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/$-0. 2.3. (+*+ 1$ )!)
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<10-5(Cl-, Br-, Ni2+), |
BiI4- |
3,0·10-4-1,0·10-6 |
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5,6·10-7 |
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<3 |
5·10-5(I-), 0.7(SCN-, Hg2+), |
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2,2(Cu2+), |
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1,5·10-2(Pb2+), 10-2(Cd2+) |
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1,0·10-3-2,0·10-6 |
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10-6(Br-, NO3-), |
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3·10-6(Ni2+, Co2+), |
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PbBr3 |
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1,0·10-6 |
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0-7 |
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$ 2+ ! 0,013 |
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10-5(Zn2+), 3·10-5(Cu2+), |
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KBr |
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"!#$%& I-, S2O32-, S2-, Hg2+ |
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<5·10-5(Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, |
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3,0·10-2-2,0·10-6 |
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SCN-), ! "!#$%& Ni2+, Pb2+, |
CdBr 42 |
$ 2+ ! 0,23 |
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8·10-8 |
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2-9 |
Cu2+, Sn2+ '() 10-*($& +" |
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KBr |
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),-.&*!, 4)05 + "!#$!& |
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Hg2+ |
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<5·10-5(Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-), |
HgI |
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2,0·10-4-10-7 |
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8·10-8 |
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9-14 |
10-5(Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Fe2+), |
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3 |
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2·10-4 (Ag+), 4.5·10-4(Bi3+), |
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5·10-5(Pb2+) |
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<10-3(Cu2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Ag+, |
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Bi3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Mn2+), |
Zn(SCN) 2 |
1,0·10-1-1,0·10-5 |
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6·10-6 |
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2-7 |
4·10-3(Hg2+), |
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4 |
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9·10-3(Co2+), 2·10-2(Fe3+), 10-5 |
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(Cl-), 10-4(Br-) |
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60!*&(+7. '+7+- +8+ &)'$ |
$ $ )+ |
.! *+"'0!*4. "!&$00+9 1$4&+ |
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+-0$7$%& +'(!7!0! .") |
'(!)":;!4&9$") |
'!(!7 *$&)+ -4!0!*&)9 .") |
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<0!*&(+7$"). |
=(+>!44 '!(!9+7$ |
"!&$00$ |
9 |
!+-?+7)".@ $ )+ .@ |
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*+"'0!*4 0!8*+ 7+4&)8$!&4A ':&!" 7+-$90! )A * )440!7:!"+": ($4&9+(: 4++&9!&4&9:%;!8+ ($4&9+($ 0)8$ 7$. B &!? )1!4*+" $4'!*&! <&$ +'!($>)A $ $0+8)1 $ 4&$-)0),$>)) (C )0) )+ +@ 4)0..
B +&0)1)! +& DE6, +-($&)".? * '(+4&." $ )+ $", $ $0)&)1!4*)! ?$($*&!()4&)*) DE6 - ML mn 40+F ." +-($,+" ,$9)4A& +& *+ >! &($>))
50
)+ $ "!&$00$, (C ($4&9+($ ) ($9 +9!4 +@ *+ >! &($>)) 0)8$ 7$. G$* 9)7 +
), &$-0. 2.3, G !pot/ 9.4+*) 10-5 – 10-6. C+ *$&)+ . "!&$00+9, $?+7A;)?4A 9 9+7 .? $ $0),)(:!".? ($4&9+($?, 9 (A7! 40:1$!9 "+8:& +*$,.9$&5 4)05 +! "!#$%;!! 90)A )! ) )? 4+7!(F$ )! !+-?+7)"+ *+ &(+0)(+9$&5 9 )440!7:!"+" ($4&9+(!.
2.8. |
!"#$%& '(&)*+#,% |
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H4+-+! "!4&+ 9 '+&! >)+"!&()1!4*)? "!&+7$? |
$ $0),$ ,$ )"$%& |
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8$,+9.! (8$,+1:94&9)&!05 .!) |
<0!*&(+7.. B |
)? )4'+05,:!&4A |
'(+"!F:&+1 $A (!$*>)A, 9 (!,:05&$&! *+&+(+@ ), "+0!*:0 +'(!7!0A!".?
