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Tony: That's right. Now, do you know of any health problems caused by using a computer?

Worker three: I've heard of something called RSI. But I'm not exactly sure what it is.

Tony: RSI stands for repetitive strain injury, and it causes pain in the upper arms and back. People who type constantly at high speed often suffer from it.

Worker four: My eyes often feel really sore and tired aft I've been using the computer for a few hours. How do stop that from happening?

Tony: Well, as a general rule, you shouldn't use a monitor that’s fuzzy or that distorts the image. Give your eyes a rest. Look away from the monitor from time to time out of the window or across the room.

3. 
   Соотнесите рекомендации из текста с картинкой (a-f)
   

3. 
   Прочитайте и запомните
   

ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

might, must, need not, shall/will, should/ought выражают отношение к высказыванию: способность, разрешение, возможность или необходимость. Модальные глаголы имеют только одну форму. Они не требуют -s в третьем лице present simple, не имеют формы past simple, past participle и даже инфинитива, из-за чего их называют «недоглаголами». Однако некоторые из них имеют эквиваленты модальных глаголов, которые позволяют нам выражать отношение к высказыванию в различных временах.

Чаще всего эквиваленты модальных глаголов включают в себя to be или have, которые изменяются и по числам и по временам. Именно они несут грамматическую нагрузку при создании выражений в разных глагольных временах, аналогичных по смыслу с модальными глаголами.

Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (substitutes of modal verbs) в таблице

Приведенные в таблице аналоги модальных глаголов являются самыми распространенными, но не единственно возможными. Чтобы построить предложение в нужном времени, можно заменить модальный глагол и другими синонимами, которые найдутся в словаре.

Модальные глаголы	Эквиваленты модальных глаголов	Примеры употребления с различными глагольными временами
can — мочь, быть способным (сделать что-то)	to be able to — мочь, уметь, быть в состоянии	I can read / I am able to read. (Я умею читать.) — Present Simple They were able to make an agreement. (Они смогли договориться.) — Past Simple Unfortunately, he wasn’t able to complete this task. (К сожалению, он не смог выполнить эту задачу.) — Past Simple Some children have been able to benefit from this situation. (Некоторым детям удалось воспользоваться этой ситуацией.) — Present Perfect We had been able to visit Cermany. (Мы смогли посетить Германию.) — Past Perfect I hope they will be able to finish their homework before dinner. (Я надеюсь, что они смогут закончить свою домашнюю работу до ужина.) — Future Simple The doctor said that if he was not in bed most of the time, he would not be able to recover. (Врач сказал, что если он не будет в постели большую часть времени, он не сможет выздороветь.) — Future in the Past
	to be allowed to — иметь возможность, быть разрешенным to be permitted to — разрешается, позволено	On her wedding day, Thumbelina was allowed to go out for the last time. (В день свадьбы Дюймовочке разрешили выйти наружу в последний раз.) — Past Simple I am allowed to read books that I like. (Мне разрешено читать книги, которые мне нравятся.) — Present Simple They will be allowed to work 40 hours per week. (Им будет разрешено работать 40 часов в неделю.) — Future Simple They would not have been allowed to communicate during the exam. (Во время экзамена им не разрешалось общаться.) — Future Perfect in the Past He was permitted to meet his lawyer. (Ему разрешили встретиться со своим адвокатом.) — Past Simple

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своим адвокатом.) — Past Simple

must — должен, приходится, вынужден	to have to — показывает, что действие важно и необходимо to be (to) — должен, обязан, положено to be obliged to — должен, обязан, вынужден to be necessary to — необходимость, нужность	Only he knows the right way, you have to believe him. (Он покажет тебе верный путь, ты должен ему верить.) — Present Simple Unfortunately, I had to leave right after his speech. (К сожалению, я должен был уехать сразу после его выступления.) — Past Simple They will have to come here again tomorrow. (Они должны будут снова прийти сюда завтра.) — Future Simple I am to have lunch with someone. (Я должен пообедать с кем-то.) — Present Simple We were to discuss this problem at the meeting. (Мы должны были обсудить эту проблему на встрече.) — Past Simple Parents are obliged to maintain their minor children. (Родители должны содержать своих несовершеннолетних детей.) — Present Simple I wondered, if I was necessary to discuss that problem? (Я задавался вопросом, нужно ли мне обсуждать эту проблему?) — Past Simple
must not — показывает, что действие запрещено или не должно быть сделано	not be allowed to — не позволено, не разрешено to be prohibited to — запрещено to be forbidden to — запрещено	They will not be allowed to communicate with each other. (Им не разрешат общаться друг с другом.) — Future Simple It is prohibited to insult someone. (Запрещается оскорблять кого-то.) — Present Simple Students were forbidden to smoke on the college territory. (Студентам было запрещено курить на территории колледжа.) — Past Simple

5. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол need ПРИМЕР. It is not necessary to go there. = You need not go there.

1. 
   It is not necessary to take a taxi.
   
2. 
   It is not necessary to buy the child everything he wants.
   
3. 
   It is not necessary to get up early on weekends.
   
4. 
   It is not necessary for you to be present at the meeting.
   
5. 
   It is not necessary for him to remind me about her birthday.
   
6. 
   It is not necessary for mother to cook a pie. We can buy a cake.
   

6.Заполните пропуски. вставьте have to or can’t.

Нам часто приходится выполнять инструкции и подчиняться правилам, в этом случае мы говорим «приходится» и «не разрешено». Вот несколько правил поведения в общественных местах.

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Запомните, что модальные глаголы CAN’T и HAVE TO выражают ОБЩИЕ ПРАВИЛА или ЗАПРЕТ.

