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PREFACE

Sentences in English as in any other language are built on a number of typical patterns reflecting typical situations of the real world. Whenever one wants to make a message one chooses an appropriate patterns and finds the slots (positions) in this pattern with particular words.

One of the words fills the central position in any pattern – that of the VERB, - which calls for a certain number of slots and the kind of words to fill them. For example, the verb SEND dictates that there is someone to take and deliver something to someone:

I will send her the money. → I will send the money to her.

Both patterns have three slots to hold names of the three participants of the situation – someone who sends, something that is sent and someone to whom something is sent. The verb CUT dictates that there is someone to divide something into pieces using something as an instrument, possibly, on something used as a work surface:

She was cutting cheese with a sharp knife (on a board).

On the other hand, verbs like COUGH, SIGH and LAUGH dictate that there is just someone making a specific sound:

He coughed, she sighed, they laughed.

Pattern 1: THERE VS

The verb BE in the meaning of EXISTENCE or PRESENCE requires a very peculiar structure with formal THERE in the first position and the Subject following BE. Subject points to a person, thing or state of things existing in the world or present in one of its segments:

There are big women and small men.

There was a big white china mug on the table.

There are sandstorms nearly every day.

Pattern 2: SVCs

It is never enough to just state that something exists. People want to know what it is like and what class of objects it belongs to. To describe a person, a thing or a state of things speakers use the structure with the slot for Complement, which is an adjectival or a noun phrase pointing to a feature or a set of features typical of a class of objects:

She is beautiful.

He is a professional singer.

Pattern 3: SV

Some other verbs, known as Intransitive, require one slot for Subject – the doer of an action or activity indicated by the verb:

He coughed, she sighed, they laughed.

Pattern 4: SVOd

On the other hand, Transitive verbs always require two slots – for Subject and for Direct Object, which generally indicate, respectively, the doer of an action and the person or thing directly affected by the action:

She was cutting cheese on a board.

Pattern 5: SVOiOd

There is a group of verbs in English which, along with Subject, require two Objects – Direct and Indirect. Direct Object indicates a thing received or meant for a person indicated by Indirect Object:

I will send her the money.

Pattern 6: SVOdCo

There is a small group of verbs in English which allow the use of Direct Object accompanied by Object Complement. Object Complement gives an additional description of a person or thing indicated by Direct Object:

He painted the door green.

She likes her coffee black.

THERE V S

Meaning and Function

Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the verbs you can use. What meaning do they have in common?

Once there was a beautiful princess called Alice.
In Queen Victoria's time there were no aeroplanes.
There's something strange about this picture.
There are no children in the house.
There is another exit at the back.
There are some curious creatures in this world.
There are high winds sometimes.
Right in front of the house there is a swimming pool.
There is a small round table in the corner.
There was a new cushion on one of the settees.

11. There’s always washing on the line.

12. There were pieces of the plane everywhere.

13. There are wolves in these mountains.

14. There are no flowers by the stream.

15. There is a ferry to the mainland every Friday.

16. In 1989 there was an earthquake in San Francisco.

17. There will be a debate in Parliament next Tuesday.

18. There is a wedding in the church.

19. There was a strange atmosphere in that place.

20. There is a definite warning in this letter.

Distribute the subjects between the categories set in the table below. What conclusion does the resulting picture suggest?

There's some rice and some apples.
There is no smoke without fire.
There were raindrops on the car.
There are two tides every day.
There has been little change.
There is a stop ahead.
Is there a swimming pool or a sauna?
There is no date here.
There was blood on his coat.

10. There were few visitors to our house.

11. There are working dogs, pet dogs and show dogs.

12. Do you think there is a difference?

13. There were no clues at the scene of the crime.

14. There is gold under the ground.

15. Is there any room in your street for parking?

16. There isn't very much time.

17. There are a few eggs and a little meat.

18. There weren't any girls in the class.

19. There's white sugar and brown sugar.

20. There isn't any milk in the fridge.

21. There are advantages and disadvantages.

22. There is a great deal of dishonesty in advertising.

23. There's a message for you.

24. There was quite a downpour last night.

25. There is research to be done!

	Count nouns		Uncount nouns
	Singular	Plural
Articles (including Ø)
Other determiners
Quantifiers

The subjects in the sentences are definite descriptions. Is the meaning of the whole sentence different in this case?

– Who can we ask?

– There’s James, or Miranda, or Annie.

– Where exactly can I go?