9!;!4&9 +-($,:%&4A )+ ., *+ >! &($>)A *+&+(.? "+F!& -.&5 ),"!(! $ 4++&9!&4&9:%;)" DE6. I$,+9.! <0!*&(+7. '+,9+0A%& +'(!7!0A&5
4+7!(F$ )! 8$,+9 ) " +8+1)40! |
.? *0$44+9 +(8$ )1!4*)? 9!;!4&9. |
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I$,+9.@ |
<0!*&(+7 |
9*0%1$!& |
)+ +4!0!*&)9 .@ |
<0!*&(+7 |
) |
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4($9 )&!05 .@ |
<0!*&(+7, |
*+ &$*&)(:%;)! 4 |
!-+05#)" +-J!"+" |
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94'+"+8$&!05 +8+ ('()<0!*&(+7 |
+8+) |
($4&9+($, |
*+&+(.@ |
+&7!0! |
+& |
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)440!7:!"+8+ ($4&9+($ '(+40+@*+@ )0) 8)7(+2+- +@ 8$,+'(+ )>$!"+@ "!"-($ +@. B +4 +9! 7!@4&9)A 8$,+9.? <0!*&(+7+9 0!F$& (!$*>)) 4 :1$4&)!" 8$,+9, $'()"!(:
CO2 ! H2O " H ! ! HCO3 ,
NH3 ! H2O " NH4! ! OH ,
SO2 ! H2O " H ! ! HSO3 ,
2NO2 ! H2O " NO3 ! NO2 ! 2H ! ,
H2 S! " H ! ! HS ,
X 2 ! H2O " 2H ! ! XO ! X ,
( X Cl, Br, I ).
K0A +'(!7!0! )A $"")$*$ )4'+05,:%& $"")$1 .@ 8$,+9.@ <0!*&(+7
(()4. 2.11). H '(!74&$90A!& 4+-+@ 8$,+1:94&9)&!05 .@ 7$&1)*, *+&+(.@
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4+4&+)& ), ) 7)*$&+( +8+ 4&!*0A +8+ <0!*&(+7$, <0!*&(+7$ 4($9 ! )A ) 8$,+1:94&9)&!05 +@ "!"-($ .. 3!"-($ $ ($,7!0A!& $ $0),)(:!".@ +-($,!> ) 9 :&(! )@ 4&$ 7$(& .@ ($4&9+(, :7!(F)9$!".@ 9 &+ *+" 40+! "!F7: "!"-($ +@ ) '+9!(? +4&5% 4&!*0A +8+ <0!*&(+7$. L"")$* ),
$ $0),)(:!"+8+ +-($,>$ 7)22: 7)(:!& 1!(!, "!"-($ : 7+ &!? '+(, |
'+*$ ! |
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)41!, !& 8($7)! & '$(>)$05 .? 7$90! )@ $"")$*$ 9 +-($,>! ) 9 |
&+ *+" |
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40+! |
9 :&(! !8+ ($4&9+($. =$(>)$05 +! |
7$90! )! $"")$*$ |
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'(+'+(>)+ $05 + !8+ *+ >! &($>)). L"")$* 9,$)"+7!@4&9:!& 4 9+7+@ 9+ |
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9 :&(! |
!" ($4&9+(!, +-($,:A )+ . $""+ )A ) 8)7(+*4)7$. =() <&+" (C |
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($4&9+($ "! A!&4A. D,"! ! )! (C ),"!(A%& 4&!*0A |
." <0!*&(+7+". |
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B :&(! )@ |
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*+(':4 |
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60!*&(+7 |
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4($9 ! )A |
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B :&(! )@ ($4&9+(
B !# )@ *+(':4
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M)4. 2.11. G+ 4&(:*>)A $"")$1 +8+ <0!*&(+7$
E '+"+;5% <&+8+ <0!*&(+7$ "+F + &$*F! +'(!7!0A&5 )+ . $""+ )A
NH4! '+40! '!(!9+7$ )? 9 $"")$*, +-:40+90! +8+ 7+-$90! )!" ($4&9+($
NaOH . E++& +#! )! 2+(" NH4! ) NH3 ,$9)4)& +& (C ($4&9+($ (()4. 2.12).
52
K+0A +& 4:"". 94!? $"")$1 .? ) $""+ )@4+7!(F$;)? 1$4&)>, %
NH3
NH !4
(C ($4&9+($
M)4.2.12. D,"! ! )! 9 ,$9)4)"+4&) +& (C +& +4)&!05 +8+ 4+7!(F$ )A $"")$*$ 9 ($4&9+(!
