М ИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего образования

«Тольяттинский государственный университет»
Гуманитарно-педагогический институт

(наименование института полностью)
Кафедра /департамент /центр¹ __________________________________________________

(наименование кафедры/департамента/центра полностью)
(код и наименование направления подготовки, специальности)
(направленность (профиль) / специализация)


Практическое задание №1
по учебному курсу «Иностранный язык»

(наименование учебного курса)
Вариант ____ (при наличии)

Студент	В. Тарасова
	(И.О. Фамилия)
Группа	ЭКбвд-2001гс
Преподаватель
	(И.О. Фамилия)

Тольятти 2023

Part A. Grammar focus

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple is used:	Present Continuous is used:
for permanent situations. She works in an office.	for temporary situations. He's staying with some friends at the moment.
for repeated actions in the present, especially with adverbs of frequency. He often buys her flowers.	for actions happening at or around the time of speaking. He's looking for a new job at the moment.
for facts which are permanently true. The sun sets in the west.	with always to express annoyance or criticism. He's always telling lies!
for timetables or programmes. The lesson starts at 10 o'clock.	for fixed arrangements in the near future. I'm flying to London tomorrow. (It's all arranged. I've already bought the tickets. The time of the action is always stated or understood.)
Time expressions used with Present Simple:	Time expressions used with Present Continuous:
usually, always, never, often, sometimes, every day/week/month/year etc.	now, at the moment, at present, always, tonight etc.
Adverbs of frequency (often, always, usually, sometimes etc.) are placed before main verbs but after auxiliary / modal verbs (be, nave, can, will, must, shall etc.). He often goes to the theatre. He is never late.	Some verbs appear rarely in continuous tenses. They express a permanent state: appear (=seem), be, believe, belong, cost, feel, forget, hate, have (=possess), know, like, love, mean, prefer, realize, remember, see, smell, seem, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want etc. I understand (NOT am understanding)it now.

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Exercise 1. Choose a verb from the list and complete the text and put the verbs into Present Continuous.

read., sleep, eat, sail, cry, drink, run, sing, play, fish, sit

Laura 1) is sitting under a sunshade. Two boys 2) are running round a sandcastle while their father 3) is readinga newspaper. Tom 4) is drinking Coke. Two girls 5) are eating ice-cream while their mother 6) is singing along with the radio. Some boys 7) are playing football near a man who 8) is fishing. Jim 9) is sleeping On his right a baby 10)is crying Some people 11) are sailing past the beach.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Chris is asking Kim about her holiday arrangements.

1. 
   Where are you going? (go)
   
2. 
   How are you getting there? (get)
   
3. 
   What time does the plane leave? (leave)
   
4. 
   When does it arrive in Cairo? (arrive)
   
5. 
   Where are you staying when you get there? (stay)
   
6. 
   Why do you want to go there? (want)
   
7. 
   Are you tacking a camera with you? (take)
   

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous.

It 1) is (be) winter and the snow 2) is falling (fall). It usually 3) snows (snow) in January here. Betty and James 4) are playing (play) in the garden. They 5) are building (build) a snowman and they 6) are throwing (throw) snowballs. They 7) like (like) the snow very much! Their mother and father 8) don’t like (not/like) it. They always 9) stay (stay) in the house when it is cold. Mother usually 10) watches (watch) TV and Father 11) listens (listen) to the radio or 12) reads (read) a book. At the moment they 13) are sitting (sit) in the living-room. Mother 14) is writing (write) a letter and Father 15) is reading (read) a book.

Exercise 4. Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous.

Sue: What 1) are you doing (you/do) now?

Mark: I 2) am looking (look) through these old film magazines. Look, here's an old picture of Jack Nicholson.

Sue: Oh, I 3) think (think) he 4) looks (look) awful! And his suit 5) doesn’t fit (not/fit) him properly.

Mark: Yes, I 6) agree (agree). And he 7) appears (appear) to be really angry. I wonder what he 8) thinks (think) about.

Sue: He 9) is (be) in that new film that's on at the Odeon now, isn't he?

Mark : Yes, I saw it last night. He 10) looks (look) very different now. He 11) weighs (weigh) a lot more.

