Файл: Английский 1 семестр.docx

Optical Technology

One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical fibers (волокна) are replacing (to replace - заменять) conventional (традиционный) telephone wires (провода) and cables. Just as (точно так же как …) digital (цифровой) technologies greatly (значительно) improved (to improve – улучшать, усовершенствовать, повышать (качество, эффективность)) the telephone system, optical communication promises (to promise – обещать, сулить; предвещать) a considerable (значительный, существенный) increase (увеличение, рост) in capacity (производительность), quality, performance (эффективность) and reliability (надежность) of the global telecommunication network (сеть). New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide (зд.: создавать) new, specialized in-information service. Voice, computer data, even video images (image - изображение), will be increasingly (все в большей степени (объеме, мере)) integrated into a single (единый) digital communication network capable to process (обрабатывать) and transmitting virtually (фактически, по существу) any kind of information.

It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first (впервые) demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon (кремний) fibres which can serve as lightwave (световод, оптический волновод) conductors (проводники). With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved (совершенствуемые) techniques (методы, способы) to produce thin silica (= silicon) fibres of incredible (зд.: сверхвысокий) transparency (прозрачность), optical systems can transmit pulses of light (световые импульсы) as far as (не менее чем) 135 kilometers without the need for amplification (усиление) or regeneration.

At present high-capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate (быстрыми темпами). The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accommodates (вмещает) 6,000 circuits ((микро)схема) over (на) a single pair of glass fibres (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1.7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle (обрабатывать; обслуживать) 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.

A revolution in information storage (хранение, сохранение; [ЗУ]) is underway (происходит революция (революционные изменения)) with optical disk technology (с появлением оптических дисков).

The first digital optical disks were produced in 1982 as compact disks for music. They were further developed as a storage medium (носитель (среда) для хранения информации) for computers. The disks are made of plastics coated (с покрытием) with (зд.: из) aluminium. The information is recorded by using a powerful (мощный) laser to imprint (отпечатывать) bubbles (bubble – цилиндрический магнитный домен – (участок с собственной (независимой) полярностью)) on the surface of the disk. A less powerful laser reads back (считывает только что записанную инфомацию) the pictures (изображения), sound or information. An optical disk is almost indestructible (почти не подвержен разрушению) and can store (хранить, сохранять) about 1000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size (той же емкости).

Besides, it is reported (to report – сообщать) that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway (проводится, ведется) at a number of US companies as well as in countries around the (по всему) world.

It is found that optical technology is cost-effective (экономически выгодный, экономичный) and versatile (универсальный, многоцелевой). It finds new applications every day — from connecting (to connect – соединять, подключать) communication equipment or computers within the same building or room to long-distance transcontinental, transoceanic and space communications.

An Encyclopedia on a Tiny (миниатюрный) Crystal

Scientists have discovered (обнаруживать; открывать) that a laser beam can be effectively used to record alphanumeric (буквенно-цифровой) data and sound on crystals. According to Russian researchers a method for recording information on crystals by means of (с помощью, посредством) a laser has already been developed, but advanced (перспективный; передовой) technologies are needed to make it commercially applicable.

At present researchers are looking for (to look for – искать) the most suitable (пригодный, подходящий) chemical compounds (соединения) to be used as data storages (ЗУ для данных) and trying to determine optimum recording conditions. Theoretically, the entire «Great Soviet Encyclopedia» can be recorded on a single tiny crystal.

As far back as (еще в …) 1845, Michael Faradey discovered that a light beam reverses (to reverse – менять(ся) на обратное) its polarization as (когда) it passes through (to pass through – проходить через) a magnetized crystal. Scientists of our day have used this phenomenon (явление) to identify crystalline materials capable of storing information. Lasers have been successfully (успешно) employed to record information on and read it off.

No ideal data storage crystal has yet (пока еще не …) been found, but it is obvious (очевидно, ясно) now that the future of computer engineering (вычислительная техника) lies in (заключается в) lasers and optoelectronics.

