Файл: Учебное пособие 2 по английскому языку Для студентов лечебного и педиатрического факультета (2 семестр) 2020 год.doc

target [`tRgIt]– цель, мишень
Useful vocabulary

to order the test [`Ldq]– назначить исследование, анализ

blood panel [`pxnql]– комплексный анализ крови

chemistry panel [`kemIstrI] complete blood chemistry – биохимический анализ крови

leukocyte differential count [`ljHkqusaIt ,dIfq`renSql] - определение лейкоцитарной формулы

automated hematology analyzer [,Ltq`meItId ,hema,tOlqdZI xnq,laIzq] – автоматизированный анализатор крови

computed axial tomography [,xksIql tq,mOgrqfI] – аксиальная компьютерная томография, рентгеновское компьютерно-томографическое исследование

in conjunction with [kqn`dZANkSn] - совместно с

magnetic resonance imaging [mxg`netIk ,rezqnqns]– магнитно-резонансная визуализация

ultrasonography [,Altrqsq`nOgrqfI] - ультразвуковое зондирование, ультрасонография

positron emission tomography [`pOzItrOn I,mISn]– позитронно-эмиссионная томография

to emit [I`mIt] – излучать, выделять, испускать

II. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to the word formation:

image – to image - imaging tests, health – healthcare – healthy, blood – to bleed –bleeding, analysis - urinalysis, leucocyte - leukocytosis – leukopenia, coagulate – coagulating - coagulation panel, to vary –variety - various, to use - used - usage, computer - computed, to invade –invasion -invasive, to expose –exposure - exposed, to emit- emission - emitting, ultrasound - ultrasonography
III. Translate the following word combinations

laboratory and imaging tests, to help track health during and after the treatment, a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample, grouped together into one test panel, to reflect signs of a current or recent infection, to give the percentage of each WBC type, to measure levels of proteins, blood cells and chemicals; to be used to visualize the inside of the human body, a non-invasive test producing a 3-D image of the scanned area, to use powerful radio waves to make pictures of the body structures, to use a radionuclide tracer to provide images of the body’s inside, to illustrate physiologic activity of the organ or organs being targeted, a test using the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body
Grammar
IV. Translate the sentences into Russian paying your attention to Functions of One & That:

1. The cell counts are compared to those of healthy individuals of similar age and sex. 2. An x-ray that shows an abnormal fluid collection can be a sign of infection, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, or a tumor. 3. Multiple tests for specific blood components are often grouped together into one test panel called a blood panel. 4. Most blood counts include a CBC and leukocyte differential count that gives the percentage of each WBC type. 5. In such cases, the person should have only one blood count for the day, and the transfusion of red blood cells or platelets should be planned based on that. 6. Iron deficiency anemia is one condition that shows up as a low RBC count. 7. A urine test is ordered to measure levels of proteins, blood cells and chemicals that may be found in the urine or to help diagnose kidney and bladder infections. 8. Dyes are added to the sample of blood so that different types of blood cells can be identified. 9. CT creates pictures taken from different angles and produces much clearer ones than X-rays does. 10. The main disadvantage of CT scanning is patient’s being exposed to a radiation dose many times higher than that of X-rays. 14. The main advantage is that PET can illustrate physiologic activity, including nutrient metabolism and blood flow, of the organ or organs being targeted, whereas CT and MRI can only show static images. 17. The main disadvantages of ultrasonography are that the image quality is heavily operator-dependent and it is unable to penetrate bone and gas. 18. Two images are usually taken, one from the back of the chest and another from the side. 19. One knows that other chemicals in the body include antibodies, including those we develop from our vaccinations, hormones, minerals, and vitamins.

