Файл: Basic Analog and Digital (Students guide, v13).pdf

Chapter 7: Digital to Analog the Easy Way using PWM· Page 139

Why did I learn it?

Using a simple RC circuit with a buffer is an inexpensive and easy way to get 8-bit DAC. It's also really easy to program, and the accuracy is much closer to that of a D/A converter integrated circuit than it is to the accuracy of the resistive ladder network with 10% resistors.

There are many instances in which analog quantities will change the resistance of a device. The voltage divider can be an effective way to track these changes in resistance. The measured voltage at the output of a voltage divider can give us information, not only about the resistance value, but about the analog quantity that causes the resistance value to change.

How can I apply this?

The optics industry has many applications where the levels of light are controlled and sensed. In the communications industry, fiber optic cables are used to send your phone conversation across long distances. In the robotics industry, sensing light is an important aspect of controlling the movement of the mechanical parts of the robot.

The application you're probably most familiar with is the remote control on your television set. When you point the remote control at your television and press a button to change the channel, that information is sent using light, which is received by a sensor on the front of your TV.

Many industrial processes need to use feedback to sense the level of light and adjust it to keep it in a particular range. In photography, many cameras depend on analog measurements taken by a light meter. These measurements can in turn be used to control the aperture of the shutter when taking a photograph. The aperture is how far the shutter opens to let light into the camera. In the next chapter, we'll build a light meter.

Chapter 8: Light Meter Gizmo with R/C Time Constants Page 141

Chapter #8: Light Meter Gizmo with R/C Time Constants

In this chapter, we'll be using concepts we learned in previous activities to develop a light meter gizmo. Here is the list of gizmo specifications:

•The gizmo should beep every half-second.

•When the light level in the room gets brighter, the gizmo should beep at a higher pitch.

•When the light level in the room gets dimmer, the gizmo should beep at a lower pitch.

This experiment introduces a way of using a BASIC Stamp I/O pin to measure variable resistance or capacitance. A number of sensors aside from the photoresistor vary in either resistance or capacitance. A simple and straightforward way of measuring these quantities can make interfacing with these sensors immensely easier.

In this experiment, we'll begin by building our gizmo, next we'll look more closely at the measurement technique to see how it can be used to monitor variable resistance or capacitance. Figure 8-1 shows a generic RC circuit that can be used to take RC time constant measurements.

Vss

Page 142 · Basic Analog and Digital

In Chapter #7, the amount of time it takes a capacitor to charge in an RC circuit with a step input was introduced. The same principle applies here. A step will be applied to the circuit, and the amount of time it takes the capacitor to charge will be measured. Here's how it works.

The BASIC Stamp must be programmed to set P15 (the I/O pin we'll be using) high for a few milliseconds to let the voltage across the capacitor approach 0 volts. The reason the voltage across the capacitor approaches 0 volts is because Vdd is 5 volts at the positive terminal of the capacitor, and P15 is set to 5 volts at negative terminal. So, the voltage across the capacitor is 5-5 volts = 0 volts.

As soon as the voltage across the capacitor is close enough to 0 volts, P15 is set to function as an input. Immediately, the BASIC Stamp starts counting in 2 microsecond increments. As soon as P15 becomes an input, it doesn't have an output voltage of 5 volts any more. P15 behaves like an open circuit as far as the RC circuit is concerned.

All of the sudden, the circuit is different. It's a resistor and a capacitor in series. The capacitor starts with no charge, but the circuit has 5 volts across it (Vdd – Vss), so the capacitor starts to charge up. As the capacitor starts charging, the voltage at P15 starts falling. The voltage at P15 will fall until it crosses the BASIC Stamp's I/O pin threshold voltage. It takes a certain amount of time for the voltage at P15 to decay from 5 volts, to the 1.4 volt threshold voltage of P15.

The BASIC Stamp can be used to measure the amount of time it takes the output to drop from 5 to 1.4 volts, and this measurement can be used to determine an unknown capacitance or resistance.

The equation for the voltage at P15 is given by:

− t

VP15 = Vdd × e R×C

This equation is widely used in many fields, and it's called the exponential decay equation. In our case, it's an equation of exponentially decaying voltage. Figure 8-2 shows the decays of three RC circuits that differ only in resistance. Each of the voltage outputs takes a different amount of time to decay from 5 volts to 1.4 volts.

Page 144 · Basic Analog and Digital

Parts Required

This experiment requires the following parts:

(1) 0.1 µF poly capacitor

(1) 1 µF electrolytic capacitors

(1) 10 µF electrolytic capacitor

(1) Piezoelectric speaker

(1) 220 resistor

(1) Photoresistor

Build It

Build the circuit shown in Figure 8-3 Note that the resistor in the circuit on the left uses the variable photoresistor. The circuit on the right is the circuit we used to play music in Chapter #5.

You will have to calibrate both your circuit and program due to varying light conditions. Do not point the photoresistor directly at the sun. We'll use the slot in the center of the breadboard as our light collector. Point the photoresistor at the slot as shown in Figure 8- 4.

Page 146 · Basic Analog and Digital

Then RCTIME takes care of the time measurement and data storage.

RCTIME 15, 1, light

Program It

Enter Program 8.1 in your BASIC Stamp Editor, and download to the BASIC Stamp.

'Basic Analog and Digital - PL8_1R0.bs2

'Program Listing 8.1 Revision 0.

'{$STAMP BS2}

'{$PBASIC 2.5}

The Output

The piezoelectric speaker should beep every half second or so. If you put your hand over the circuit to shade it, the tone of the beep should get lower. If you face your breadboard directly at a light in the room, the pitch should get higher. Figure 8-5 a sample output for a well-lit room.

Chapter 8: Light Meter Gizmo with R/C Time Constants Page 147

Figure 8-5

Sample Debug Terminal Output in a Well-lit Area with no Direct Sun

Figure 8-6 shows a sample output with a book casting a shadow over the light meter. The tone emitted by the speaker is audibly lower

Figure 8-6

Sample Debug

Terminal Output in

Shade