1. 
   In a plane you __________ use a mobile phone, you ___________wear a seat belt.
   
2. 
   At the cinema you ________smoke, you_____________ _switch off your mobile phone.
   
3. 
   In the library you _______ be quiet, you _________write in the books.
   
4. 
   In the hospital you ___________use a mobile, you ___________take medicine.
   
5. 
   At the petrol station you ____________light a cigarette, you ____________pay for the petrol.
   

7.Напишите форму модального глагола CAN или его эквивалента в предложении в зависимости от времени.

1. 
   He _______ not speak English when he was four.
   
2. 
   He _____not speak English very well now.
   
3. 
   I am afraid he __________(not) to go to England next year.
   
4. 
   She ______(not) to sing now. She feels bad.
   
5. 
   I hope she __________ to sing tomorrow when she is better.
   

УРОК 13 LESSON 13

Responsibilities of a programmer. Active and Passive voice

1.Прочтите текст

Computer programmers write and test the code that enables software applications to provide functionality. Microsoft Excel, for example, can produce a chart or a graph based on data from a spreadsheet because a computer programmer designed the program to respond that way to user inputs.

All software programs are designed to respond to user inputs in different ways, and detailed programs need to be able to respond to seemingly countless combinations of inputs. It is the job of computer programmers to make sure software programs respond appropriately to users and provide the desired functionality.

Computer Programmer Duties & Responsibilities

This job generally requires the ability to do the following work:¹

• 
  Know computer languages
  
• 
  Write computer programs
  
• 
  Update computer programs
  
• 
  Troubleshoot programs
  
• 
  Test software programs
  
• 
  Collaborate with other programmers
  

Computer programmerswrite code through the use of computer languages, such as C++ and Java. Computer programmers create instructions that enable computers to generate meaningful output.

It is the responsibility of computer programmers to write code and manipulate it into a language that computers can understand and follow.

They work closely with information technology staff, managers, and end users in their organizations or client organizations to develop, maintain, and test computer programs. Computer programmers respond to notifications—by users—of flaws in programs, identify malfunctioning code, and rewrite programs.

Computer programmers are commonly employed by software companies. However, with the surge in access to programmers, many governmental and private sector companies, such as banks and law firms, have begun to employ computer programmers on staff. It is not uncommon to see computer programmers working as freelancers, moving from project to project within technology consulting firms or as independent contractors.

Education, Training, & Certification

Specific requirements vary by employer, but completing a degree program or a coding academy is generally necessary to begin a career as a computer programmer.

• 
  Education: Both bachelor’s degrees and associate’s degrees incomputer scienceare available at most institutions. Private institutes known as coding academies have arisen as another option for those without formal college training in programming. Coding academies offer an intensive and relatively short-term immersion experience in programming. Some academies offer low or no tuition in exchange for a percentage of salary once a job is landed.
  
• 
  Certification: Certifications exist for nearly all programming languages or vendorspecific programming products. Whether or not they are required depends on specific employers, but having them can certainly make a programmer more marketable.
  
• 
  Training: It is recommended that no matter what level of education has been attained, those interested in computer programming should complete at least one internship to test their interest and document their skills. Programming is very detail-oriented and can be tedious and unsatisfying for many individuals
  

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Computer Programmer Skills & Competencies

Aside from knowledge of computer languages and familiarity with relevant commercial products, there are several soft skills computer programmers should have to be successful.

• 
  Analytical thinking: Computer programmers need to understand, manipulate, and repair complex computer code. This sometimes entails trying to isolate a problem that could be buried somewhere in thousands of lines of code, so they need to be able to think through the problem and narrow down where to look.
  
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Attention to detail: Computer programmers need to pay attention to every line of code written. One wrong command and the entire program could malfunction.

Collaboration: Computer programmers may need help from another department or colleague to fix a software issue. It is important they have a collaborative mindset. The work programmers do often involves writing software to streamline work or solve a workflow problem, and they must collaborate with those who will be using the software.

Focus: Writing computer programs involves long hours spent writing code or troubleshooting problems. To be successful, programmers need to be able to keep their full attention on the work they are doing.

Work Schedule

Being a computer programmer is usually full-time work. While work can be done during standard business hours, many programmers who work from home can set their own schedules.

Projects typically have deadlines that must be met, so programmers might need to work additional hours as those deadlines approach, especially if they’ve run into problems that needed solving.

2.Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста: deadlines, full-time work, to set a schedule, to fix a software issue, troubleshooting problems, malfunction, to isolate, detailoriented, tedious, a degree program, employer, user inputs, countless combinations

3.Cоставьте диалог по тексту

4. Прочтите и сделайте конспект

Active and Passive voice

Действительный и страдательный залоги в английском языке совпадают со значением соответствующих залогов в русском языке. Глагол в действительном залоге (Active Voice) показывает, что действие совершает лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим.

He often asks questions. Ончастозадаётвопросы.

Глагол в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) означает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.

He is often asked questions. Ему часто задают вопросы.

Формы страдательного залога образуются при помощи глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle II (Причастие II) смыслового глагола.

	Present		Past
Indefinite	I he (she) we (you, they)	am asked is asked are asked	I (he, she) we (you, they)	was asked were asked		I (we) he (she, you, they)		will be asked
Continuous	I he (she) we (you, they)	am being asked is being asked are being asked	I (he, she) we (you, they)	was being asked were being asked
Perfect	I, we, you, they he (she)	have been asked has been asked	I (he, she, we, you, they)	had been asked		I, we he, she, you, they		will have been asked

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