Sue: I 12) hope (hope) it's a good film. I 13) am seeing (see) it tonight. Stuart 14) is taking (take) me. Actually, he 15) is (be) very nice to me these days.

Mark : He probably 16) wants (want) to borrow some money.

Sue: I 17) see (see). That explains it.
Past Simple and Present Perfect

Past Simple: verb + ed	Present Perfect: have + past participle
Past Simple is used:	Present Perfect is used:
for actions which happened at a stated time in the past. He sold his car two weeks ago. (When? Two weeks ago.)	for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. He has sold his car. (When? We don't know.)
to express a past state or habit. When she was young she lived in a small flat.	to express actions which have finished so recently that there's evidence in the present. He has just painted the room. (The paint is wet.)
for past actions which happened one after the other. She put on her coat, took her bag and left the house.	for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present. She has lived in this house for two years. (She still lives in this house.) BUT: He lived in Australia for one year. (He doesn't live in Australia now.)
for a past action whose time is not mentioned and it is not connected with the present. I saw Elvis Presley. (I won't see him again; he's dead. – period of time now finished)	for a past action whose time is not mentioned but it is connected with the present. I've met Madonna. (I may meet her again; she's still alive. – period of time not finished yet)
Time adverbs and expressions used with Past Simple:	Time adverbs and expressions used with Present Perfect:
yesterday, last week/month/year/ Monday etc, ago, how long ago, just now, then, when, in 1980 etc.	just, ever, never, always, already, yet, for, since, so far, how long, recently, today, this week/month/year, once, several times etc.
Special points for Past Simple and Present Perfect:
Since is used to express a starting point. For is used to express a period of time. Yet is used in questions and negations. Already is used in statements and questions. Just + Present Perfect Just now+ Past Simple	I've known Ann since October. I've known Ann for two months. Have you met him yet? I haven't met him yet. I've already posted the letters. I've just called the doctor. He left just now.

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Exercise 5. Fill in Present Simple or Present Perfect.

I 1) ’ve known (know) Timmy for a long time. We always 2) play (play) together. Timmy 3) can’t (not/can) read or write because he 4) has never been (never/be) to school. He 5) has (have) long brown hair since he was born. Не 6) has lived (live) in our house for five years. My parents 7) take (take) care of him while I 8) am (be) at school. Timmy 9) doesn’t work (not/work); actually he 10) has never had (never/have) a job. This 11) isn’t (not/be) strange because Timmy 12) is (be) my dog.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Mr Briggs is away on business and he is phoning his wife to see how she is.

Mr Briggs: Hello, darling. How are you? Is everything okay?

Mrs Briggs: I'm fine. I 1) ’ve been (be) very busy since you 2) have left (leave).

Mr Briggs: What 3) have you done (you/do) so far?

Mrs Briggs: I 4) have done (do) the painting, I 5) have mended (mend) the bookshelf and I 6) have built (build) a cupboard. I 7) have had (have) my hair cut and I 8) have gone (go) to the dentist's. Oh, and yesterday I 9 spoke (speak) to a builder about the garage.

Mr Briggs: A builder? The garage? What 10) has happened (happen) to the garage?

Mrs Briggs: Well, the garage wall 11) fell down (fall down) two days ago.

Mr Briggs: WHAT?????

Mrs Briggs: I… I 12) haven’t finished (not/finish) yet. We, well, the neighbour 13) had (have) a little accident. He 14) drove (drive) into the garage wall.

Mr Briggs: Oh no! He 15) didn’t crash (not/crash) into my new car, did he?

Mrs Briggs: No! Your car 16) was (be) fine. Don't worry!

Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Tina: What 1) did you do (you/do) last weekend?

Jane: I 2) spent (spend) the weekend in Bristol and I 3) have just returned (just/return).

Tina: I 4) have never been (never/be) to Bristol. What's it like?

Jane: Friends of mine 5) have lived (live) there for five years so they know some interesting, fun places.

Tina: 6) Did you enjoy (you/enjoy) yourself?

Jane: Yes. It 7) was (be) great! I 8) haven’t had (not/have) such a good time for ages.

