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A history of Windows
1975–1981: Microsoft boots up
It’s the 1970s. At work, we rely on typewriters. If we need to copy a document, we likely use a mimeograph or carbon paper. Few have heard of microcomputers, but two young computer enthusiasts, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, see that personal computing is a path to the future.
In 1975, Gates and Allen form a partnership called Microsoft. Like most start-ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge vision—a computer on every desktop and in every home. During the next years, Microsoft begins to change the ways we work.
The dawn of MS‑DOS
In June 1980, Gates and Allen hire Gates’ former Harvard classmate Steve Ballmer to help run the company. The next month, IBM approaches Microsoft about a project code-named "Chess." In response, Microsoft focuses on a new operating system—the software that manages, or runs, the computer hardware and also serves to bridge the gap between the computer hardware and programs, such as a word processor. It’s the foundation on which computer programs can run. They name their new operating system "MS‑DOS."
When the IBM PC running MS‑DOS ships in 1981, it introduces a whole new language to the general public. Typing “C:” and various cryptic commands gradually becomes part of daily work. People discover the backslash (\) key.
MS‑DOS is effective, but also proves difficult to understand for many people. There has to be a better way to build an operating system.
1982–1985: Introducing Windows 1.0
Microsoft works on the first version of a new operating system. Interface Manager is the code name and is considered as the final name, but Windows prevails because it best describes the boxes or computing “windows” that are fundamental to the new system. Windows is announced in 1983, but it takes a while to develop. Skeptics call it “vaporware.”
On November 20, 1985, two years after the initial announcement, Microsoft ships Windows 1.0. Now, rather than typing MS‑DOS commands, you just move a mouse to point and click your way through screens, or “windows.” Bill Gates says, “It is unique software designed for the serious PC user…”
There are drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons, and dialog boxes that make programs easier to learn and use. You're able to switch among several programs without having to quit and restart each one. Windows 1.0 ships with several programs, including MS‑DOS file management, Paint, Windows Writer, Notepad, Calculator, and a calendar, card file, and clock to help you manage day-to-day activities. There’s even a game—Reversi.
1987–1992: Windows 2.0–2.11—More windows, more speed
On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and expanded memory. With improved graphics support, you can now overlap windows, control the screen layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work. Some software developers write their first Windows–based programs for this release.
Windows 2.0 is designed for the Intel 286 processor. When the Intel 386 processor is released, Windows/386 soon follows to take advantage of its extended memory capabilities. Subsequent Windows releases continue to improve the speed, reliability, and usability of the PC.
In 1988, Microsoft becomes the world’s largest PC software company based on sales. Computers are starting to become a part of daily life for some office workers.
1990–1994: Windows 3.0–Windows NT—Getting the graphics
On May 22, 1990, Microsoft announces Windows 3.0, followed shortly by Windows 3.1 in 1992. Taken together, they sell 10 million copies in their first 2 years, making this the most widely used Windows operating system yet. The scale of this success causes Microsoft to revise earlier plans. Virtual Memory improves visual graphics. In 1990 Windows starts to look like the versions to come.
Windows now has significantly better performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and improved icons. A new wave of 386 PCs helps drive the popularity of Windows 3.0. With full support for the Intel 386 processor, programs run noticeably faster. Program Manager, File Manager, and Print Manager arrive in Windows 3.0.
Windows software is installed with floppy discs bought in large boxes with heavy instruction manuals.
The popularity of Windows 3.0 grows with the release of a new Windows software development kit (SDK), which helps software developers focus more on writing programs and less on writing device drivers.
Windows is increasingly used at work and home and now includes games like Solitaire, Hearts, and Minesweeper. An advertisement: “Now you can use the incredible power of Windows 3.0 to goof off.”
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 adds peer-to-peer workgroup and domain networking support and, for the first time, PCs become an integral part of the emerging client/server computing evolution.
