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òîõðàíèëèù ãîðíîîáîãàòèòåëüíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé; ïîäçåìíûå âû-
ðàáîòêè, âûçûâàþùèå ïðîáëåìû ïðîñàäîê ãðóíòà; îðãàíèçàöèÿ
ñåòè ñêâàæèí è íåôòåïðîâîäîâ ïðè íåôòåäîáû÷å. Ýòè îáúåêòû,
ðàçâèòèå êîòîðûõ ñâÿçàíî ñ ïîëíûì óíè÷òîæåíèåì ñóùåñòâîâàâ-
øèõ íà èõ ìåñòå ëàíäøàôòîâ, íàõîäÿò ÷åòêîå îòîáðàæåíèå íà
êîñìè÷åñêèõ ñíèìêàõ è ïîçâîëÿþò îöåíèòü ìàñøòàáû òåõíîãåí-
íûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé.
Êðîìå òîãî, êîñìè÷åñêèå ñíèìêè ïðåäîñòàâëÿþò âîçìîæíîñòü
äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì, âîçíèêà-
þùèõ â ñâÿçè ñ àíòðîïîãåííûì âîçäåéñòâèåì â óñëîâèÿõ âå÷íîé
ìåðçëîòû â òóíäðîâûõ ðàéîíàõ, ñ ðàçâèòèåì ýðîçèîííûõ ïðîöåñ-
ñîâ â çåìëåäåëü÷åñêèõ ðàéîíàõ ñòåïíîé çîíû è äð.
Îòîáðàæåíèå íà êîñìè÷åñêèõ ñíèìêàõ íàðóøåíèé ñðåäû îáè-
òàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà â ðåçóëüòàòå àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðè-
ðîäó äåëàåò èõ öåííûì ìàòåðèàëîì äëÿ àíàëèçà ñîâðåìåííîé ýêî-
ëîãè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè, ñîñòàâëåíèÿ êàðò ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé îöåíêè
òåððèòîðèè, ðàçðàáîòêè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîãíîçîâ.
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
Îñíîâíàÿ
1.
Áðþõàíîâ, À. Â.
Àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû â ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ èññëå-
äîâàíèÿõ / À. Â. Áðþõàíîâ, Ã. Â. Ãîñïîäèíîâ, Þ. Ô. Êíèæíèêîâ. Ì. :
Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1982. 230 ñ.
2. Âèçóàëüíûå ìåòîäû äåøèôðèðîâàíèÿ. Ì. : Íåäðà, 1990. 340 ñ.
3.
Ãîíèí, Ã. Á.
Êîñìè÷åñêèå ñúåìêè Çåìëè / Ã. Á. Ãîíèí. Ë. : Íåäðà,
1989. 255 ñ.
4.
Êèåíêî, Þ. Ï.
Îñíîâû êîñìè÷åñêîãî ïðèðîäîâåäåíèÿ / Þ. Ï. Êè-
åíêî. Ì. : Êàðòãåîöåíòð; Ãåîäåçèçäàò, 1999. 183 ñ.
5.
Êíèæíèêîâ, Þ. Ô.
Àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîå çîíäèðîâàíèå / Þ. Ô. Êíèæ-
íèêîâ. Ì. : Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1997. 127 ñ.
6.
Êíèæíèêîâ, Þ. Ô.
Îñíîâû àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèõ ìåòîäîâ ãåîãðàôè÷å-
ñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé / Þ. Ô. Êíèæíèêîâ. Ì. : Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1980. 137 ñ.
7.
Ñìèðíîâ, Ë. Å.
Àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ èññëåäî-
âàíèé / Ë. Å. Ñìèðíîâ. Ë. : Èçä-âî ËÃÓ. 302 ñ.
Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ
1.
Áàððåò, Ý.
Ââåäåíèå â êîñìè÷åñêîå çåìëåâåäåíèå / Ý. Áàððåò,
Ë. Êóðòèñ. Ì. : Ïðîãðåññ, 1979. 368 ñ.
2.
Ãàðáóê, Ñ. Â.