Tina: That's good. 9) have you decided (you/decide) what you're doing this weekend?

Jane: I 10) have already invited (already/invite) my friends from Bristol to stay with me for the weekend.

Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the past simple.

John: I don't know where to go on holiday this year. Have you got any ideas?

Darren: 1) Have you ever been (you/ever/be) to Spain? I 2) went (go) to Madrid and Barcelona last year and I really 3) enjoyed (enjoy) myself.

John: I 4) spent (spend) two years in Spain while 5) was (be) at University. I 6) have never visited (never/visit) South America, though.

Darren: A friend of mine 7) worked (work) in Brazil before. I think you 8) have met (meet) her once. Do you remember Kate?

John: Oh, yes. She 8) loved (love) it in Brazil. Maybe I'll talk to her about it.
The Passive

The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle
	Active Voice		Passive Voice
Present Simple	He delivers letters.		Letters are delivered.
Past Simple	He delivered the letters.		The letters were delivered.
Present Perfect	He has delivered the letters.		The letters have been delivered.
Future Simple	He will deliver the letters.		The letters will be delivered.
Past Perfect	He had delivered the letters.		The letters had been delivered.
Present Continuous	He is delivering the letters.		The letters are being delivered.
Past Continuous	He was delivering the letters.		The letters were being delivered.
Infinitive	He has to deliver the letters.		The letters have to be delivered.
Modals (modal + be + past participle)	He may deliver the letters. Hemust deliver the letters.		The letters may be delivered. The letters must be delivered.
The Passive is used:
when the agent (= the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from fie context. Jane was shot. (We don't know who shot her.) This church was built in 1815. (unimportant agent) He has been arrested. (obviously by the police)		when the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions, events, reports, headlines, news items, and advertisements. 30 people were killed in the earthquake.
to make more polite or formal statements. The car hasn't been cleaned. (more polite) You haven’t cleaned the car. (less polite)		to put emphasis on the agent. The new library will be opened by the Queen.

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Changing from Active into Passive.

The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence.

e.g. Picasso painted that picture.

The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent. The agent is introduced with by or it is omitted.

e.g. That picture was painted by Picasso.

After modal verbs (will, can, must, have to, should, may, ought to) we use be + past participle.

e.g. You can use the machine for cutting bread.

e.g. The machine can be used for cutting bread.

With verbs taking two objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person.

e.g. I sent her some roses.

e.g. She was sent some roses. (more usual) or Some roses were sent to her. (less usual)

We put the agent (= the person who does the action) into the passive sentence only if it adds information. When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious it is omitted. Agents such as people (in general), they, somebody etc. are omitted.

e.g. Bell invented the telephone.

e.g. The telephone was invented by Bell. (The agent is not omitted because it adds information.)

e.g. Somebody murdered him.

e.g. He was murdered (by somebody). (unknown agent is omitted.)

e.g. The police arrested him.

e.g. He was arrested (by the police). (obvious agent is omitted.)
Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple Passive.

There is a chimpanzee which 1) is called (call) "Bubbles". It 2) is owned (own) by Michael Johnson. It 3) is kept (keep) in home. It 4) is fed (feed) every day by Michael Johnson himself. It 5) is always dressed (always/dress) in funny clothes. It 6) is said (say) that "Bubbles" is Michael Johnson's only friend.

Exercise 10. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. Someone has broken the crystal vase.

The crystal vase has been broken by someone.

2. His parents have brought him up to be polite.

He has been brought up by his parents to be polite.

3. Fleming discovered penicillin.

Penicillin was discovered by Fleming.

4. They will advertise the product on television.

The product will be advertised on television.

5. Someone is remaking that film.

That film is being remaking by someone.

Exercise 11. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. You must leave the bathroom tidy.

The bathroom must be left tidy.

2. You should water this plant daily.

This plant should be watered daily.

3. Our neighbour ought to paint the garage.

The garage ought to be painted by our neighbour.

4. I have to return these books to the library.

These books have to be returned to the library.

Exercise 12. Turn from Active into Passive as in the example :

1. 
   He gave me a present.
   

e.g. I was given a present. (more usual) / A present was given to me. (less usual)

2. The waiter will bring us the bill.

The bill will be brought to us by the waiter.

3. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.

A second-hand car has been sold to Ted.

4. The Queen presented him with a medal.

He was presented with a medal by the Queen.

5. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.

A letter will be sent to Tom.

6. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.

Some sweets was bought for Mary by her mother.

Exercise 13. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. My friend sent me an invitation. e.g. I was sent an invitation.

2. The cleaner is going to mop the kitchen floor.

The kitchen floor will be mopped by the cleaner.

3. The farmer is building a new barn.

A new barn is being built by the farmer.

4. The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.

Some letters have been given to Mrs Jones by the secretary.

5. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.

He had been already given a ticket for illegal parking by the traffic warden.

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6. People must obey the law.

The law must be obeyed.

7. Someone had broken our door down.

Our door had been broken down by someone.

8. They chose him as the best actor of the year.

He was chosen as the best actor of the year.

Exercise 14. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.

Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organised a search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the shop for shock.
The local jewellery shop was broken by somebody yesterday. The store had just been locked by the owner and at the same time he was threatened by a robber. He was told to unlock the shop and give all the diamonds. Then he was tied up by a robber. The search has been organised by the police. He should be found in a few days. The owner of the shop is being treated now for shock.

Exercise 15. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.

My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will deliver the painting tomorrow. When they give him the money he will tell them the truth. He painted it one night while he was sleepwalking!
The picture was painted by my uncle. He has been offered a lot of money for it. The painting will be delivered tomorrow. The truth will be told to them when they give him the money. It was painted one night while he was sleepwalking.
Part B. Subject area: "Science and technology"

Topic vocabulary in contrast
artificial / false	aim / cause / reason	progress / development
natural / physical	estimate /calculate	modern / new
true / accurate	electric/electronic	industry/factory
method / way	invent / discover	award / reward
engine / machine / motor	research / experiment	take place / occur
Phrasal verbs
break down	stop working (for a machine, etc.)
carry out	perform an experiment, etc.
come off	succeed
come on	develop or make progress
come up with	think of (an idea, a plan, etc.)
cut off	stop the supply of sth
find out	discover information, etc.
give off	produce sth such as heat or a smell
narrow down	reduce the number of possibilities
plug in	connect to the electricity supply
put through	connect by phone
turn into	change into sth different
turn off	stop a machine working
work out	find the solution to a problem, etc.
Phrases and collocations
attempt	make an attempt (at sth/doing / to do); attempt to do; in an attempt to do
average	on average
beginning	in the beginning; at the beginning (of sth); beginning with
bottom	at/on the bottom (of sth)
cause	(be/find/look for/etc) the cause of sth
conclusion	come to/reach the conclusion (that); in conclusion
experiment	do/perform/carry out an experiment (on sth); experiment with sth/doing
fact	in fact; as a matter of fact; the fact (of the matter) is (that); face the facts
introduction	with the introduction of sth; an introduction to sth/sb
phone call	make/receive/get a phone call
photo(graph)	take a photo (of sth/sb)
research	carry out / do research (on/into sth)
Word patterns
cause sth (to do)
consider sth/doing; consider if/whether; consider sb for sth; consider it strange, etc (for sb to do)
discuss sth/doing (with sb)
explain that; explain sth (to sb)
intend to do/doing
know (about) sth/doing; know of sb; be known as sth
look at/for sth/sb; look forward to sth/doing
manage to do
plan sth; plan to do
possible (for sb) to do; find sth possible; find it impossible to d
result of sth/doing; result in sth; result in (your) doing; result from sth/doing; as a result of sth
wonder about sth/doing; wonder if/whether/why
Word formation
appear	appearance, apparently
build	builder, building
discover	discovery
explain	explanation
important	unimportant, importance, importantly
introduce	introduction, introductory
invent	inventor, invention
observe	observer, observation
possible	impossible, (im)possibility, (im)possibly
psychology	psychologist, psychological(ly)
research	researcher
revolution	revolutionary
science	scientist, (un)scientific(ally)
technology	technological(ly), technical(ly); technician, technique
wood	wooden

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