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Reading

V. Decide if the statement is True or False:

Yes\No Quiz

1. Laboratory and imaging tests may be done in the doctor’s office.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

2. Blood tests are used to determine physiological and biochemical states.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

3. Complete blood countcan reflect signs of a current or recent infection, bleeding, or clotting issues.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

4. ‘Pancytopenia’ means a reduction in the number of white blood cell.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

5. Blood Chemistry is a urine test.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

6. Imaging tests are used to visualize the outside of the human body.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

7. Imaging tests pass different forms of energy through the body to create pictures of the scanned area.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

8. X-rays can depict a 3-D image and only from a single angle.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

9. CT and MRI can only show static images.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

10. Ultrasonography is the most invasive of all imaging techniques.

• 
  Yes
  
• 
  No
  

VI. Read the text and check your answers:

Laboratory and imaging tests
Laboratory and imaging tests are important tools helping doctors diagnose and treat health conditions. Healthcare providers use the test results along with data from physical examination and medical history to assess health status, help guide treatment decisions, track health during and after the treatment. These tests may be done in the doctor’s office, at an outpatient clinic, at a lab or in the hospital.

Laboratory tests include blood tests, clinical urine tests, fecal tests, bone marrow test and others.A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample extracted from a blood vessel using a hypodermic needle, or via finger prick. Blood tests are often used to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, and organ function.

Complete blood count (CBC) is a common blood test that gives a general picture of the health. A CBC measures the number of red and white cells, platelets, and levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood. A CBC can also reflect signs of a current or recent infection, bleeding, or clotting issues. A decrease below normal in the number of red cells is called anemia. Leukocytosis (high white blood cell count) may indicate a bacterial infection. Leukopenia (very low white blood cell count) may indicate a person is at high risk for infection.

Blood Chemistry (complete blood chemistry) provides information about a patient’s general health. Depending on the type of panel, this test may measure the body’s electrolyte balance (sodium or potassium), protein, blood glucose, cholesterol or chemicals indicating liver and kidney function, antibodies, hormones, minerals (iron, calcium or potassium), vitamins. Doctor may also order a coagulation panel to look at how quickly blood clots or liver enzymes to determine how well the liver works, or other blood tests.

Clinical urine tests are various tests of urine for diagnostic purposes. A urine test is ordered to measure levels of proteins, blood cells and chemicals that may be found in the urine or to help diagnose kidney and bladder infections.

Imaging tests (radiological tests) are used to visualize the inside of the human body. Different technologies are applied to get a better picture of what’s going on in the bones, soft tissues, and organs. The doctor may order an imaging test "with contrast" which makes it easier to see certain organs and tissues in the body.

X-ray is a single image of the body part taken with the usage of a small amount of radiation. X-rays are best used to visualize hard body structures, e.g. teeth or bones.A chest X-ray widely used by doctors provides images of the lungs, heart, large arteries, ribs and diaphragm. This type of X-ray helps look for signs of disease, including infection or tumors.

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CT scan(computed axial tomography) is a non-invasive test producing a 3-D image of the scanned area. It uses ionizing radiation in conjunction with a computer to create a series of images of both soft and hard tissues showing a cross-section of the body. The main disadvantage of CT scanning is patient’s being exposed to a radiation dose many times higher than that of X-rays.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), another type of non-invasive test used to create a 3-D image of the scanned area, uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the body structures. MRI provides more detailed pictures than CT. It can be used to diagnose stroke and other problems involving the brain, and spinal cord, or to reveal tumors. MRI also does not expose patients to radiation.

PET scan (positron emission tomography) is a non-invasive test using a radionuclide tracer (substances emitting radiation) to provide images of the body’s inside. The main advantage is that PET can illustrate physiologic activity, including nutrient metabolism and blood flow, of the organ or organs being targeted, whereas CT and MRI can only show static images. PET is widely used to diagnose heart diseases, the spread of cancer, certain forms of infection, and other health problems.

Ultrasound(ultrasonography) is a test using the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body. Ultrasound does not use radiation, so it is the least invasive of all imaging techniques. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development. The main disadvantages of ultrasonography are that the image quality is heavily operator-dependent.