K$&1)* |
70A |
+'(!7!0! )A $"")$*$ (!$8)(:!& |
$ |
*+ >! &($>)) |
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) &!(9$0! +& 10-6 3 (0,01 "8/7"3) 7+ 10-1 3 (1000 "8/7"3). |
K$ |
.@ <0!*&(+7 |
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'()8+7! |
70A |
+'(!7!0! )A *+ >! &($>)) ($4&9+(! |
+8+ |
$"")$*$ |
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'()(+7 .? ) 4&+1 .? 9+7$?. |
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/)'. 8$,+9.? 7$&1)*+9 '(!74&$90! . 9 &$-0. 2.4. |
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/$-0)>$ 2.4. |
!"#$%& '(&)*+#,% |
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H'(!- |
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=(!7!0 |
H'&)"$05- |
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D 7)- |
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E+4&$9 ($4&9+($, |
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+! , $1!- |
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7!0A- |
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1:94&9)- |
)! (C 9 |
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*$&+( .@ |
N)05&( |
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4"$1)9$%;!8+ |
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!".@ |
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&!05 +- |
)440!7:!- |
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<0!*&(+7 |
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<0!*&(+7, 3 |
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8$, |
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4&), 3 |
"+" ($4- |
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&9+(! |
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1 |
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(C – |
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CO |
4&!*0A - |
3)*(+'+()4&.@ |
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10-2 NaHCO3 |
+ |
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~10 |
-5 |
< (C 4 |
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.@ |
(1,5 "*") |
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10-2 NaCl |
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2 |
<0!*&(+7 |
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53 |
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/$-0. 2.4 (+*+ 1$ )!)
1 |
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3 |
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4 |
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NH |
3 |
/+ F! |
3)*(+'+()4&.@ |
10-2 NH |
Cl + 0,1 KNO |
~10 |
-6 |
> (C 12 |
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(&!20+ , 0,1 "") |
4 |
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3 |
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SO |
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» |
E)0)*+ +9.@ |
10-3 NaHSO3 |
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-6 |
< (C 0,7 |
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~5·10 |
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2 |
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*$:1:* (0,025 "") |
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(C=5 |
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3)*(+'+()4&.@ |
0,02 NaNO2 |
+ |
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NO / NO2 |
» |
('+0)'(+')0! , |
~10-6 |
< (C 0,7 |
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0,1 KNO3 |
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0,025 "") |
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HF |
LaF3 - |
3)*(+'+()4&.@ |
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+ |
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~10 |
-3 |
< (C 2 |
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<0!*&(+7 |
(&!20+ ) |
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1C |
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H2 S |
Ag2 S - |
/+ F! |
O)&($& .@ -:2!( |
~10 |
-8 |
< (C 5 |
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<0!*&(+7 |
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(C=5 |
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HCN |
/+ F! |
» |
10-2 KAg(CN)2 |
~10-7 |
< (C 7 |
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2.9. -&+.&/*/%& '(&)*+#,%
=+ +"! *0$&:(! DP=LG 2!("! & .@ <0!*&(+7 +'(!7!0A!&4A *$*
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2!("! &, 9.,.9$%;)@ (!$*>)% +(8$ )1!4*+8+ )0) !+(8$ )1!4*+8+
9!;!4&9$ (4:-4&($&$) 4 +-($,+9$ )!" 1$4&)> ()+ +9), +-:40+90)9$%;)? +&*0)* <0!*&(+7$». B $4&+A;!! 9(!"A '+ A&)! «2!("! & .@ <0!*&(+7»
!4*+05*+ ($4#)()0+45, &$* *$* 9 |
!8+ 9*0%1$%& <0!*&(+?)")1!4*)! |
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4)4&!". 4 2!("! &+", |
)""+-)0),)(+9$ |
." |
! &+05*+ $ 1:94&9)&!05 +" |
<0!"! &! )+ +4!0!*&)9 |
+8+ <0!*&(+7$, |
+ ) $ +4)&!0!, ($4'+0+F! +" $ |
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!*+&+(+" ($44&+A )) +& !8+, )0) 7$F! 9 ($4&9+(!. |
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6&) <0!*&(+7. A9)0)45 '!(9.") '()"!($") -)+4! 4+(+9, 9 *+&+(.? |
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)4'+05,+9$ . -)+?)")1!4*)! '(+>!44.. |
=+ +"! *0$&:(! DP=LG |
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2!("! & .@ <0!*&(+7 +'(!7!0A!&4A *$* 7$&1)*, 9 *+&+(+" DE6 '+*(.& 40+!", 4+7!(F$;!" 2!("! &, 9.,.9$%;)@ (!$*>)% +(8$ )1!4*+8+ )0) !+(8$ )1!4*+8+ 9!;!4&9$ (4:-4&($&$) 4 +-($,+9$ )!" 1$4&)> ()+ +9),
+-:40$90)9$%;)? +&*0)* <0!*&(+7$. H-.1 + 2!("! & 9 <0!*&(+7! '()4:&4&9:!& 9 )""+-)0),+9$ +" 4+4&+A )). D4'+05,:%& +7) ),
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