GRAMMAR SECTION

English Tenses (Active Voice)

Ex. 1

Make up questions with “How long?” and “When?” using the Present Perfect, the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. 
   
   The University of Law trains lawyers for the country.How long has it been training lawyers for the country? When did he start training lawyers for the country?
   
2. 
   
   Common Law system applies the doctrine of precedent.How long does it apply the doctrine of precedent? When did it begin to apply the doctrine of precedent?
   
3. 
   
   Common Law is the basis of the procedure.How long has the common law been the basis of the procedure? When did the law begin to form the basis of the procedure?
   
4. 
   
   I am investigating a computer theft.How long have I been investigating a computer theft? When did I start investigating the theft?
   
5. 
   
   The barrister was arguing his client’s case before the court.How long did the lawyer represent the case? When did he start presenting the case?
   
6. 
   
   Dr Smith has given lectures at the Law Department this month.How long did Dr. Smith lecture? When did he start lecturing?
   
7. 
   
   He is busy that moment. He has been taking part in questioning since the early morning.How long did he take part in the interrogation? When did he start taking part in the interrogation?
   

Ex. 2

Answer the questions using the time indication words suggested in brackets; change the tense forms accordingly:

— I haven’t spoken to him for ages.

Model: ¾ When did you last speak to your advocate? (for ages)

1. 
   
   When did he last investigate a murder? (foryears) He was investigating a murder 4 years ago
   
2. 
   
   When did the Bar last admit new members? (sinceJune)The Board received members since June
   
3. 
   
   When did you last give evidence to the court? (for manyyears)I have testified in court for many years
   
4. 
   
   When did Steve Williams last violate the Rules of Professional Conduct? (forages) He was breaking the rules for ages
   
5. 
   
   When did this attorney last lose a case? (inalong while) This lawyer lost the case after a long time
   
6. 
   
   When was this patrolman last on duty? (forthelastfewdays) A few days ago, this patrolman was on duty
   
7. 
   
   When did you last deal with a common law action? (sincelastyear) Since last year I have been dealing with a lawsuit
   

Ex. 3

Model: Some of his colleagues were no longer there. They (to retire).

– They had retired.

Mr Bruce, a retired policeman, came to see his former colleagues at the police station and found that many things were different. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the Past Perfect Tense.

1. 
   
   John Smith was no longer single. He (to marry) the secretary. He married a secretary
   
2. 
   
   Their boss captain Johnson didn’t work there. He (to get) a promotion. He got a promotion
   
3. 
   
   Bob Brown was dead. A criminal (to shoot) him. A criminal shot him
   
4. 
   
   Sam Jenkins got a promotion. He (to pass) a special exam and (to become) a detective. He passed a special exam and became a detective
   
5. 
   
   His friend Bruce was no longer a failure. He (to disclose) several serious crimes. He solved several serious crimes
   
6. 
   
   Miss Green gave up working. She (to get married) and (to leave) the country. She got married and left the country
   

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Ex. 4

Use to be, there + be or to have in the correct form:

1. 
   
   In most countriesthere is onlyonly one legal profession.
   
2. 
   
   This means that all lawyershaveroughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualification.
   
3. 
   
   In England the system is different.
   
4. 
   
   Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have a different legal training, and once they are qualified they usually do different types of legal work.
   
5. 
   
   This is why it is said that there are two “branches” of the legal profession.
   
6. 
   
   English lawyers are either solicitors or barristers.
   
7. 
   
   They cannot be both at the same time, but it is possible for a solicitor to become a barrister and for a barrister to become a solicitor.
   
8. 
   
   Legal executives have no rights of audience, but can appear in front of a judge on uncontested matters.
   
9. 
   
   The legal profession as such has never been popular.
   
10. 
    
    Indeed, the first thing revolutionaries usually do on seizing power is to overthrow the legal system, blaming it for all ills.
    
11. 
    
    There are rules of behaviour, codes of professional conduct, which provide that when lawyers are in court they must always be courteous to one another.
    
12. 
    
    Many people who have legal problems are worried about going to a solicitor for advice because of legal fees they have to pay.
    

Ex. 5

Use either the Present Continuous or the Present Simple:

1. 
   
   – I am very busy now. I preparing the documents on a very difficult case. - Are you doing it alone? - No, two managing clerk are helping me.
   
2. 
   
   A solicitor deals with matters outside the court.
   
3. 
   
   The Law Society regulates the conduct of solicitors in England.
   
4. 
   
   What kind of law do you practise ?
   
5. 
   
   – What is the attorney doing at present? – He is studying the particulars of the case.
   
6. 
   
   I do not believe your evidence! You are lying!
   
7. 
   
   Legal service costs are increasing permanently due to inflation.
   
8. 
   
   Attorney rarely discusses with their clients the possibility of losing the case.
   
9. 
   
   -Do you know what conveyancing means? – Conveyancing means making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land, houses and other buildings.
   
10. 
    
    Probate is a type of work a lawyer does that deals with making a will for a client who, when he/she dies, is wishing to leave his/her property to certain persons or charities and making sure that his/her wishes are carried out.
    
11. 
    
    The lawyer is serving effectively as an advocate only if he knows all that his client knows, concerning the facts of the case.
    
12. 
    
    Do you know if the number of lawyers is increasing or decreasing in the country nowadays?
    

Ex.6

Translate the sentences into English.

РУССКИЙ ТЕКСТ	АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ТЕКСТ
1. Много изменений произошло в профессии юриста за последнее десятилетие.	Many changes have taken place in the legal profession over the past decade.

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2. В настоящее время в Великобритании разделение обязанностей солиситора и барристера стало не таким строгим.	Currently, in the UK, the separation of duties of a solicitor and a barrister has become less strict.
3. Солиситоры часто выступают не только в судах низшей инстанции, но и в высших судах.	Solicitors often appear not only in lower courts, but also in higher courts.
4. Английские солиситоры добились значительного успеха в расширении своих прав, и поэтому существует надежда, что в будущем англичане отменят старую систему.	English solicitors have had considerable success in extending their rights, and it is therefore hoped that in the future the English will abolish the old system.
5. Сейчас нет необходимости для барристеров работать только в конторах адвокатов.	Now there is no need for barristers to work only in the offices of lawyers.
6. С 1990 года барристеры имеют право делать объявления о своих услугах в газетах.	Since 1990, barristers have had the right to advertise their services in newspapers
7. Профессия юриста чрезвычайно популярна в современном обществе.	The legal profession is extremely popular in modern society.
8. Если человек решил стать юристом, ему нужно быть терпеливым и трудолюбивым.	If a person decides to become a lawyer, he needs to be patient and hardworking.
9. Вам нужно сдать множество профессиональных экзаменов и обрести опыт.	You need to pass many professional exams and gain experience.
10. Важно решить, в какой области права вы хотите специализироваться.	It is important to decide what area of law you want to specialize in.
11. Адвокатская практика дает возможность представлять интересы клиентов в суде.	The practice of law provides an opportunity to represent the interests of clients in court.

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12. Барристеры могут заниматься практикой самостоятельно, работая не в офисе, а дома. 12 Barristers can practice independently, working not in the office, but at home.liz is in court.

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