Windows NT
When Windows NT releases on July 27, 1993, Microsoft meets an important milestone: the completion of a project begun in the late 1980s to build an advanced new operating system from scratch. "Windows NT represents nothing less than a fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computing requirements," Bill Gates says at its release.
Unlike Windows 3.1, however, Windows NT 3.1 is a 32-bit operating system, which makes it a strategic business platform that supports high-end engineering and scientific programs.
1995–2001: Windows 95—the PC comes of age (and don't forget the Internet)
On August 24, 1995, Microsoft releases Windows 95, selling a record-setting 7 million copies in the first five weeks. It’s the most publicized launch Microsoft has ever taken on. Television commercials feature the Rolling Stones singing "Start Me Up" over images of the new Start button. The press release simply begins: “It’s here.”
This is the era of fax/modems, e‑mail, the new online world, and dazzling multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95 has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that make it easy to install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and integrated networking.
At the time of the Windows 95 release, the previous Windows and MS‑DOS operating systems are running on about 80 percent of the world’s PCs. Windows 95 is the upgrade to these operating systems. To run Windows 95, you need a PC with a 386DX or higher processor (486 recommended) and at least 4 MB of RAM (8 MB of RAM recommended). Upgrade versions are available for both floppy disk and CD-ROM formats. It’s available in 12 languages.
Windows 95 features the first appearance of the Start menu, taskbar, and minimize, maximize, and close buttons on each window.
Catching the Internet wave
In the early 1990s, tech insiders are talking about the Internet—a network of networks that has the power to connect computers all over the world. In 1995, Bill Gates delivers a memo titled “The Internet Tidal Wave,” and declares the Internet as “the most important development since the advent of the PC.”
In the summer of 1995, the first version of Internet Explorer is released. The browser joins those already vying for space on the World Wide Web.
1998–2000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me
Windows 98
Released on June 25, 1998, Windows 98 is the first version of Windows designed specifically for consumers. PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes where you can get online are popping up. Windows 98 is described as an operating system that “Works Better, Plays Better.”
With Windows 98, you can find information more easily on your PC as well as the Internet. Other improvements include the ability to open and close programs more quickly, and support for reading DVD discs and universal serial bus (USB) devices. Another first appearance is the Quick Launch bar, which lets you run programs without having to browse the Start menu or look for them on the desktop.
Windows Me
Designed for home computer use, Windows Me offers numerous music, video, and home networking enhancements and reliability improvements compared to previous versions.
First appearances: System Restore, a feature that can roll back your PC software configuration to a date or time before a problem occurred. Windows Movie Maker provides users with the tools to digitally edit, save, and share home videos. And with Microsoft Windows Media Player 7 technologies, you can find, organize, and play digital media.
Windows 2000 kernel.
Windows 2000 Professional
More than just the upgrade to Windows NT Workstation 4.0, Windows 2000 Professional is designed to replace Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT Workstation 4.0 on all business desktops and laptops. Built on top of the proven Windows NT Workstation 4.0 code base, Windows 2000 adds major improvements in reliability, ease of use, Internet compatibility, and support for mobile computing.
Among other improvements, Windows 2000 Professional simplifies hardware installation by adding support for a wide variety of new Plug and Play hardware, including advanced networking and wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394 devices, and infrared devices.
2001–2005: Windows XP—Stable, usable, and fast
On October 25, 2001, Windows XP is released with a redesigned look and feel that's centered on usability and a unified Help and Support services center. It’s available in 25 languages. From the mid-1970s until the release of Windows XP, about 1 billion PCs have been shipped worldwide.
For Microsoft, Windows XP will become one of its best-selling products in the coming years. It’s both fast and stable. Navigating the Start menu, taskbar, and Control Panel are more intuitive. Awareness of computer viruses and hackers increases, but fears are to a certain extent calmed by the online delivery of security updates. Consumers begin to understand warnings about suspicious attachments and viruses. There’s more emphasis on Help and Support.
