2. Sports education; 3. Military service; 4. Military education
Negative aspects of military culture
1. Banditism- from organized groupings to irregular activities of small groups and individuals;
2. Racketeering; 3. Criminal gangs; 4. School crimes
Racket in Kz
Typology: social territorial– 1) asphalt (urban) and 2) rural (aul) that differ in object and causes of origin and activities; 3) regional (illegal migration, human and sex trafficking, drugs smuggling, customs control; 4) international (drugs, prostitution). 1 groups are recruited out of deprived urban groupings and specialize in drugs, racketeering of money and clothes from school children, students, small businessmen, prostitutes and women trading in minor market places. Young men (under 30) make up about 60%, and cover over 55 % of all crimes. Scope of activities (regional): whole sale markets (barakholkas), food markets (optovkas). Social basis – young men with physical training, acting or ex-athletes (boxers, wresters, martial arts fighters), with military experience. Nature of activities- organized groups with strong control, conspiracy, hierarchy, discipline.
Aul groupings
Small (3-7 people, from 14 to 20), from the same place and sometimes relatives, jobless, activities- frauds and petty crimes, gambling, patronage of prostitutes. Scope of regional activities- microdistricts, highways sections, suburbs. Very brutal and violent.
Established criminal groupings
The "thieves-in-law" (known as Vory v Zakone in Russian), formed as a society for mutual support within the prison camps of Stalin, and adopted a system of collective responsibility, and swearing a code of "complete submission to the laws of criminal life, including obligations to support the criminal ideal, and rejection of labor and political activities." This group existed throughout the Soviet era and continues today throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union. In this society the thieves-in-law live and obey the "Vorovskoy Zakon", the thieves code. The members are bound by 18 codes and if they are broken, the transgression is punishable by death. In 2010 annual losses from corruption are in Kazakhstan 4 bln. 901 mln. tenge (about $33,6 mln.). Total number of corruption crimes – for 2010 - 1,5 thous. 77% of resources were returned to state budget.
Ranking-
1 place-South Kazakhstan oblast– 229 crimes.
2- Jambyl oblast
3- East –Kazakhstan oblast
4- Almatinskaya oblast
5- Karaganda