Ex. 2. Distribute the following crimes among 3 groups:

• 
  violence against the person: rape, murder, homicide, kidnapping, manslaughter, assault, mugging
  
• 
  damaging the good opinion unfairly by saying or writing smth bad: slander, libel, defamation
  
• 
  dishonestly appropriating the property belonging to another: theft, shoplifting, robbery, burglary, house-breaking
  

Words: theft, shoplifting, defamation, rape, murder, slander, robbery, homicide,

burglary, kidnapping, manslaughter, house-breaking, libel, mugging, assault.
Ex. 3. Read the following newspaper headlines and decide what type of crime is being referred to:
terrorism, tax evasion, kidnapping, mugging, burglary, arson, drunken driving, armed robbery, murder, vandalism, theft, assault, hijacking, assassination.
1. FACTORY DESTROYED IN

SUSPICIOUS BLAZE. (arson)
2. PASSENGER HELD HOSTAGE*

FOR 10 HOURS IN NIGHT OF

TERROR. ( kidnapping)
3. MILLIONAIRE ORDERED TO PAY

£5 MILLION IN BACK TAXES. ( tax evasion)
4. HOSTAGE RETURNED AS

RANSOM PAID. ( terrorism )
5. MEN ESCAPE WITH FAMILY

HEIRLOOMS. (burglary,)
6. TEENS BEATEN UP AT ROCK

CONCERT (assault)
7. PRESIDENT KILLED BY SINGLE

BULLET (assassination)
8. CHILD RUN OVER BY DRINK

DRIVER. (drunken driving )
9. THREE INJURED IN BANK HOLD

UP*.( armed robbery)
10. PENSIONER ATTACKED AND

ROBBED IN BROAD DAYLIGHT. ( mugging)
11. MAN SLAIN* IN HYDE PARK. ( murder)
12. YOUTHS DESTROY TOWN

HALL. ( vandalism)
13. 28 CARS STOLEN OVER

WEEKEND. ( theft)
14. GUNMAN FORCES PILOT TO

LAND IN DESERT (hijacking )

Notes:

*hostage - заложник

*slay (slew, slain) - убивать, уничтожать, лишать жизни

*hold up - останавливать с целью грабежа
Ex.4. Underline the correct word:
1) Burglars broke in / broke into and stole all our jewellery.

2) The escaped prisoner evaded / assaulted capture for 3 month until they found his hideout.

3) They say that Robin Hood robbed / intruded the rich and gave to the poor.

4) The gang held up the bank and robbed / stole£5 million.

5) The terrorists decided to kidnap /slaughter all the hostages if their demands were refused.

6) Three youths mugged /shoplifted the old man in the street and took his wallet and watch.

7) He tore the clothes off the girl and trapped / raped her.

8) He was arrested while trying to smuggle / forge drugs into the country.
Ex. 5. Underline the correct item:
1) If you don’t want someone to burgle/steal your house, you should keep the

doors and windows locked.

2) He keeps his bicycle securely chained so that no one will steal / rob it.

3) Two men attempted to burgle / rob the local bank, but the police arrived before

they got away.

4) Instead of fining the man, the judge sent him to prison because he was a repeat

offender / convict.

5) That terrorist is one of the world’s most wanted criminals /suspects.

6) The offender / suspect was set free because there was no evidence to prove that

he was guilty.

7) The suspect / convict had been in prison for twenty years when he died.

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CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES
There are several kinds of punishment available to the courts. In civil cases, the most common punishment is a fine. For criminal offences, fines are also often used when the offence is not a very serious one and when the offender has not been in trouble before. Another kind of punishment available in some countries is community service. This requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work, usually for a social institution such as a hospital.

The court may order an offender to pay compensation for personal injury, loss or damage resulting from an offence. Courts may also order the confiscation of proceeds gained by a criminal from drug trafficking and other offences such as robbery, fraud, blackmail, and insider dealing in shares. In certain circumstances, courts may also order forfeiture of property involved in the commission of crime.

Police cautions are used particularly for young offenders; the caution is a form of warning and no court action is taken. For crimes that are more serious the usual punishment is imprisonment. Some prison sentences are suspended: the offender is not sent to prison if he keeps out of trouble for a fixed period, but if he does offend, again both the suspended sentence and any new will be imposed. The length of sentences varies from a few days to a lifetime. However, a life sentence may allow the prisoner to be released after a suitably long period if a review (parole) board agrees his detention no longer serves a purpose. In some countries, such as the Netherlands, living conditions in prison are good because it is felt that deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself and should not be so harsh that it reduces the possibility of the criminal re-educating and reforming himself. In other countries, conditions are very bad. In some countries, there are such penalties as exile, restricted residence, disqualification from a specific office or activity, deprivation of military or other special rank.
In some countries there is also corporal punishment. In Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe, among others, courts may sentence offenders to be

caned or whipped. In Saudi Arabia theft and possession of alcohol may be punished

by cutting off the offender's hand or foot. The ultimate penalty is capital punishment.