Windows XP Home Edition offers a clean, simplified visual design that makes frequently used features more accessible. Designed for home use, Windows XP offers such enhancements as the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced digital photo capabilities.
Windows XP Professional brings the solid foundation of Windows 2000 to the PC desktop, enhancing reliability, security, and performance. With a fresh visual design, Windows XP Professional includes features for business and advanced home computing, including remote desktop support, an encrypting file system, and system restore and advanced networking features. Key enhancements for mobile users include wireless 802.1x networking support, Windows Messenger, and Remote Assistance.
Windows XP has several editions during these years:
Windows XP 64-bit Edition (2001) is the first Microsoft operating system for 64-bit processors designed for working with large amounts of memory and projects such as movie special effects, 3D animations, engineering, and scientific programs.
Windows XP Media Center Edition (2002) is made for home computing and entertainment. You can browse the Internet, watch live television, enjoy digital music and video collections, and watch DVDs.
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition (2002) realizes the vision of pen-based computing. Tablet PCs include a digital pen for handwriting recognition and you can use the mouse or keyboard, too.
2006–2008: Windows Vista—Smart on security
Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the strongest security system yet. User Account Control helps prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer. In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for your computer, as laptop sales and security needs increase. Windows Vista also features enhancements to Windows Media Player as more and more people come to see their PCs as central locations for digital media. Here you can watch television, view and send photographs, and edit videos.
Design plays a big role in Windows Vista, and features such as the taskbar and the borders around windows get a brand new look. Search gets new emphasis and helps people find files on their PCs faster. Windows Vista introduces new editions that each have a different mix of features. It's available in 35 languages. The redesigned Start button makes its first appearance in Windows Vista.
2009–Today: Windows 7 and counting...
By the late 2000s, the wireless world has arrived. When Windows 7 is released in October 2009, laptops are outselling desktop PCs and it’s common to get online at public wireless hotspots like coffee shops. Wireless networks can be created at the office or at home.
Windows 7 includes many features, such as new ways to work with windows—Snap, Peek, and Shake. Windows Touch makes its debut, enabling you to use your fingers to browse the web, flip through photos, and open files and folders. You can stream music, videos, and photos from your PC to a stereo or TV.
By the fall of 2010, Windows 7 is selling seven copies a second—the fastest-selling operating system in history.
What's next?
Many laptops no longer have a slot for DVDs and some have solid state drives rather than conventional hard disks. Most everything is streamed, saved on flash drives, or saved in the "Cloud"—an online space for sharing files and storage. Windows Live—free programs and services for photos, movies, instant messaging, e‑mail, and social networking—is seamlessly integrated with Windows so that you can keep in touch from your PC, phone, or the web, extending Windows to the Cloud.
Meanwhile, work is underway for the next version of Windows.
История ОС Windows
Важнейшие из первых 25 лет
1975-1981: Microsoft загружается
Это 1970-х годов. На работе мы опираемся на пишущих машинках. Если нам нужно скопировать документ, мы, вероятно, использовать мимеограф или копировальной бумаги. Мало кто слышал о микрокомпьютеры, но два молодых энтузиастов компьютера, Билл Гейтс и Пол Аллен, видим, что персональные компьютеры это путь в будущее.
В 1975 году Гейтс и Аллен сформировать партнерство под названием Microsoft. Как и большинство стартапов, Microsoft начинает небольшой, но имеет огромный зрение компьютер на каждом столе и в каждом доме. В течение следующего года Microsoft начинает менять способы, которыми мы работаем.
На заре MS-DOS
В июне 1980 года Гейтс и Аллен прокат Гейтса бывший одноклассник Гарвардского Стив Баллмер, чтобы помочь управлять компанией. В следующем месяце, IBM приближается к Microsoft о проекте под кодовым названием "Шахматы". В ответ на это Microsoft фокусируется на новые системы операционную программное обеспечение, которое управляет или работает, компьютерной техники, а также служит для преодоления разрыва между аппаратными средствами компьютера и программы, такие как текстовый процессор. Это фундамент, на котором компьютерные программы могут работать. Они называют их новой операционной системой "MS-DOS".
