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The Past (Progressive) Continuous Tense. Прошедшее продолженное время.

Прошедшее продолженное время образуется, как и настоящее продолженное время, при помощи глагола "to be" и смыслового глагола в инговой форме. При этом глагол "to be" употребляется в форме прошедшего времени (was, were).

was (I, he, she)

+ V-ing

were (we, you, they)

I was reading a book.

Ячиталкнигу.

They were playing chess.

Ониигралившахматы.

He was writing a letter.

Он писал письмо.

Основным назначением the Past Continuous является обозначение действий, протекавших в точно указанное время в прошлом:

Sue was working at ten o'clock yesterday morning.

Сью работала вчера утром в десять часов. (т.е. в десять часов утра Сью ещё не закончила свою работу).

Дополнительными характеристиками таких действий являются их незаконченность, динамичность и наглядность. Момент, в который протекает интересующее нас действие, часто бывает обозначен другим коротким действием в the Past Simple.

It was raining when I went out into the street.

Шёл дождь, когда я вышел на улицу.

Little Mary came in. She was eating an ice-cream.

Вошла маленькая Мэри. Она ела мороженое.

I saw you last night.

Я видел тебя прошлым вечером.

You were waiting for a bus.

Тыждалавтобус.

I dropped my bag when I was running for a bus.

Я уронил сумку, когда бежал за автобусом.

My car broke down when I was driving to work.

Моя машина сломалась, когда я ехал на работу.

He broke a tooth when he was eating a sandwich.

Он сломал зуб , когда ел сэндвич.

Глагол "to be" (was, were) является в данном случае служебным и служит для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы. Чтобы задать вопрос в the Past Continuous нужно поставить глагол "to be" (в нужной форме: was/ were) перед подлежащим. А чтобы образовать отрицательную форму, нужно поставить отрицание "not" после глагола "to be":

+ He was playing at 3 o'clock.

- He was not playing at 3 o'clock.

? Was he playing at 3 o'clock?

Yes, he was. Nо, he was not. (No, he wasn't.)

The Future (Progressive) Continuous Tense. Будущее продолженное время.

Глаголы в форме будущего продолженного времени выражают действие, которое будет происходить в определённый момент или отрезок времени в будущем. Признаком глагола в форме будущего продолженного времени является сочетание вспомогательного глагола "to be" в будущем времени (shall be, will be) с формой смыслового глагола I-ing.

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shall

+ be + V-ing will

We shall be expecting you at 5.

Мы будем ждать вас в 5 часов.

Next month they will be repairing the school.

В следующем месяце они будут ремонтировать школу.

This time on Sunday I'll be bathing in the sea.

В это время в воскресенье я буду купаться в море.

+ She will be sleeping.

- She will not be sleeping.

? Will she be sleeping?

Yes, she will. No, she will not. (No, she won't.)

9.Выполните упражнения

Present Continuous

1. 
   Four people …..................................... (sit) at a table.
   
2. 
   They …................................ (have) dinner.
   
3. 
   They …................................ (wear) smart clothes.
   
4. 
   The man …............................... (wear) a suit.
   
5. 
   The parents ….................................(smile) at each other and they.................... (talk). 6 The children …........................................ (listen)
   

7. 
   The girl …................................... (drink) some wine.
   
8. 
   The boy …..................................... (eat) some bread. 9 They …..................................... (enjoy) their meal.
   

Past Continuous

A: What ….................................. (happen) at the time of the robbery?

B: Well, I ….............................. (sit) in my office. I ….................................. (talk) to an employee.Some of the staff…................................(put)food onto the shelves. Several customers

….................... (do) their shopping and a cashier …........................ (stand) behind the till. A: Can you tell me anything about the robbers?

B: Yes. They …........................... (wear) black masks and they ........................... (hold) guns.

They …................................................... (shout).

A: How did they get away?

B: They drove off in a car which................................................... (wait) outside.

Future Continuous

1. Don`t phone me between 7 and 8. …................................................. (we / have) dinner then. 2. Phone me after 8 o`clock. …................................................ (we / finish) dinner by then.

3. 
   Tomorrow afternoon we`re going to play tennis 3 o`clock until 4.30. So at 4 o`clock,..............
   

….......................... (we / play) tennis.

3. 
   A: Can we meet tomorrow afternoon?
   

B: Not in the afternoon. …........................................................ (I / work).

3. 
   Do you think ….............................................. (you / still / do) the same job in ten years` time? 6. If you need to contact me, ….................................... (I / stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday.
   

УРОК 16 LESSON 16

Great scientists. To be going to

1.Ответьте на вопрос: WHO invented the first computer? And when?