ГРАЖДАНСКИЕ И УГОЛОВНЫЕ НАКАЗАНИЯ

Существует несколько видов наказания, доступных судам. В гражданских делах наиболее распространенным наказанием является штраф. За уголовные правонарушения штрафы также часто применяются, когда преступление не является очень серьезным и когда преступник ранее не попадал в беду. Другим видом наказания, применяемым в некоторых странах, являются общественные работы. Это требует, чтобы преступник выполнял определенный объем неоплачиваемой работы, обычно для социального учреждения, такого как больница.

Суд может обязать правонарушителя выплатить компенсацию за телесные повреждения, утрату или ущерб, причиненный в результате правонарушения. Суды также могут вынести постановление о конфискации доходов, полученных преступником от незаконного оборота наркотиков и других преступлений, таких как грабеж, мошенничество, шантаж и инсайдерские сделки с акциями. При определенных обстоятельствах суды могут также вынести постановление о конфискации имущества, причастного к совершению преступления. Полицейские меры предосторожности применяются

---

, в частности, к несовершеннолетним правонарушителям; предостережение является формой предупреждения, и никаких судебных действий не предпринимается. За более серьезные преступления обычным наказанием является тюремное заключение. Некоторые тюремные сроки являются условными: нарушителя не отправляют в тюрьму, если он избегает неприятностей в течение определенного срока, но если он все-таки совершит правонарушение, снова будет назначено как условное наказание, так и любое новое. Продолжительность приговоров варьируется от нескольких дней до пожизненного заключения. Однако пожизненное заключение может позволить заключенному быть освобожденым по истечении достаточно длительного срока, если комиссия по пересмотру (условно-досрочному освобождению) согласится с тем, что его содержание под стражей больше не имеет смысла. В некоторых странах, таких как Нидерланды, условия содержания в тюрьмах хорошие, поскольку считается, что лишение свободы само по себе является наказанием и не должно быть настолько суровым, чтобы уменьшить возможность перевоспитания и исправления преступника. В других странах условия очень плохие. В некоторых странах существуют такие наказания, как изгнание, ограничение проживания, отстранение от определенной должности или деятельности, лишение воинского или другого специального звания.

В некоторых странах также применяются телесные наказания. В Малайзии, Сингапуре, Пакистане, Замбии, Зимбабве, среди прочих, суды могут приговаривать правонарушителей к избиению палками или порке кнутом. В Саудовской Аравии кража и хранение алкоголя могут наказываться отрубанием преступнику руки или ноги. Высшей мерой наказания является смертная казнь.
Task 1. Indicate two types of punishments available to courts and provide with

examples.
In civil cases, the most common punishment is a fine.

For example:

1)Consumption (drinking) of alcoholic beverages in prohibited places or consumption of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances or intoxicating substances in public places (Article 20.20 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation).

2) Minor hooliganism (Article 20.1 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation)

3) Destruction or damage to someone else's property (Article 7.17 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation).
For more serious crimes, the usual punishment is imprisonment. Crimes of minor gravity are recognized as intentional and careless acts, for the commission of which the maximum penalty provided for by this Code does not exceed three years of imprisonment.

Intentional acts for which the maximum penalty provided for by this Code does not exceed five years of imprisonment and reckless acts for which the maximum penalty provided for by this Code does not exceed ten years of imprisonment are recognized as crimes of medium gravity.

---

Intentional acts for the commission of which the maximum penalty provided for by this Code does not exceed ten years of imprisonment, and reckless acts for the commission of which the maximum penalty provided for by this Code does not exceed fifteen years of imprisonment are recognized as serious crimes.

Intentional acts, for the commission of which this Code provides for punishment in the form of imprisonment for a term of more than ten years or a more severe punishment, are recognized as particularly serious crimes.

For example:

Minor crimes. The penalty is up to 2 years in prison. Examples: beatings (Article 116 of the Criminal Code), theft (Article 158 of the Criminal Code). Crimes of moderate severity. The penalty is up to 5 years in prison. Examples: abduction (Article 126 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), failure to provide assistance to a patient (Article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Serious crimes. The penalty is imprisonment for up to 10 years. Examples: robbery (Article 161 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), extortion (Article 163).
Task 2. There are the general types of punishment in England below. Give a Russian equivalent for each of them. Which of these punishments exist in your country?

• 
  Prison;
  
• 
  Suspended sentences: the offender does not go to prison unless he or she commits another offence;
  
• 
  Probation: normal life at home, but under supervison;
  
• 
  Youth custody in special centers for young offenders;
  
• 
  Short disciplinary training in a detention centre;
  
• 
  Community service – decorating old people’s houses, etc.;
  
• 
  Compensation: paying, or working for one’s victim;
  
• 
  Fines: the punishment in 80% of cases;
  
• 
  Disqualification from driving;
  
• 
  Fixed penalty fines: especially for parking offences.
  