Also to clarify the diagnosis a doctor may order echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, mammogram, endoscopy, or other type of imaging examination.
VII. Correct the statements according to the text:

1. 
   Healthcare providers use the test results to assess medical history.
   
2. 
   A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample extracted from a soft tissue or via finger prick.
   
3. 
   An increase below normal in the number of red cells is called anemia.
   
4. 
   Leukocyte differential count gives the percentage of each RBC type.
   
5. 
   A blood test is ordered to measure levels of proteins, blood cells and chemicals or to help diagnose kidney and bladder infections.
   
6. 
   The laboratory test "with contrast" makes it easier to see certain organs and tissues in the body.
   
7. 
   CT scan is a non-invasive test producing a 2-D image of the scanned area showing a cross-section of the body.
   
8. 
   MRI uses powerful magnets and sound waves to make pictures of the body structures.
   
9. 
   PET scan uses a radionuclide tracer to provide images of the body’s outside.
   
10. 
    Ultrasound uses radiation.
    

VIII. Make a word combination, match the words (2 colomns):

imaging sample

health needle

laboratory panel

blood prick

hypodermic waves

finger image

chemistry test

2-D status

sound analysis
IX. Match the verbs (1-6) with the correct meaning (a-f):

1. to track 2. to extract 3. to bleed 4. to depict 5. to create 6. to emit

1. 
   to loose blood
   
2. 
   to bring something into existence
   
3. 
   to obtain something using a special method
   
4. 
   to follow somebody or something
   
5. 
   to describe or portray something
   
6. 
   to produce and discharge (gas or radiation)
   

X. Read the following sentences and choose a correct word:

1. 
   Laboratory\Imaging tests include blood tests, clinical urine tests, fecal tests, bone marrow test and others.
   
2. 
   Complete blood count is a common urinalysis\blood test that gives a general picture of the health.
   
3. 
   Leukocytosis\leukopenia may indicate a bacterial infection.
   
4. 
   Doctor may also order a coagulation panel\chemistry panel to look at how quickly blood clots.
   
5. 
   Clinical urine tests\blood tests are various tests of urine for diagnostic purposes.
   
6. 
   X-ray is a single image of the body part taken with the usage of a small amount of sound waves\radiation.
   
7. 
   PET\CT scan uses ionizing radiation in conjunction with a computer to create a series of images.
   
8. 
   X-rays\MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the body structures.
   
9. 
   PET scan uses a radionuclide tracer\ the high-frequency sound waves to provide images of the body’s inside.
   

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10) Ultrasound uses the transmission of high-frequency\high-speed sound waves to generate an echo signal converted by a computer into real-time images.
XI. Fill in gaps with prepositions: of, into, on, about, for, from, of
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed ____a blood sample extracted _______ a blood vessel using a hypodermic needle. Multiple tests _____specific blood components are often grouped together ______one test panel called a blood panel. Complete blood count is a common blood test giving a general picture ___ the health. Blood chemistryprovides information ______a patient’s general health. Clinical urine tests are various tests ____ urine to measure levels of proteins, blood cells and chemicals or to help diagnose kidney and bladder infections.
XII. Match the synonyms:

complete blood count radiological tests

cytopenia ultrasonography

blood chemistry positron emission tomography

imaging tests computed axial tomography

CT scan pancytopenia

PET scan full blood count

ultrasound complete blood chemistry
XIII. Read the case report below and say what tests should be ordered to clarify the diagnosis?

Case Report
A 66-year-old female patient with a history of persistent atrial fibrillation and severe mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic heart disease for which she underwent mitral valve replacement 25 years ago presented with progression of her baseline dyspnea (одышка). On presentation, she had stable vital signs; neck examination revealed bilateral congested (застойный, переполненный кровью) neck veins with prominent systolic venous pulsations. Chest and heart auscultation revealed a well-heard mechanical click, a pansystolic murmur (шум) heard over the tricuspid area and decreased air entry over the right lung base.
Listening

XIV. Watch the video ‘A child’s guide to hospital: MR PET’ and fill in the patent’s information:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYAsenaF_sU

Patient	Data
Name
Imaging test
Department
Examination, history taking
Pretest procedures
Clothing
Patient’s equipment
After-test procedures

XV. Read the text and choose the sentences that clarify the title of the text.

Multidisciplinary teams

Special medical teams consisting of trained healthcare providers deal with laboratory and imaging tests.

