Файл: экон.бизн4.pdf

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    One of these problems is quality control. For instance, many (…) make 

clothing from materials supplied by several of the company’s plants. Although it 

helps to lower (…), the materials are often of poor quality. This has resulted in 

(…). Recently, a German (…) refused a consignment of 50,000 blouses. The 

goods simply did not meet its (…). Cancellation of the order cost Fortune 

Garments half a million dollars in (…). 

Task 5. Information input: ‘The Key Players’. 

Study the names of organizations below and give their translation into 

Russian. 

5.1. Anti-globalization Groups  

1.The International Institute for Sustainable Development (http://www.iisd.org/) 

2.The International Forum on Globalization (http://www.ifg.org/)  

3. Greenpeace (www.greenpeace.org/international)  

4.The World Wide Fund for Nature (http://www.wwf.org/)  

5. Oxfam (www.oxfam.org/eng/)  

6. Friends of the Earth International (http://www.foei.org/)  

7. The Center for International Environmental Law (http://www.ciel.org/)  

8. Public Citizen (http://www.citizen.org/)  

9. Medecins Sans Frontieres (http://www.msf.org/)  

10. Consumers International (http://www.consumersinternational.org/)  

5.2.

Pro-Globalization Groups 

1. The International Policy Network (http://www.policynetwork.net/) 

2. Development Network (http://www.sdnetwork.net/) 

3. The Competitive Enterprise Institute (http://www.cei.org/) 

4. The Cato Institute (http://www.cato.org/)  

5. The Institute of Public Affairs (http://www.ipa.org.au/)  

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6. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research 

(http://www.aei.org/)  

7. TCS Daily (http://www.tcsdaily.com/) 

8. World Growth (http://www.worldgrowth.org/)  

9. The Heritage Foundation (http://www.heritage.org/)  

10. AWorldConnected (http://www.aworldconnected.org/)  

5.3. Anti-Globalisation Individuals 

1. George Monbiot (http://www.monbiot.com/)  

2. Naomi Klein (http://www.nologo.org/)  

3. Martin Khor (http://www.twnside.org.sg/)  

4. Mary Robinson (http://www.eginitiative.org/) 

5. Vandana Shiva  (http://www.navdanya.org/) 

6. John Ralston Saul (www.abc.net.au/specials/saul/default.htm)  

5.4. Pro-Globalisation Individuals 

1. Johan Norberg (http://www.johannorberg.net/)  

2. Douglas A. Irwin (www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/) 

3. Jagdish Bhagwati (www.columbia.edu/~jb38/)  

4. Martin Wolf 

(www.nottingham.ac.uk/economics/staff/details/martin_wolf.htm)  

5. Philippe Legrain (http://www.philippelegrain.com/)  

6. Mike Moore (http://www.mike-moore.info/) 

Task 6. Vocabulary.  

Find the Russian equivalents of these terms. 

Company

 – a formal association of persons for business purposes, 

especially a corporation or group of persons legally incorporated under company 

law; in AmE – a general word for any business, whether it is a sole 

proprietorship, or a partnership, or a corporation  

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Corporation

 – a group of persons in Britain who have formed themselves 

into an association  which itself has a separate legal existence or artificial 

personality quite different from the persons who compose it.(The law allows it 

to continue to exist indefinitely although its members (shareholders) may 

change. In AmE – a business organization equivalent to a limited company in 

Britain  

Joint-stock company

 – a form of business organization called a 

corporation, which has its capital divided into many small units of stock or into 

shares of low face value so that they may be bought by small and large 

investors. Often is used in the same meaning as “limited company”.In AmE – a 

business organization having its capital divided into small units of stock, but the 

liability of its members is unlimited, as in a partnership.  

Limited (liability) company 

– a joint-stock company, the financial 

liability of whose members is limited by law. If the company is 

limited by

shares, 

the liability of each member is limited to the amount unpaid on his 

shares, and he may have to lose the cost of his shares, but no more, if the 

company goes into liquidation because of its debts. If the company is 

limited by 

guarantee

, the liability of each member is limited to the amount he has 

personally guaranteed (promised) to pay if necessary in the event of liquidation.

Private (limited) company

 – a limited company which must not invite 

the public to subscribe for its shares or debentures and does not allow its 

members to transfer their shares without the agreement of the other 

shareholders. (It must have at least two but usually not more than fifty 

members).  

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Public (limited) company 

–  a limited company which can offer its 

shares and debentures to the public; there is normally no limit to the right of its 

members to transfer their shares to other persons. (There is no limit to the total 

number of members except that there must be at least seven). 

Unlimited company 

– a company of which the liability of the members is 

unlimited, i.e. each member has to pay his/her full share of the debts of the 

company if it is brought to an end. 

Close company/ close(ed) corporation 

– (AmE) a company of which the 

share capital is held or controlled by relatively few persons (five or fewer 

persons), or by persons who are all directors of the company (The shares of a 

close company are not publicly traded. A company of this kind must either pay 

out a large part of its profit as dividend or be classed for tax purposes as a 

private person. 

Offshore company

 – located or based in a foreign country and not 

subject to tax laws. 

Firm – 1. (law)

 partnership an association of two or more persons who 

have formally agreed to work together as partners;

2. (commerce)

 any business 

organization or commercial house, whether it is a partnership or not, often a 

company, especially a small one; 

3. the name or title

 under which a partnership 

or company transacts business e.g. the firm of Smith & Jones. 

Task 7. Translation.  

Read the text and find out about the people and the companies mentioned. 

Translate the text. 

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The Great Paradox of Globalisation 

Business leaders applaud it, protesters demonstrate against it, Thomas 

Friedman writes a column about it and politicians tell us it is inevitable. As the 

World Trade Organization celebrates it in the comparative peace of Qatar, it is 

time to ask what exactly we mean by globalization. 

People first started to use the term in the 1980s, when American business 

discovered the rest of the world. Of course, Ford and General Motors had owned 

foreign car plants for more than 50 years. But their overseas facilities 

manufactured dinky models for agoraphobic Europeans and were quite separate 

from the mainstream American operations. US consumers had always imported 

Burberrys and French perfumes but trade was and is a much lower percentage of 

national income in the US than it is in any European country. 

There was a rude awakening. Ford and GM realized that Asian 

competitors could make cars that were not only cheaper but also better. (Their 

customers discovered it first). Other US firms such as Gap and Compaq realized 

that an American brand and offshore manufacture made an unbeatable 

combination in textiles and computers. Jobs migrated from the US to the 

developing world. 

Within a short time, every large US company had a director of 

international operations and every US business school a course in international 

strategy. Some chief executives even predicted that their successors might have 

worked overseas or might even not be American nationals. These fears mostly 

proved to be exaggerated. The Ford family is still in the saddle. 

But globalization received a further boost from the collapse of the Soviet 

Union. Where once there had been two great trading blocks in the world, now 

there was only one. Or perhaps there were now three. Americans responded to 

the growing influence of the European Union by establishing their own free 

trade area and the rapidly growing Asian economies came closer together.