Файл: О.А. Ставцева Английский язык. Методические указания и устные материалы для выполнения контрольных работ №4, 5, 6.pdf

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6. CONCRETE

Everyone knows concrete to be produced by mixing together smallsize stones, sand, cement, and water. The stones used in the mix give the concrete its strength; the sand is needed to fill the gaps between the stones; and the cement paste (cement mixed with water) covers the surfaces of all solids. Thus, a mixture as a uniform mass is done. The less water is used in mixing, the stronger the concrete is. But it is not easy to make such uniform concrete mixture. That is why special devices have to be used to mix wet concrete.

The mixture is poured (tipped or piped) into special wooden forms of the required shape. To make the concrete still stronger, engineers are to reinforce it. This is done by placing steel bars into the forms before the concrete mixture is poured there. Hence the name «reinforced concrete». Using the forms it is possible to produce an unlimited variety of constructional shapes.

At present a wide use is made of standardized reinforced concrete units or elements. The units of which a building is to be constructed are manufactured at a factory and then assembled on the construction site. This building techniques known as precast (сборный) concrete has many advantages over other building methods. Among the most important advantages there are: industrialization of construction work; cutting labour force needed for building; extending the building season which is of special importance in cold regions; shortening the duration of the building time. The precast concrete techniques has to play a big role in the country’s building program.

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1. CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

From a technological point of view all man-made things may be divided into two groups: things which are produced or manufactured and those which are constructed. It is evident that civil engineering as a special branch of national economy deals with the things belonging to the second group. That is why it may be called ‘the engineering of things constructed’.

Civil engineering technology plays a vital role in all construction projects. Airports, highways, urban development projects, bridges, dams, pipelines, canals – all are real monuments to the civil engineering. The planning and construction phases of all such projects require the labour and efforts of civil engineering technicians.

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Engineering of things constructed starts with map-making and surveying, soil-boring and laboratory testing of soils samples. At the same time engineering technicians are busy with the design of foundation, of asphalt and concrete mixtures, of highway and pedestrians routes, as well as of drainage, steel and concrete structures.

There is always the need for new structures, but each new structure is erected a little differently from the previous one. Buildings may be of various dimensions and shapes, they may be made of wood, brick, or reinforced concrete. At last, they may be constructed by different methods, the most popular today being prefabricated construction.

At the same time it would be impossible to erect a building (whether it is the largest industrial or the smallest residential one) without a foundation, walls, a roof and some other basic structural elements. Every new building material is also based on the older ones. That is why the construction of buildings is considered to be the industry combining the ever-constant and the ever-changing features.

2. PROJECTS OF FUTURE

The appearance of new building materials and construction methods as well as of new types of equipment encourage both designers and architects to think of some unusual designs.

One of them provides for the erection of the plastic house, that is the house constructed from plastic bubbles linked together. The advantage of this building material is said to be the possibility of obtaining almost any size and shape of the house. The walls are supposed to be giant sandwiches, the outside surfaces of which will be made of rigid plastic and between them there will be foamed plastic acting as insulation.

The house is to embody features that are more and more associating with modern way of living: one-floor living space and huge glass areas which will admit lots of light.

Another building project provides for the construction of a city in a «plastic bag». The city under a gigantic plastic dome with a man-made climate has been designed by its architects for Arctic regions.

Buildings will have to be erected on a raft about 1 m above the permafrost layer. Otherwise the permafrost layer would melt because of the buildings’ warmth and result in ground subsidence.

The authors’ plan is to construct air-conditioned, multistory houses of aluminium panels covered with thermal insulation. The houses are supposed

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to have a cylindrical shape to reduce the loss of heat through radiation from walls. Moreover, a «cylinder» will serve as a safeguard against strong winds and snow blizzards.

Another plastic dome nearby will house a medical center. The two domes are to be connected with a roofed passage protecting pedestrians against bad weather.

The city’s streets with offices and institutions located on its both sides are proposed to be roofed with plastic sheets. Even in the coldest season of the year the temperature will never be lower than 10oC.

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СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1.Программа, методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов-заочников неязыковых специальностей. – М.: Высш. шк., 1989. – 112 с.

2.Современный город: Пособие по английскому языку: Для студентов строительных вузов / Е.В. Горбунова, М.М. Гришина, Н.И. Иванова, И.А. Носенко. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – 143 с.

3.Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов / Т.М. Новицкая, Н.Д. Кучин и др. – М.: Высш. шк., 1974. – 304 с.

4.Чистик М.Я. Учебник английского языка для политехнических вузов. – М.: Высш. шк., 1975. – 350 с.

5.Cooperation that Counts: A Focus on the European Tacis Program, 1999. – Brussels: the Phare & Tacis Information Centre, 2000. – 37 p.

6.Eldorado in Siberia. – Kemerovo Siberian Business: Verlag Lutz Garnies, Neukeferloh. – Munchen, 1992. – 129 p.

7.Kuzbass Welcomes Business Partners. – Kemerovo: Joint-Stock Co. Respect, 1993. – 64 p.

8.Fuel & Power International. – U.K.: Baldwin & Francis Ltd. – 1998, May. – 54 p.

9.Periodicals: Moscow News.

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Ольга Алексеевна Ставцева

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания и устные материалы для выполнения контрольных работ № 4, 5, 6 для студентов заочной формы обучения горно-электростроительных специальностей

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