Types of punishments in the Russian Federation:

• 
  Prison;
  
• 
  Suspended sentences: the offender does not go to prison unless he or she commits another offence;
  
• 
  Youth custody in special centers for young offenders;
  
• 
  Community service – decorating old people’s houses, etc.;
  
• 
  Disqualification from driving;
  

IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES
Punishment may be imposed only on a person found guilty of committing a

crime. In passing sentence the court takes into consideration the degree to which the

crime committed is a danger to society, the character of the guilty person and attendant extenuating/mitigating or aggravating circumstances. The circumstances extenuating criminal responsibility include: the guilty person's prevention of harmful consequences resulting from the crime committed, his voluntary recompense or redemption of the damage done; the commission of a crime as the result of the coincidence of grave personal or family circumstances; the commission of a crime under threats or compulsion, or by force of material or other dependence; the commission of a crime under the influence of strong mental excitement caused by unlawful acts on the part of the victim; and the commission of a crime by an expectant mother. The circumstances aggravating a crime include: the commission of a crime by a person who has previously committed a crime; the commission of a crime by an organized group; the commission of a crime having grave consequences; the commission of a crime for personal gain or other base motives involving excessive cruelty or the abuse of the victim or that takes advantage of disaster, etc. If there are considerable extenuating circumstances or the court comes to the conclusion that deprivation of liberty or corrective labor is undesirable, it may pass a suspended sentence.


НАЛОЖЕНИЕ ШТРАФОВ.
Наказание может быть назначено только лицу, признанному виновным в совершении преступления. При вынесении приговора суд принимает во внимание степень общественной опасности совершенного преступления, личность виновного и сопутствующие смягчающие или отягчающие вину обстоятельства. К обстоятельствам, смягчающим уголовную ответственность, относятся: предотвращение виновным вредных последствий, возникших в результате совершенного преступления, его добровольное возмещение или погашение причиненного ущерба; совершение преступления в результате стечения тяжелых личных или семейных обстоятельств; совершение

---

преступления под угрозой или по принуждению, или в силу материальной или иной зависимости; совершение преступления под влиянием сильного психического возбуждения, вызванного противоправными действиями со стороны потерпевшей; и совершение преступления будущей матерью. К обстоятельствам, отягчающим преступление, относятся: совершение преступления лицом, ранее совершавшим преступление; совершение преступления организованной группой; совершение преступления, повлекшего тяжкие последствия; совершение преступления из корыстных или иных низменных побуждений, сопряженное с чрезмерной жестокостью или злоупотреблением правом. жертва или тот, кто извлекает выгоду из стихийного бедствия и т.д. Если имеются существенные смягчающие обстоятельства или суд приходит к выводу, что лишение свободы или исправительные работы нежелательны, он может вынести условный приговор.
Task 1. Answer the questions:
What circumstances are considered to be extenuating/aggravating? Should they be taken into consideration while dealing with a case in court?
The establishment of circumstances mitigating and aggravating the punishment is important when assigning both the main and additional punishment to the person who committed the crime. In this regard, the sentence should indicate which circumstances the court recognizes as mitigating and aggravating the punishment. In accordance with part 2 of Article 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the list of circumstances mitigating punishment is not exhaustive. As a mitigating circumstance, the court has the right to recognize a confession of guilt, including partial, remorse for what they have done, the presence of minor children, provided that the perpetrator takes part in their upbringing, material maintenance and the crime has not been committed against them, the presence of elderly persons dependent on the guilty, his state of health, the presence of disability, state and departmental awards, participation in combat operations for the defense of the Fatherland, etc.

The list of circumstances aggravating punishment provided for in Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is exhaustive and is not subject to broad interpretation. With this in mind, the circumstances aggravating the punishment in the sentence should be indicated in the way they are provided for in the criminal law.
Task 2. What circumstances (mitigating or aggravating) does the court take into consideration in passing sentences in the following cases:

• 
  A man throws a brick over a railway bridge and inadvertently kills the driver of a train. (As mitigating circumstances of the defendant's punishment in accordance with Part 2 of Article 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the court takes into account that the defendant has not been convicted before, committed a crime for the first time)
  
• 
  A gang of men attack a man and beat him up so badly that he has to go to the hospital for treatment. (The Criminal Code always provides for a heavier punishment if the criminal act was committed by a group of persons. An essential condition is a preliminary agreement that existed between the perpetrators of the crime. That is, in the case of a beating, it will be considered a group one if the attackers agreed in advance that they would commit a criminal act against the victim (or victims).
  
• 
  Two men drive a car through customs with heroine hidden in the wheel hubs. (It should be noted that crimes related to the illegal import (smuggling) of narcotic and potent substances belong to the category of latent, that is, difficult to detect. The court will not take into account mitigating circumstances, because this is a group of persons and importation for profit.)
  
• 
  An outraged, mentally disturbed man murdered a boy.
  

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