Êîñìè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû äèñòàíöèîííîãî çîíäèðîâà-
íèÿ / Ñ. Â. Ãàðáóê, Â. Å. Ãåðøåíçîí. Ì., 1997. 295 ñ.
3.
Ãëóøêî, Å. Â.
Êîñìè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ ëàíä-
øàôòîâ ìàòåðèêîâ / Å. Â. Ãëóøêî. Ì. : Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1988. 117 ñ.
4. Äèñòàíöèîííîå çîíäèðîâàíèå. Ì. : Íåäðà, 1983. 414 ñ.
5.
Êíèæíèêîâ, Þ. Ô.
Àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ äèíàìèêè ãåî-
ãðàôè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé / Þ. Ô. Êíèæíèêîâ, Â. È. Êðàâöîâà. Ì. : Èçä-âî
ÌÃÓ, 1991. 205 ñ.
6. Êîñìîíàâòèêà: ñîñòîÿíèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû. Ì.: Çíàíèå, 1974. 63 ñ.
7.
Êðàâöîâà, Â. È.
Êîñìè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû êàðòîãðàôèðîâàíèÿ / Â. È. Êðàâ-
öîâà. Ì. : Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1995. 239 ñ.
8.
Ìåæåðèñ, Ð.
Ëàçåðíîå äèñòàíöèîííîå çîíäèðîâàíèå / Ð. Ìåæåðèñ.
Ì. : Ìèð, 1987. 550 ñ.
158
9.
Îáóõîâñêèé, Þ. Ì.
Ëàíäøàôòíàÿ èíäèêàöèÿ ÷åòâåðòè÷íûõ îòëî-
æåíèé è ïî÷â Ïðèïÿòñêîãî Ïîëåñüÿ / Þ. Ì. Îáóõîâñêèé. Ìí. : Íàâóêà ³
òýõí³êà. 1990. 192 ñ.
10.
Îáóõîâñêèé, Þ. Ì.
Àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ëàíäøàôòîâ
Áåëàðóñè / Þ. Ì. Îáóõîâñêèé, Â. Í. Ãóáèí, Ã. È. Ìàðöèíêåâè÷. Ìí. :
Íàâóêà ³ òýõí³êà. 1994. 174 ñ.
11.
Ñëàäêîïåâöåâ, Ñ. À.
Èçó÷åíèå è êàðòîãðàôèðîâàíèå ðåëüåôà ñ èñ-
ïîëüçîâàíèåì àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèè / Ñ. À. Ñëàäêîïåâöåâ. Ì. :
Íåäðà, 1982. 214 ñ.
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ .................................................................................3
1. ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ....................................................................................4
1.1. Àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû, èõ ñóùíîñòü è ñâÿçü ñ ãåîãðàôè÷å-
ñêèìè äèñöèïëèíàìè ................................................................4
1.2. Ðîëü è çíà÷åíèå àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèõ ìåòîäîâ â ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ
èññëåäîâàíèÿõ .........................................................................5
2. ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß ÄÈÑÒÀÍÖÈÎÍÍÛÕ ÌÅÒÎÄÎÂ ......................8
2.1. Âîçäóõîïëàâàíèå ......................................................................8
2.2. Àâèàöèÿ ................................................................................11
2.3. Ðàêåòû ..................................................................................14
2.4. Êîñìè÷åñêèå ëåòàòåëüíûå àïïàðàòû .........................................15
3. ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÈ ÑÚÅÌÎ×ÍÎÉ ÀÏÏÀÐÀÒÓÐÛ .....................................19
3.1. Ëåòàòåëüíûå àïïàðàòû äëÿ âîçäóøíîé ñúåìêè ...........................20
3.2. Êîñìè÷åñêèå ëåòàòåëüíûå àïïàðàòû (ÊËÀ).................................21
3.2.1. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêèå êîñìè÷åñêèå àïïàðàòû ...............................21
3.2.2. Ïèëîòèðóåìûå êîñìè÷åñêèå àïïàðàòû .................................27
3.2.3. Ïåðñïåêòèâíûå êîñìè÷åñêèå àïïàðàòû ................................30
3.3. Îðáèòû êîñìè÷åñêèõ ëåòàòåëüíûõ àïïàðàòîâ .............................31
4. ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ È ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß ÏÎËÓ×ÅÍÈß
ÀÝÐÎÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÑÍÈÌÊΠ..................................................37
4.1. Ñîëíå÷íîå èçëó÷åíèå è åãî îòðàæåíèå îáúåêòàìè çåìíîé
ïîâåðõíîñòè ...........................................................................38
4.2. Ñîáñòâåííîå èçëó÷åíèå Çåìëè ..................................................44
4.3. Èñêóññòâåííîå èçëó÷åíèå ........................................................46
4.4. Âëèÿíèå àòìîñôåðû íà èçëó÷åíèå ............................................47
5. ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÀÖÈÈ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÌÀÃÍÈÒÍÎÃÎ ÈÇËÓ×ÅÍÈß ....50