– Well, lots of places. There’s Singapore or, um, Teheran, Athens…

– The best woman player? That’s a difficult question. There’s Helen Wills, for example.
– There’s one packet for the museum… And there’s this one. That’s for Jackson.

Formulate the meanings of HERE VS in A and B. In what way is this structure different from THERE VS?

1. Here’s your ticket!

2. Here’s the book I told you about.

3. Here’s the reporters’ office.

4. Here’re the others!

5. Here’s a man who knows his own mind.

6. Here’s another sign. It says No Left Turn!

7. Here’s something interesting.

1. Every year “mad” Englishmen try to cross the Channel in all kinds of “boats”. Here are some of the silliest examples: a large bed, a giant gin bottle, a beer barrel, a parachute behind a boat…

2. Here are some of the reasons for their great success…

3. Here’s the news…

4. Here are the addresses to which you should apply…

5. So you want to learn about computers? Here’s what you need…

6. Here’s how it’s done…

Grammar

Determiners

• Zero article with count "thing" nouns and uncount "substance" nouns

“What’s in …?” Make up sentences using one of the nouns in brackets.

… the jar? (honey / jam / marmalade…)
… the can? (beer / coke / orange juice…)
… the tin? (tuna / beans / sardines…)
… the bowl? (soup / salad / cereal…)
… the tub? (butter / margarine / cheese spread…)
… the carton? (juice / milk / yoghurt…)
… the packet? (ham / cheese / biscuits…)
… the bag? (rice / sugar / flour…)
… the bottle? (martini / sherry / port…)
… the box? (chocolates / biscuits / matches…)

Choose the appropriate nouns to fill the gaps

bar, bunch, clove, drop/dash, joint, loaf, piece, slice

There’s just a … of cream in my coffee, but the taste is completely different.
There’s a … of bananas and a … of grapes.
There is a … of cheese, two … of bread, a few salad leaves and a tomato. You can make yourself a fine sandwich.
There’s a fairly large … of meat.
There’s hardly any garlic – just a … or two.
There’s a … of brown bread and a dozen rolls. Enough for a family of ten.
There’s a … chocolate in my bag for little Nelly.
There’s a … of cheesecake for you and an apple-pie for Auntie.

“What’s in the shopping bag?” Make a shopping list using the phrases on the right and describe what is in your shopping bag.

a box of, a packet of, a tin of, a carton of, a jar of, a bag of, a bottle of, a tub of, a can of, a punnet of, a bunch of, a loaf of, a joint of, a bar of…

• Articles with count "event" nouns and uncount "substance" nouns

Use the table to make up as many meaningful sentences as possible. You could complete them with place adverbials

There V

A (optional)

There was

has been

a pair of

a variety of

a range of

a series of

a set of

a collection of

a assortment of

a corpus of

a store of

a pile of

a heap of

a bundle of

a pack of

a pool of

a load of

a crowd of

a gang of

a assembly of

a crew of

a team of

someone’s personal belongings

cards

old tin cans

hiking boots

listening comprehension materials

subjects

cushions

cheeses

options

keys

natural disasters

early English paintings

money / cash

rubbish

raisins

experts

bigwigs

TV men

skinheads

football fans

in the box

in the cupboard

in the glove compartment

in the boot of the car

in the language lab

in my office

in the White House

in the region

in that manifesto

in front of me

on the floor

on the top

available

to share

for you to choose from

waiting to see the Chief-Inspector

working on the problem

frightening people

still excited after the match

from politics to astrology

Joint the words from A. and B. appropriately.

A. a flock

a swarm

a pack

a school

a shoal

a herd

a brood

a pride

a litter

B. whales

seagulls

herrings

bees

wolves

lions

cattle

puppies

chicks

Translate the sentences into English. Analyze the use of articles.

В церкви идет венчание.
На четвертом этаже пожар.
В дверь стучат. = Стук в дверь.
По телевизору идет эстрадное представление.
Через день ходит («есть») паром на континент.
Завтра есть рейсы на Вену?
На дорогах будут пробки («задержки»)
Кажется, сегодня вечером собрание?
Насколько я помню, в 7. 30 (по телевизору) викторина.
Я уверен, произойдет ссора.
Будет ли официальный прием?
В парламенте состоятся большие дебаты.
Последнее время происходит много ограблений.
Немало войн бывало между двумя странами.
Только что произошло убийство.
Произошел несчастный случай.
Летом прошлого года в Англии состоялись всеобщие выборы.
Вчера на факультете был вечер.
В штате Индиана на карнавале был устроен конкурс едоков.
В течение ночи несколько раз объявляли тревогу.
В баре произошла потасовка.
Здесь вчера произошла автомобильная авария,
Произошла утечка газа.
Отключилось электричество.
Наступило молчание.

