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FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

9 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.

a) I got on a train. I wanted to go to a station. The train didn't stop there.

The train I .got on didn't stop at the station I wanted to go to..

b)I read a book. You recommended a book to me. This was the book. The book I

c)The ship hit an iceberg and sank. Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these.

The ship,

d)The postman realised I was on holiday. You had sent me a parcel. The postman left it next door.

The postman,

e)I used to own a dog. People came to the door. The dog never barked at them. The dog I

f)I bought my car from a woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there.

The woman I

g)We went to a beach on the first day of our holiday. It was covered in seaweed. This smelled a lot.

The beach we

h)My neighbours have three small children. The children make a lot of noise. My neighbours never apologise.

My neighbours,

i)I bought a new computer. It cost me a lot of money.

		The new
Key points	1	Long sentences with relative clauses are more common in writing. In speech it
		is more usual to join shorter clauses with conjunctions.
		The hotel, which was miles from anywhere, was full of guests. (writing)
		The	hotel	was miles from anywhere. It was full	of	guests.	(speech)
		The	hotel	was miles from anywhere, and it was full	of	guests.	(speech)

2In speech, relative pronouns are usually left out when they are the object of the clause.

This is the hook I told you about.

3In speech it is common to end relative clauses with a preposition.

That's the girl I live next door to.

Explanations

Movement	Prepositions used with verbs of motion (come, go, run, etc) show the direction of
	the movement.
	Jack ran out of the room.				Sue moved towards the door.
	Other examples: to, into, across, around, along, up, down, past
Position and place	Prepositions can show position.
	Ted was sitting next to Janet.				The bank is opposite the cinema.
	Other examples: before, below, beside, in front of, near, on top of, under
	Prepositions can show place.
	/ live in France.		Sue lives on an island.			John is at school.
	See below for problems of use.
Other uses	• Prepositions are also used in time expressions.
	• Prepositions cover a wide range of other meanings.
	This book is	about Napoleon.
	I can't drink	tea	with/without		sugar.
Problems of use	• To and at
	With verbs of motion to means in the direction of. At is not used with verbs of
	motion. It is used to say where someone or something is.
	We went to the cinema.			We arrived at the cinema.
	- Next to and near
	Next to means very close, with nothing in between. It is the same as beside. Near
	means only a short distance from, which can be a matter of opinion.
	Peter always sits next to Mary.
	I live near the sea,		it's	only ten	miles away.

•Above and over

Both words mean in a higher position than, but over suggests closeness or touching.

There was a plane high above them. Put this blanket over you.

There may be little difference in some contexts.

There was something written above/over the door.

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

	• In and at: places
	In refers to towns, countries and the 'inside' of places.
	She lives in Paris.	They arrived in Peru.		He's in the kitchen.
	At refers to points with a particular purpose rather than inside.
	She lives at home.	I'll meet you at the bus stop.
	Compare:
	They met in the cinema. (inside)
	They met at the	cinema. (place)
	• Prepositions at the end of a sentence
	Study these common examples:
	Who are you waiting for?		(question)
	You are very difficult to live with!		(infinitive)
	That's the company that I work for.		(relative clause)
Prepositions	Some prepositions can be used without an object.
without an object	Ted was walking along, whistling.
	In this example we mean along the street, but it is clear from the context or
	unimportant.
	Other prepositions used like this are: around, along, behind, opposite
Prepositions with	Examples: according to,	on behalf of, by means of
more than one word Other examples are included in the Practice section.
Prepositional	There are many fixed phrases containing prepositions.
phrases	Examples: by mistake, on purpose, out of order
	Other examples are included in the Practice section.

G R A M M A R 1 2 P R E P O S I T I O N S

Underline the most suitable prepositions.

a)I got at/to the station just in time to see Jack getting from/off'the train.

b)The cafe is among/between the chemist's and the butcher's and across/opposite the library.

c)Sue lives at/in Wales, which is a country at/in the west of Britain.

d)I was brought up in/on an island near/next to the coast of Scotland.

e)Travelling by/in your own car is better than going by/on foot.

f)Jack was leaning by/against the wall with his hands in/into his pockets.

g)Ann had a hat on/over her head and a veil above/over her face.

h)We arrived at/in England at/in Gatwick Airport.

i)I left my bags at/from the station at/in a left luggage locker.

j)Peter came running into/to the room and threw his books at/onto the floor.

2 Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase from the box.

a)	I think I'd rather have coffee	instead	of..... tea.
b)	the danger, Paul ran back into the burning house.
c)	fire, smash the glass and push the button.
d)	Personally, I am	banning cigarette smoking completely!
e)	I would like to thank you,		everyone who was rescued.
f)	you, no-one else knows that I have escaped.
g)	Steve, he believes that we should stay where we are.
h) Jim managed to climb into the house			a ladder he found.
i)	the rain, the match was postponed.
j)	the timetable, the next train isn't for two hours.

3Decide whether it is possible to leave out the words in italics.

a)Most people are wandering around the streets, taking photos. ...possible

b)I gave my bike to my little sister, when it became too small for me

c)The people who live in the house opposite our house are Italian

d)I left my coat on the bed in here but it seems to have disappeared

e)I'll wait for you outside the cinema, on the pavement

f)Peter took a deep breath, and then went under the water again

g)Don't worry, the hotel's quite near to where we are now

h)The children can sit behind you in the back seats

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

4 Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase from the box.

a)	Police officers don't have to wear uniform when they are				off.	duty.
b)	I feel very tired	times I consider giving up work.
c)	The children were all upset, and some were				tears.
d)	This factory needs modernising. Everything here is				date.
e)	Don't worry, everything is		control.
f)	Sorry, I seem to have taken the wrong umbrella				mistake.
g)	Please hurry. We need these documents			delay.
h)	That wasn't an accident! You did it		purpose.
i)	We thought the two films were very similar				each other.
j)	We decided to take a holiday in Wales			a change.