A Story Too Terrible To Tell

Three men came to New York for the first time. They took a room in a hotel. In the evening they went sight-seeing and did not come back till nearly three in the morning. The room they had taken was on the 43rd floor. «I am sorry, gentlemen», said the porter, «but the elevator does not work, there is something wrong with it. You will have to walk up to your room». This was too bad, but the men agreed to tell stories on the way up in order to kill the time.

By the time the first one had told his story, they had climbed up (to climb (up) – подниматься (вверх)) to the 11th floor. The next story kept them amused (to amuse – забавлять, развлекать, смешить) till they had reached (to reach – достигать; добиваться) the 31st floor. At last (наконец) it was time for the third man to tell his story, but he refused (to refuse – отказывать(ся)). He said the story he had in mind was too (слишком, чересчур, очень) terrible (ужасный), he simply couldn't tell it. They continued climbing and all the time the two asked him to begin. At last they stopped and refused to go on unless (пока he told … он не расскажет …) he told them his terrible story. «The story I have to tell you is a short one», he said at last, «we have left the key to our room downstairs (внизу) with the porter (у портье)».

Science and International Cooperation

One of the most striking (поразительный) features (feature – характерная особенность, отличительная черта) of modern science is the increasing (все (постоянно) возрастающий) tendency towards closer cooperation between scientists and scientific organizations (institutions) all over the world. In fact, it is becoming more and more evident that many of the problems that affect (оказывать воздействие на …) the world today cannot be solved without joining (to join – научный потенциал) scientific efforts and material resources on a world-wide scale (в общемировом (всемирном) масштабе). The exploration (исследование; в этом значении exploration используется чаще всего, если речь идет об исследовании «глубин» космоса и морских глубин) of space, world finance, global environment protection problems and the development of new sources of power are the examples of areas of scientific research which are so costly (дорогостоящий) and complicated (сложный) that it is difficult for a single country to solve them efficiently and in a short period of time. The renewal (обновление) of international scientific cooperation was demonstrated in the sharing (разделение; совместное (ис)пользование) of data which were obtained (to obtain – получать (информацию, результаты)) by Russian, Japanese and European space probes (космические зонды) in 1986 on Halley's comet.

Many countries were successfully cooperating on a programme called lntercosmos in launching a large number of vertical geophysical rockets and satellites. Space exploration programmes were being conducted between Russia and Austria, India, France, Sweden and other countries. Joint manned flights by Russian and foreign cosmonauts included citizens from numerous countries. Many international crews have worked on orbit and carried out a lot of scientific experiments.

Everyone is interested in the possibility of Russia-USA cooperation in space exploration. Joint scientific ventures (программы, проекты) for the benefit of (во благо, на пользу) all mankind are a sign (символ) of mutual (взаимный; обоюдный) trust (доверие к, вера в) in human cooperation that can only strengthen (укреплять) peace. Space is our last frontier (буквально: "последний рубеж", но правильнее: "передний край") and we have the opportunity now to prevent it from (помешать, предотвратить) becoming (Gerund) another source of conflict. If we began to establish a cooperative relationship (взаимоотношения, отношения) in space today, this dream could (сослагательноe наклнение) become a reality. Russia and the United States can and must overcome their differences (различия; зд.: разногласия). It is necessary to understand that a state of permanent animosity (вражда) is not constructive for either side (для обеих сторон). There is no doubt (нет сомнения) that improved relations (улучшение отношений*) between these countries and cooperation, especially in the latest (зд: современный) technology, will continue to develop for the benefit of all mankind. Having obtained the enormous (огромный; чудовищный) power (мощь) of nuclear weapons (ядерное оружие) to destroy (разрушать) the world, we have no longer (уже не ..., больше не...) an alternative.

* improved relations - левое определение в форме Participle II нередко переводится существительным (не «улучшенные отношения», а «улучшение отношений»)

Например, at increased pressure - при увеличении давления; with reduced temperature - с уменьшением температуры и т.д.

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