A. Use the count nouns denoting EVENTS.

thunderstorm, sand storm, earthquake, snowfall, rain(fall), breeze, wind, tide, flood, fog, frost

Прошлой ночью была гроза.
Прошлой ночью был проливной дождь.
Прошлой ночью был сильный снегопад.
Прошлой ночью был сильный мороз.
Дул лёгкий бриз.
В 1980 году в Бангладеш было страшное наводнение.
В 1989 году было землетрясение в Сан-Франциско.
Зимой в Лондоне бывают сильные туманы.
Время от времени здесь бывают песчаные бури.
Иногда бывают сильные ветры.
Иногда бывают высокие приливы.

B. Use the uncount nouns denoting SUBSTANCES.

cloud, condensation, dew, fog, hoar-frost, ice, mist, mud, sleet, snow, sunshine, water

После дождя на всех дорогах вода.
На озере лёд.
На холмах снег.
Прошлой ночью у западного побережья был туман.
На земле, на крышах и на деревьях белый иней.
Сегодня облачность сильнее, чем вчера.
Когда не очень холодно, бывает не снег, а изморось.
На улице лёгкий туман.
На дне большинства рек ил.
На траве была роса, сверкавшая на солнце.
Утром солнышко бывает довольно часто, а после полудня – редко.
На окнах была испарина.

• Use of singular, plural and collective nouns

Define the underlined nouns as count, uncount, singular, plural or collective. Translate them into Russian paying attention to singular-plural correspondences.

1. She went to the shop and bought some fruit: apples, pears and bananas.

2. They always buy the very best and freshest fruit and vegetables.

3. Oranges, bananas and grapes are fruit.

4. Fruit is eaten either raw or cooked.

В.

1. Grapes are dried to make raisins.
2. Strawberries are usually eaten as a dessert with cream.

The currants were at their best, clusters of black hanging from the branches.
You can use gooseberries to make pies and puddings.
She served us sliced beef with carrots and potatoes.
He's digging up potatoes in the vegetable garden.
He likes mashed potatoes with his stew.
Carrots are very cheap — it's good for you to eat carrots.

9. We've got lots of cabbages in the garden.
10. There's a packet of frozen peas.

11. We eat radishes raw in salads.

12. These are onions and tomatoes from our garden.

С.

1. Money doesn't always bring happiness.

He doesn't usually carry much money on him.
He lost all his money when his business failed.
How much cash do you have?
You're paying in cash, aren't you?
She heard the bad news on the radio.
The latest news about our son was a letter a month ago.
News travels fast.
I've got some good news for you.
The NY police are world famous.
The police were called.

Provide each sentence with an appropriate noun phrase.
Now use NOT instead of No making all other necessary changes.

There is/was no … in the tap.
There is/was no … in his window.
There is /was no … in the purse.
There is/was no … in the tank.
There is/ was no … in the fridge.
There is/was no … on the motorways.
There is/was no … in the classroom.
There is/was no … in the book.
There is/was no … in her voice.
There is/ was no … in his words.

Insert appropriate nouns. Translate into Russian.

There isn’t a … in my purse!
There isn’t a … on his head!
There isn’t a … in the house!
There isn’t a … in the cupboard!
There isn’t a … in the auditorium!
There isn’t a … in the sky!
There isn’t a … in the field!
There isn’t a … on the farm!
There isn’t a … on the roads!
There isn’t a … in the streets!

• Quantifiers.

Read the sentences out loud. Write down the numbers in words.

1. There are about 1000 pages of sports, financial and other news on Teletext.

2. There are 6.7 m people in London.

3. There are about 250 regular cyclists in London.

In Britain there are about 2.5 m people unemployed.
In 1983 there were 9700 bicycle accidents.
There are about 500 people in a small village called Henfield.
There are 156 workers at the factory.
On board the plane there are 120 passengers.
In the summer there are more than 100 ferry crossings every day between France and Britain.

10. There are 3000 hyacinths and chrysanthemums here.

Read the contexts carefully. Then describe the use of COUPLE and DOZEN as definite quantifiers.

1. There are a couple of minor mistakes.

2. I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they do not make a pair.

They've been helped by a couple of Washington newspaper reporters.
He met her a couple of years ago.
Let's go to Paris for a couple of days.