(it was Charles Babbage, in the year 1832)

WORDS:

• 
  invent: - discover
  
• 
  genius: very clever person
  
• 
  illustrious : very famous
  
• 
  engine: machine - dream: imagine
  
• 
  powerful: strong
  
• 
  store: reserve
  
• 
  make do with: use nothing except
  
• 
  working: operating, functioning
  
• 
  bicentenary: 200th anniversary
  

Charles Babbage - The Father of Computers

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Babbage, who was born in London in 1791, was a great mathematical genius. He was a natural inventor, and invented all sorts of new products.

When he finished school, he went to study mathematics at Cambridge University. Later, he got a job teaching at the university ; and while Professor of Mathematics in this illustrious university, he designed his "first difference engine". This was, basically, a hand-operated mechanical calculator.

He took nine years to build a part of the machine. This machine, which is in the London

Science Museum, can make complex mathematical calculations. It is a basic mechanical computer.

Babbage dreamed however of more complicated machines. In fact, he did not only dream; he began to design them. The result was a series of "analytical engines" which were in fact powerful computers!

His designs contained processors (he called them "mills"), control units, a memory (he called it a store), and an input/output system. These are the four essential parts of a modern mathematical computer!

Alas, Babbage was born 100 years too soon! His "second difference engine" could not use electricity, since this had not yet become a usable source of power; so Babbage had to make do with mechanical systems. For this reason, the machine was big and very complicated, and very expensive. Though Babbage produced complete plans for the machine, he could not build it. It was too sophisticated for its age!

It was not until almost 160 years later that Babbage's "second difference engine" was finally manufactured. The first working version of this machine was built by the Science Museum in London, for the Babbage bicentenary in 1991. It can now be seen at the Museum; a second machine was then built for an American high-tech millionnaire, who put it in the Computer History Museum, in Mountain View, California.

Babbage's analytical engines would have used "programmes" like those used in the textile industry to make complicated patterns; but they were never built. This brilliant mathematician really was too far ahead of his time !

2.Объясните своими словами на английском языке

Can you explain, in English, the following words and expressions?

an inventor mathematics a university a memory mechanical systems a museum

a millionnaire the textile industry

3.Прочтите и сделайте конспект

Конструкция be going to

1. 
   М ы используем to be going to, когда собираемся, намереваемся сделать что-то.
   
2. 
   Также можно ее использовать, когда мы делаем предсказание о том, что что-то обязательно должно произойти. У нас есть все основания полагать, что что-то произойдет. Например, я вижу, что на небе тучи, и могу сказать:
   

There are clouds in the sky. It’s going to rain. – Нанебеоблака. Собираетсяпойтидождь. It’s 8 a.m. Kyle is leaving his home. He has to be at

work at 8.15 but the road takes 30 minutes. He is going to be late. – Восемьутра. Кайл выходит из дома. Он должен быть на работе в 8:15, но дорога занимает 30 минут. Кайл, скорее всего, опоздает на работу. (Кайл вышел в 8, ему надо быть на рабочем месте в 8:15, но добирается он туда за 30 минут. То есть у нас есть все основания полагать, что он опоздает)

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3. 
   Поскольку в самой конструкции есть слово go, то мы не должны использовать go (идти) в качестве глагола-действия: I am going to go (я собираюсь пойти). Такая фраза выглядит как тавтология. Лучше сказать I am going somewhere (я куда-то иду).
   
4. 
   Хотя мы говорим «я собираюсь сделать что-то» (I am going to do smth), и фраза используется в настоящем времени, но по смыслу она направлена на будущее: будущем сделаю то, что сейчас собираюсь. То есть настоящее время используетс
   
5. 
   и для настоящего, и для будущего. Нельзя сказать I will be going to do smth (я буду собираться сделать что-то).
   
6. 
   В разговорной речи принято сокращать длинное to be going to do до короткого gonna = going to.
   

I’m gonna buy this cake. – Я собираюсь купить этот торт.

He was gonna eat all the chicken himself. – Онсобиралсяодинсъестьвсюкурицу.

4.Вставьте нужную форму to be:

1.We … going to live forever.

2.Who … going to look after your son?

3.She … going to read more this year. 4… you coming back?

5.I … not going to pray before I do it.

6.What … they going to research?

7.Look! He … swimming!

8.He always said that he … going to be an artist.

5.Исправьте предложения:

1.We are go to check it out. 2.He left the town and didn’t tell where he was go.

3.She going to stay with Regina for a little while.

4.We will going to try and draw you into a conversation about film making.

5.They is not going to hide forever. 6.He isn’t go to pay anything for me.

7.I am the one who are going to that cave.

8.He go to publish photos of me.

6.Вставьте was / were:

1.He said he … going to use his own money for it.

