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G R A M M A R 2 PRESENT PERFECT
8 Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space.
A letter from the builders
Dear Mrs Sangster,
Just a quick note to explain what we have been done so far this month. The work on the kitchen has gone well so far, although we haven't already finished knocking down the outside wall yet. So I wrote
to you last week and have explained that two of my workmen were ill. They have quite recovered now, I am glad to say, and they have came back to work yesterday. As the weather has been bad we have been work inside most of the time, and all the painting is now been finished. We have also put in a new window in the kitchen, as you have instructed in your last letter. As you
have not been visiting here for two weeks
we have not had the chance to discuss the walls. When we checked them we have discovered that they are in a dangerous condition. I'll
let you know what we have do to them. Best wishes,
Andrew Turner, Builder
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FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE
K ey p o i n t s |
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The present perfect simple describes events without a definite time. Either these |
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events take place in a period of time leading up to the present moment, or the |
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result of the event is still evident. |
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The choice between the present perfect simple and the past simple can depend |
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on how the speaker thinks. Compare: |
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A: What's the matter? |
A: What's the matter? |
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B: I've had an accident. |
B: / had an accident. |
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In the second example, the speaker thinks of the event as finished rather than |
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still connected with the present. |
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2 |
Events described with the present perfect simple may be recent, or not. |
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3The present perfect continuous is used for an action in progress. It suggests that the action is unfinished, or recently finished. Compare:
I've read this book. (completion of the action is emphasised)
I've been reading this book. (the action itself is emphasised - it may not be complete)
The present perfect continuous can also emphasise the length of time of the action. 4 For refers to a finished or unfinished period of time.
/ waited for three hours.
He's been sitting there for ages.
Since refers to the point at which an unfinished period of time began.
He's been sitting there since two o'clock.
Ago refers to the time of a finished event.
Jill arrived a week ago.
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Explanations |
Prediction |
• Will |
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Will is used to make predictions. It is often preceded by I think or by opinion |
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words like perhaps. A time expression is also necessary. |
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I think it'll rain tomorrow. Perhaps she'll be late. |
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In speech, will is contracted to '//. |
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See also Grammar 18 and 19 for functional uses of will. |
•Going to
Going to is also used for predictions. It is especially common when we can see the cause of the event.
Look out! There's a bus coming! It's going to hit us!
I can see you're going to have a baby. When is it due?
You're going to fall!
Going to is also common in impersonal statements.
Liverpool are going to win the Cup.
But will can also be used for most examples like this, with no change of meaning.
•Future continuous
The future continuous is used to describe a situation in progress at a particular time in the future.
This time next week I expect I'll be living in London. And I'll probably be cycling to work.
•Future perfect
The future perfect looks back from a point in the future.
By the time we get there, the film will have started.
It refers to indefinite time up to that point. This means that when we get to the future point we can say:
The film has started.
Intention |
• Going to |
Going to is used to describe a present intention or plan. This is something we have already decided to do.
I'm going to fix the television tomorrow.
•Will
Will is used for instant decisions made at the time of speaking.
I know, I'll get him a wallet for his birthday.
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FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Fixed |
• |
Present continuous |
arrangements and |
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The present continuous is used to describe definite, fixed arrangements. |
timetables |
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Sorry, I can't help you, I'm leaving in the morning. |
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The arrangements are often social arrangements or appointments and may be |
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written in a diary. |
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Present simple |
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The present simple is used to describe future events which are based on a |
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timetable, programme or calendar. |
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My train leaves at 11.30 tomorrow morning. |
When, until, as |
After the time expressions when, until and as soon as a present tense form is |
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soon as |
used, although this refers to future time. |
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I'll wait for you here until you get back. |
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The present perfect is often used in cases like this to emphasize the completion |
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of an event. |
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I'll wait here until you have finished. |
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G R A M M A R 3 FUTURE T I M E
Underline the most suitable future form in each sentence.
a)Why are you going to buy/will you buy a new mountain bike?
b)Don't phone between 8.00 and 9.00. I'll study/I'll be studying then.
c)Look out! That tree will/is going to fall!
d)Let me know as soon as Louise will get/gets there.
e)Great news! Jean and Chris will come/are coming to stay with us.
f)According to this timetable, the bus is going to arrive/arrives at 6.00.
g)Can you call me at 7.00, because I'll leave/I'm leaving tomorrow.
h) If you arrive late at the sale, the best things will go/will have gone.