1. There are two dozen eggs in the fridge

Can I have a dozen eggs, please?
I'll take a dozen (of THEM).
He bought three dozen eggs.
There are a few dozen grass mats.
The drive was cluttered with half a dozen cars.
Can I have a half a dozen eggs, please?
Can I have a half-dozen, please?

Compare the sentences with those in exercise 14. Make your conclusions about the differences.

There are thousands of lonely people in London.
There are thousands of different plants in the world that we can eat.
There are thousands of miles of railway lines all over the continent.
There must be hundreds of people who want to visit Shakespeare's house.
There are hundreds of forms to fill in.
There are dozens of dresses in her wardrobe.
There have been dozens of attempts at reform.

Translate the sentences into English.

1. На нашем факультете больше 500 студентов.

2. В аудитории стояла пара столов и с десяток стульев.

С этим проектом миллион проблем.
В этом краю десятки малых и больших озер.
В чемодане лежали две рубашки, три пары нижнего белья и две пижамы.
В английском языке есть тысячи слов, которые могут быть и существительными и глаголами.
В этом словаре 55 тысяч слов.
В каждой коробке три десятка яиц.
В оранжерее триста тридцать три тысячи гиацинтов и хризантем.

10. На борту самолета было 120 пассажиров.

11. На фирме работает 258 штатных сотрудников.

12. В Британии около четырех миллионов безработных.

13. В Лондоне на 6,7 млн. жителей около 250 тысяч велосипедистов.

14. На собрании было много народу — человек 80 или даже больше.

15. Сотни людей погибли или были ранены во время взрыва.

A LOT OF/ LOTS OF with count and uncount nouns

Formulate the rule governing the use of A LOT / LOTS OF.

There was a lot of water on the roads.

There is a lot of research to be done.
There is a lot of beautiful countryside here.
There was a lot of trouble.
There is a lot to see in the British museum.
There's lots of soup left.
There is lots of money in advertising.
There's lots of time!
There's lots of nightlife – several bars and a casino.
There is still lots of snow in the garden.

1. There are a lot of your shirts in the washing machine.

There are a lot of farms in the vicinity.
There are a lot of ideas in this book.
There are a lot of children's films on because it is school holiday time.
There are a lot of letters to write.
There are lots of dangerous snakes.
There are lots of slang words for money, like "bread" and "dough".
There are lots of little jobs round the house.
There are lots of ways to meet people in London.
There are lots and lots of antique shops in Australia.

PLENTY OF with count and uncount nouns

COBUILD English Language Dictionary: "If there is plenty of something or if there are plenty of things, there is a large amount of something or a large number of things; often used to indicate that there is enough of something or more than you need."

Fill the gaps with the singular or plural form of BE.

1. There. . . always plenty of jobs to be done.

2. There. . . plenty of eggs in the fridge.

3. There. . . plenty of space for sports and games.

There. . . plenty of flights to Cairo.
There. . . plenty of time!

6. There. . . plenty of money!

7. There. . . plenty of problems!

There. . . plenty of air and light in the room.
There. . . plenty of good restaurants where you can eat local specialities.

10. There. . . plenty of cold meats and cheeses in that delicatessen.

11. There. . . plenty of rubbish in the old shed.

12. There. . . plenty of room at the table. Come and sit down!

• A NUMBER OF vs A GREAT/GOOD DEAL OF / A LARGE AMOUNT OF

Choose the correct form of the verb. Translate the sentences into Russian.

There. . . quite a number of elderly people who can't take a taxi on a regular basis.
There. . . a number of contradictions in their foreign policy.
There. . . a good deal of confusion about what it means.
There. . . been a number of telephone calls today.
There. . . a large amount of property he could leave as he chose.
There. . . a great deal of dishonesty in advertising.
There. . . a great number of reporters at the conference.
There. . . a good deal of discrepancy between his description of the fight and yours.
There. . . a number of pages on Teletext which give you food prices, traffic reports, the weather forecasts, book and film reviews.
As recently as a generation ago there. . . a great deal of ignorance and prejudice about left-handedness.

11. There. . . been a great deal of talk and speculation.

12. There . . . been a number of interruptions in this class.

Translate the sentences into English using quantifiers: А LОТ / LOTS / PLENTY OF; SO / ТОО MANY / MUCH; (QUITE) А (GREAT) NUMBER OF; А GOOD / GREAT DEAL OF/ А LARGE AMOUNT OF.