Phlebotomists, laboratory practitioners (lab physicians), and nurses are those charged with patient blood extraction. However, in special circumstances, and emergency situations, paramedics and physicians extract blood. The blood sample is placed in a tube containing an anticoagulant (to prevent clotting) and sent to a laboratory where it will be examined.

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Medical laboratory professionals and pathology clinicians study blood, body fluids, tissues and other body samples to diagnose disease. A pathologist is a doctor who identifies disease by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. Dyes are added to the sample of blood so that different types of blood cells can be identified. The slide with the sample of blood cells is examined under a microscope to count the number of cells and to see whether they are normal or, if abnormal, the nature of the changes.

Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach. Imaging for medical purposes involves a multidisciplinary team which includes the service of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medical physicists, nurses, biomedical engineers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients.

Radiologist is a doctor trained to read imaging studies (for example, a CT scan or an MRI scan) to help diagnose and treat diseases. Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, diagnostic radiographers and medical radiation technologists are healthcare professionals who specialize in the imaging of human anatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology. Radiographers are infrequently, and almost always erroneously, known as x-ray technicians. In countries that use the title radiologic technologist they are can also refer to a therapeutic radiographer, also known as a radiation therapist. Radiographers work in both public healthcare and private healthcare and can be physically located in any setting where appropriate diagnostic equipment is located, most frequently in hospitals. Radiology or Lab Technician is a healthcare professional with special training to take images of a patient’s body or to withdraw blood, based on a doctor’s orders. Each member plays a distinct role in facilitating patients through their procedures and providing diagnostic images and reports for physicians so patients receive appropriate treatment.


LESSON 25
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses, Revision Modal Verbs
Diagnosis and Treatment
I. Answer the questions

• 
  What is a treatment?
  
• 
  How does a treatment relate to a patient’s diagnosis?
  
• 
  What kinds of treatment do you know?
  

Word building
Noun Suffix - cian is added to the noun root , a word describes an occupation, having a certain skill or art: clinician, politician

Prefix contra- is the prefix of Latin origin meaning ‘against, opposite, opposed, contrary, preventing’: contraceptive.

Prefix intra- (intro-) is the prefix of Latin origin meaning ‘within, inside, during, under’: intramuscular,
II. Read and translate the words of Latin-Greek origin

diagnosis [,daIqg`nqusIs], condition [kqn`dIS(q)n], criterion [kraI`tIqrIqn] (pl.criteria [kraI`tIqrIq]),erythema [,erI`TJmq], etiology [,JtI`OlqdZI], pathogenesis [,paTq`dZenIsIs],enteral [`entqrql], progression [prq`greSn],prognosis [prOg`nqusIs], prophylactic [,prOfI`lxktIk], palliative [`pxlIetIv],topical [`tOpIkql], injection [In`dZekSn], intravenous[,Intrq`vJnqs], intramuscular [,Intrq`mAskjqlq]
Active vocabulary

ailment [`eIlmqnt]– болезнь, недуг, недомогание

complication [,kOmplI`keISn]– осложнение

mild [maIld] – слабый, мягкий, лёгкий

moderate [`mOdqrqt] – умеренный, средний

severe [sI`vIq]- тяжёлый, серьёзный

severity [sI`verqtI qv] - степень тяжести

course of disease [`kLs] - течение заболевания

contraindications[,kOntrqIdI`keISns] - противопоказания

to prescribe[prI`skraIb]- предписывать, прописывать, назначать

prescription [prIs`krIpSn] – приготовить лекарства по рецепту

medication [,medI`keISn] = medicine, drug - лекарство

dosage [`dquzIdZ] – дозировка, доза

administration

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