2Put each verb in brackets into a suitable future form. More than one answer may be possible.
a) |
I can't see you on Thursday afternoon. I (visit) |
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am |
visiting |
our |
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Birmingham branch. |
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b) |
George (not be) |
back until six. Can I take a message? |
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c) |
What (you buy) |
with the money you won in the |
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lottery? |
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d) |
I don't think you (have) |
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any problems at the airport. |
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e) |
(you take) |
your dog with you to Scotland? |
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f) |
All the hotels are full. Where (we spend) |
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the |
night? |
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g) |
You'd better not come in July. My mother (stay) |
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with me then. |
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h) |
What time (your plane leave) |
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? |
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3Put each verb in brackets into a suitable future form. More than one answer may be possible.
a) |
By the time we reach home, the rain (stop) ...will have stopped |
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b) |
This time next week I (lie) |
on the beach in Spain. |
c) |
In ten years' time I (work) |
for a different company. |
d) |
If we don't get there by 6.00, Jack (leave) |
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e) |
In July they (be married) |
for twenty years. |
f) |
In the year 2500 a lot of people (live) |
on the Moon. |
g) |
When you get to the station, I (wait) |
for you outside. |
h) |
Don't worry! The plane (land) |
in a moment. |
i) |
By the time you come home, I (finish) |
the decorating. |
j) Come round between eight and nine. We (watch) the match on television then.
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FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE
4 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable future form.
Have you ever wondered what exactly (1) ..you will be doing... (you do) in
ten years time? Well, according to computer expert Tom Vincent, computers
(2) |
(soon be able) to make accurate predictions about |
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the future. Professor Vincent, from Cambridge, (3) |
(hold) |
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a press conference next week to describe the computer which he calls |
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'Computafuture'. 'This computer can tell us what life |
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(be) like, based on data describing past events,' |
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explains Professor Vincent. For example, Computafuture can predict how |
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many people (5) |
(live) in a particular area, or |
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whether there (6) |
(be) a lot of rain during a |
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particular period. Professor Vincent also believes that by the year 2050, |
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computers (7) |
(replace) teachers, |
and |
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(also do) most of the jobs now being done by the |
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police. 'Computers are becoming more intelligent all |
the time,' says Professor |
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Vincent. 'Soon they (9) |
(direct) traffic and |
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(teach) our children. And |
telling us about the future.' |
5Put each verb in brackets into a suitable verb form. All sentences refer to future time.
a) |
When I (see) |
.see. |
you tomorrow, I (tell) |
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you my news. |
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b) |
As soon as we (get) |
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there, we (phone) |
for a taxi. |
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c) |
I (go) |
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to the library before I (do) |
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the shopping. |
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d) |
We (wait) |
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here until the rain (stop) |
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e) |
I (get) |
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£50 from the bank when it (open) |
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f) |
After you (take) |
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the medicine, you (feel) |
better. |
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g) |
You have to stay until you (finish) |
your work. |
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h) |
I (let) |
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you know the minute I (hear) |
the results. |
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i) |
Before we (paint) |
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the wall, we (have) |
a cup of tea, |
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j) |
We (climb) |
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over the wall as soon as it (get) |
dark. |
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G R A M M A R 3 FUTURE T I M E
6 Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space.
Keeping a diary
Are you one of those people who will know exactly what they will be doing every day next week? When the different days will arrive,
will you have get out your diary, or are you the kind of person who will just guess? Some people will write their appointments
in a diary, but others just hope that they will remember. For example, tonight I'm be going to the cinema, but perhaps I'll not forget all about it. You see, I will never keep a diary.
I try not to forget my appointments, but I know that I will usually do. I just don't like planning my future. I know that one day I'm going to make a serious mistake. I'll be miss an important examination, or by the time I remember it and get there, it will have been finished. Perhaps that will be when I have finally buy a diary.
1 For functional uses of will, see Grammar 18 and 19.
2The present continuous is used to describe fixed arrangements, and to ask about social arrangements.
Are you doing anything this evening?
3The present simple and present perfect can be used to refer to future time after the words when, until and as soon as.
I'll tell you the news when I see you. Call me when you have finished.
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Explanations
Present simple |
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Facts which are always true |
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The present simple is used to describe permanent facts, for example in |
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science and geographical descriptions. |
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The light from the Sun takes 8 mins 20 sees to reach the Earth. |
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The River Po flows into the Adriatic Sea. |
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The present simple is also used for situations that are generally true. |
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/ work in an office and live in a flat in the suburbs. |
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Habitual actions |
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The present simple is used to describe habits and routines. A frequency |
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adverb is often used. |
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I usually take the bus to work. |
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Summary of events |
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The present simple can be used to make a summary of the events in a |
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narrative, for example in a film or book. It can also be used for a table of |
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historical events. |
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In Chapter 1, Susan meets David, and agrees to go to the school dance with |
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him. |
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In 1789 the Trench Revolution begins. |
Present |
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Actions which are in progress now |
continuous |
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The present continuous is used to describe actions which are temporary and |
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not yet finished. |
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I'm doing the washing-up. |
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The action may be happening right now, or around now. |
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I'm reading one of the Harry Potter books at the moment. |
•Habits during a temporary situation
The present continuous can describe a habit that happens over a short period of time. A time expression is necessary.
At the moment we're sending all the mail by courier, because the Post Office is on strike.
-A repeated temporary action
The present continuous can describe a single action that is repeated. A time expression is necessary.
Whenever I see Tom he's smoking.
You're making the same mistake again!
In examples like this we are often exaggerating or complaining. This is particularly true when we use always.
You're always borrowing money from me!
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