1. На нашем пути немало трудностей.

2. Говорят, в округе водится много оленей, но я не видел ни одного.

3. Сегодня было большое количество телефонных звонков.

4. В работе большое число недочетов.

5. В мире слишком много насилия.

6. В жизни так много тайн.

7. В комнате масса солнечного света и воздуха!

8. Вокруг прав женщин велось множество споров.

9. Бензина предостаточно.

10. Времени у нас полно.

11. К нему относятся с большим предубеждением.

12. В их внешней политике много противоречий.

13. В городе множество антикварных лавочек.

14. На эти товары нет большого спроса.

15. Рейсов на Москву более чем достаточно.

• A LITTLE / LITTLE versus A FEW/FEW

Fill the spaces with correct verb forms and appropriate quantifiers. Each phrase in bold type offers a clue.

1. There . . . champagne. Would you like some?
2. There . . . eggs in the fridge. You don't need to go shopping.

3. There . . . bread and cheese — it'll be enough for supper.

4. There . . . chocolates in the box. I thought it was empty.

5. — Is there any fruit in the house?

— Oh yes, there is some. There … … oranges and … apples.

There … … cake left, just a very thin slice.

There are hardly any vegetables in the house. There . . . very . . . potatoes and only one carrot.
There . . . so . . . walnuts that I can't give you any.
I'll have to make mash with chicken. There . . . too . . . rice.
Are you going past the grocer’s? There … very … butter and practically no margarine.

Choose either A LITTLE or A FEW for (+); LITTLE or FEW for (-). Translate the sentences into Russian.

There’s … time for reading. (-)
There are … questions I would like to ask (+)
Unfortunately, there are … people who understand it. (-)
We got home quickly because there was … traffic. (-)
There were … cars on the roads at that time of the day. (-)
There are … in your paper. Pay attention to your spelling. (+)
I’m afraid there is … hope.(-)
I enjoy my tea more when there is … honey in it. (+)
There were … kids playing in the road. (+)
There’s … time before the train leaves. Let’s go and have a drink. (+)
There’s been … rain lately; the crops are dying through lack of water. (-)
There’s … money left: it should be enough to live on. (+)
There were … books in Grandfather’s study. (-)
There are … books on the subject in the local library. (+)
Don’t you think there’s … salt in the soup? (-)

Translate into English

1. Осталось немного еды.

2. Осталась кое-какая еда.

Еда еще оставалась.
Еды осталось немного.
Еды осталось мало.
Еды почти не осталось.
Еды не осталось.
Еды осталось много.
Осталось немного яблок и груш.

10. Осталось много слив.

11. Бананов осталось не очень много.

12. Апельсинов осталось мало.

13. Почти не осталось абрикосов.

14. Вишен не осталось.

15. Остались кое-какие фрукты.

В.

1. Вино осталось?

Много вина осталось?
Сколько осталось вина?
Что, вина совсем не осталось?
Пирожные остались?
Много пирожных осталось?
Сколько пирожных осталось?
Пирожных совсем не осталось?

MORE, LESS and FEWER

Translate the sentences into English

В этой банке меньше мёда (чем в той).
За этим столиком меньше места (чем за теми).
Здесь меньше шума (чем там).
В этой корзине меньше фруктов (чем в той).
В моём бумажнике меньше денег (чем в его).
Сегодня меньше новостей (чем вчера).
Теперь ещё меньше надежды (чем было).
Сейчас меньше предубеждения против него (чем раньше).
В его словах меньше смысла (чем в твоих).
В ней меньше обаяния (чем в её подруге).

В.

Здесь меньше деревьев (чем там).
В первой группе меньше юношей (чем во второй).
В этом салате меньше ингредиентов (чем в твоём).
В этом мешке меньше картошки (чем в том).
В этом городе меньше полиции (чем у нас).
В её работе меньше ошибок (чем раньше).
В команде меньше хороших игроков (чем было).
На ферме теперь меньше лошадей (чем когда-то).
Сегодня меньше звонков (чем когда-либо).
Сейчас меньше посетителей (чем обычно).
Сегодня меньше народа (чем вчера).
У вас на пути меньше препятствий (чем было у нас).

Translate the sentences into Russian giving special attention to the forms of comparison.

There are more people in Britain than in Greece.
There are more cars on the road in summer than in winter.
There are as many different kinds of music as there are different languages.
There have been more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars since 1900.
There were more horses on the farm then, than there are now.