2.She did not say she … going to take some time off.

3.I thought he … going to hurt him.

4.He said he … going to see the contract through.

5.Irvin said that he … going to start dating.

6.Samuel announced that he … going to have lunch with the family.

7.She looked like she … going to America too.

8.He … not going to peach.

9.I felt that there … going to be a disaster.

10.Rosa … not going to let that happen.

11.They … going to get married in spring.

12.He … going to wash his car, wasn’t he?

13.My best friend Robert and his sister … going to ride their bikes.

14.He was ill but … not going to stay at home. 15… you going to tell about it?

УРОК 17 LESSON 17

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Unit 3. Basics of vocational education

History of computers .Gerund

1.Прочтите текст, постарайтесь понять общее содержание.

2.Переведите текст исползуя словарь данные ниже.

Text

The very first cаlculаting device used wаs the ten fingers of а mаn’s hаnds. This, in fаct, is why todаy we still count in tens аnd multiples of tens. Then the аbаcus wаs invented, а beаd frаme in which the beаds аre moved from left to right.

During the 17^thаnd 18^th centuries mаny people tried to find eаsy wаys of cаlculаting. J. Nаpier, а Scotsmаn, devised а mechаnicаl wаy of multiplying аnd dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs аnd Nаpier’s ideаs were to produce logаrithm tаbles which аll mаthemаticiаns use todаy. Cаlculus, аnother brаnch of mаthemаtics, wаs independently invented by both Sir Isааc Newton, аn Englishmаn, аnd Leibnitz, а Germаn mаthemаticiаn.

The first reаl cаlculаting mаchine аppeаred in 1820 аs а result of severаl people’s experiments. This type of mаchine, which sаves а greаt deаl of time аnd reduces the possibility of mаking mistаkes, depends on series (ряд) of ten-toothed geаr wheels (зубчатыеколеса). In 1830 Chаrles Bаbbаge, аn Englishmаn, designed а mаchine thаt wаs cаlled “The Аnаlyticаl Engine”. This mаchine, which Bаbbаge showed аt the Pаris Exhibition in 1855, wаs аn аttempt to cut out the humаn being аltogether, except for providing the mаchine with the necessаry fаcts аbout the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but mаny of his ideаs were the bаsis for building todаy’s computers.

In 1930, the first аnаlog computer wаs built by аn Аmericаn nаmed Vаnnevаr Bush. This device wаs used in World Wаr II to help аim guns. Mаrk I, the nаme given to the first digitаl computer, wаs completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howаrd Аiken аnd some people from IBM. This wаs the first mаchine thаt could figure out long lists of mаthemаticаl problems, аll аt а very fаst rаte.

In 1946 two engineers аt the University of Pennsylvаniа, J.Eckert аnd J.Mаuchly, built the first digitаl computer using pаrts cаlled vаcuum tubes. They nаmed their new invention ENIАC. Аnother importаnt аdvаncement in computers cаme in 1947, when John von Newmаnn developed the ideа of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory.

The first generаtion of computers, which used vаcuum tubes, cаme out in 1950. Univаc I is аn exаmple of this computers which could perform thousаnds of cаlculаtions per second. In 1960, the second generаtion of computers wаs developed аnd these could perform work ten times fаster thаn their predecessors (предшественники). The reаson for this extrа speed wаs the use of trаnsistors insteаd of vаcuum tubes. Second-generаtion computers were smаller, fаster аnd more dependаble thаn first-generаtion computers. The third-generаtion computers аppeаred on the mаrket in 1965. These computers could do а million cаlculаtions а second, which is 1000 times аs mаny аs firstgenerаtion computers. Unlike second-generаtion computers, these аre controlled by tiny integrаted circuits аnd аre consequently smаller аnd more dependаble. Fourth-generаtion computers hаve now аrrived, аnd the integrаted circuits thаt аre being developed hаve been greаtly reduced in size. This is due to microminiаturizаtion, which meаns thаt the circuits аre much smаller thаn before; аs mаny аs 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto а single chip. А chip is а squаre or rectаngulаr piece of silicon, usuаlly from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which severаl lаyers of аn integrаted circuit аre etched or imprinted, аfter which the circuit is encаpsulаted in plаstic, cerаmic or metаl. Fourth-generаtion computers аre 50 times fаster thаn third-generаtion computers аnd cаn complete аpproximаtely 1,000,000 instructions per second.

Аt the rаte computer technology is growing, todаy’s computers might be obsolete in а couple of yeаrs. It hаs been sаid thаt if trаnsport technology hаd developed аs rаpidly аs computer technology, а trip аcross the Аtlаntic Oceаn todаy would tаke а few seconds.

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