Когда IBM PC под управлением MS-DOS суда в 1981 году, он вводит целый новый язык для широкой публики. Ввод "C:" и различные загадочные команды постепенно становится частью повседневной работы. Люди открыть обратную косую черту (\) ключ.
MS-DOS является эффективным, но также доказывает, трудно понять, для многих людей. Там должен быть лучший способ для создания операционной системы.
Geek мелочи: MS-DOS расшифровывается операционной системы Microsoft Disk.
1982-1985: Введение в Windows 1.0
Microsoft работает над первой версией новой операционной системы. Interface Manager это кодовое название и рассматривается как окончательное название, но преобладает Windows, потому что она лучше всего описывает коробки или вычислений "окна", которые являются основополагающими для новой системы. Windows, будет объявлено в 1983 году, но это занимает некоторое время, чтобы развиваться. Скептики называют это "фантомное".
20 ноября 1985 года, через два года после первоначального объявления, Microsoft суда Windows 1.0. Теперь, вместо ввода MS-DOS команд, вы просто переместить мышь и нажмите ваш путь через экраны, или "окон". Билл Гейтс говорит: "Это уникальное программное обеспечение для серьезных пользователей ПК ..."
Есть выпадающее меню, полосы прокрутки, значки и диалоговые окна, которые делают программы проще в освоении и использовании. Вы сможете переключаться между несколькими программами без необходимости выйти и перезапустить каждый из них. Windows 1.0 поставляется с несколькими программами, в том числе MS-DOS для управления файлами, Paint, Windows Writer, блокнот, калькулятор, календарь, карты файла, и часы, чтобы помочь вам управлять дня в день мероприятия. Там даже игры Реверси.
Geek мелочи: Запомнить дискеты и килобайты? Windows 1.0 требуется как минимум 256 килобайт (КБ), два двухсторонних гибких дисков и карт графический адаптер. Жесткого диска и 512 Кбайт памяти, рекомендуется для запуска нескольких программ или при использовании DOS 3.0 или выше.
1987-1992: Windows 2.0-2.11-Более окна, больше скорости
На 9 декабря 1987 релизов Microsoft Windows 2.0 с иконки на рабочем столе и расширенной памятью. Благодаря улучшенной поддержкой графики, теперь вы можете перекрывать окна, контролировать экрана, а также использовать сочетания клавиш для ускорения вашей работы. Некоторые разработчики программного обеспечения записи их первого Windows-программ для этого релиза.
Windows 2.0 предназначена для процессора Intel 286. Когда Intel 386 процессор освобождается, Windows/386 скорее следует воспользоваться ее расширенными возможностями памяти. Последующие выпуски Windows, продолжать улучшать скорость, надежность и удобство работы с ПК.
В 1988 году Microsoft становится крупнейшим ПК в мире программного обеспечения компании основаны на продажах. Компьютеры начинают становиться частью повседневной жизни для некоторых офисных работников.
Geek мелочи: панель управления делает свое первое появление в Windows 2.0.
1990-1994: Windows 3.0-Windows NT-Получение графика
22 мая 1990 года Microsoft объявляет о Windows 3.0, а вскоре на Windows 3.1 в 1992 году. Взятые вместе, они продать 10 миллионов копий в первые 2 года, делая это наиболее широко используемая операционная система пока нет. Масштабы этого успеха вызывает Microsoft пересмотреть прежние планы. Виртуальная память улучшает визуальную графику. В 1990 году ОС Windows начинает выглядеть версий в будущем.
ОС Windows теперь имеет значительно более высокую производительность, расширенные графические с 16 цветами, а также улучшение иконы. Новая волна из 386 компьютеров помогает управлять популярность Windows 3.0. С полной поддержкой Intel 386 процессор, программы работают заметно быстрее. Руководитель программы, File Manager, и диспетчер печати прибыть в Windows 3.0.