6. ÂÈÄÛ ÀÝÐÎÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÑÚÅÌÎÊ ..........................................60
6.1. Ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ñúåìêà .........................................................60
6.1.2. Ìíîãîçîíàëüíàÿ ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ñúåìêà ............................63
160
6.2. Òåëåâèçèîííàÿ ñúåìêà ............................................................66
6.3. Ñêàíåðíàÿ ñúåìêà ...................................................................69
6.4. Èíôðàêðàñíàÿ è èíôðàêðàñíàÿ òåïëîâàÿ ñúåìêè .......................72
6.5. Ðàäèîòåïëîâàÿ ñúåìêà .............................................................75
6.6. Ðàäèîëîêàöèîííàÿ ñúåìêà .......................................................77
6.7. Ñïåêòðîìåòðè÷åñêàÿ ñúåìêà ....................................................81
6.8. Ëàçåðíàÿ ñúåìêà ....................................................................82
6.9. Ðàçðåøàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ìàòåðèàëîâ äèñòàíöèîííûõ ñúåìîê ....83
7. ÃÅÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÑÒÅÐÅÎÑÊÎÏÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ
ÑÍÈÌÊÎÂ ...................................................................................85
7.1. Öåíòðàëüíàÿ ïðîåêöèÿ ñíèìêà ................................................85
7.2. Ìàñøòàá ñíèìêà .....................................................................89
7.3. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå èñêàæåíèÿ ñíèìêà, âûçâàííûå ðåëüåôîì
ìåñòíîñòè, åãî íàêëîíîì è êðèâèçíîé Çåìëè .............................92
7.4. Ñòåðåîñêîïè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü ìåñòíîñòè ........................................96
8. ÈÇÎÁÐÀÇÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÑÍÈÌÊÎÂ .................................99
8.1. Ãåíåðàëèçàöèÿ àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ........................102
8.2. Ìåòîäû ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ ...........104
9. ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÑÍÈÌÊÎÂ ...............................106
10. ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÄÅØÈÔÐÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÀÝÐÎÊÎÑ-
ÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÑÍÈÌÊΠ.............................................................110
10.1. Äåøèôðîâî÷íûå ïðèçíàêè ..................................................111
10.1.1. Ïðÿìûå ïðèçíàêè äåøèôðèðîâàíèÿ .............................111
10.1.2. Êîñâåííûå äåøèôðîâî÷íûå ïðèçíàêè ...........................120
10.2. Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ïðîöåññà äåøèôðèðîâàíèÿ .................122
11. ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß È ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÄÅØÈÔÐÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÑÍÈÌÊÎÂ .......126
11.1. Ìàòåðèàëû àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîé ñúåìêè ...................................126
11.2. Àýðîôîòîýòàëîíèðîâàíèå è ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ...........................128
11.3. Ìåòîäû äåøèôðèðîâàíèÿ àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèõ ñíèìêîâ .............132
11.4. Ãåîèíôîðìàöèîííûå òåõíîëîãèè â àýðîêîñìè÷åñêèõ
èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ...................................................................143
12. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÍÀÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß ÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈß ÀÝÐÎÊÎÑÌÈ-
×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÌÅÒÎÄΠ...................................................................147
13. ÀÝÐÎÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÎÍÈÒÎÐÈÍà .........................................151
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ................................................................................158