Файл: ЖУРН. Уровень 1 (три текста).docx

Journalism is gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an audience. The word applies to both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to disseminate it. The media that journalism uses vary diversely and include: content published via newspapers and magazines (print), television and radio (broadcast), and their digital media versions — news websites and applications.

In modern society, the news media is the chief purveyor of information and opinion about public affairs. Journalism, however, is not always confined to the news media or to news itself, as journalistic communication may find its way into broader forms of expression, including literature and cinema. In some nations, the news media is controlled by government intervention, and is not a fully independent body. In a democratic society, however, access to free information plays a central role in creating a system of checks and balance, and in distributing power equally amongst governments, businesses, individuals, and other social entities. Access to verifiable information gathered by independent media sources, which adhere to journalistic standards, can also be of service to ordinary citizens, by empowering them with the tools they need in order to participate in the political process.

The role and status of journalism, along with that of the mass media, has undergone profound changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet.^[4] This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic devices, challenging news organizations to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish news in print. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grapple with declining audiences.

This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, as a large majority of respondents in recent studies show changing preferences in news consumption.^[6] The digital era has also ushered in a new kind of journalism in which ordinary citizens play a greater role in the process of newsmaking, with the rise of citizen journalism being possible through the Internet. Using video camera equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like YouTube, which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets. Meanwhile, easy access to news from a variety of online sources, like blogs and other social media, has resulted in readers being able to pick from a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, instead of only from traditional media organizations.

1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text

gathering (n) - сбор

processing (n) - обработка, переработка

dissemination (n) – распространение

related (adj) – связанный

apply (v) - применять к (чему-л.) ; использовать, употреблять для (чего-л.)

inquire (v) = enquire for -осведомляться, справляться, спрашивать, искать

literary (adj) – литературный

diversely (adv) - разнообразно

application (n) – зд. прикладная программа, пакет, приложение

purveyor (n) - поставщик

confined (adj) - ограниченный; замкнутый

broad (adj) - широкий; обширный

independent (adj) - политически независимый

access (n) – доступ

distribute (v) – распределять

equally (adv) - равно, в равной степени; равным образом, одинаково

verifiable (adj) - поддающийся проверке, контролю

adhere to (v) - твёрдо держаться, придерживаться чего-л.; оставаться верным (чему-л.)

participate (v) - участвовать, принимать участие

undergone (adj) – V3 от undergo - underwent ; - undergone - 2) подвергаться (чему-л.)

profound (adj) - сильный, глубокий; чрезвычайный

advent (n) - наступление (эпохи, события)

consumption (n) - потребление

linked (adj) - связанный; соединённый

preference (n) - предпочтение

footage (n) - отснятый [фото/видео] материал

2. Commentary and Notes to the text.

blog - от weblog 1) блог, веблог (периодически обновляемая лента сообщений на разные темы, каждое из которых может быть прокомментировано читателями; коллективная доска обсуждений) 2) сетевой дневник, "живой журнал", ЖЖ (часто обновляемый персональный сайт, в котором публикуются комментарии автора на различные темы

3. Answer the questions giving below.

1. Give a definition of the term journalism.

2. What kind of the media does journalism use?

3. Access to free information plays a central role in s democratic society, doesn’t it?

4. Which principles adhere to journalistic standards?

5. When did the role and status os journalism undergo profound changes?

Text 2. Yellow journalism

Yellow journalism, or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. By extension, the term yellow journalism is used today as a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion.

Definitions

Joseph Campbell defines yellow press newspapers as having daily multi-column front-page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), heavy reliance on unnamed sources, and unabashed self-promotion. The term was extensively used to describe certain major New York City newspapers about 1900 as they battled for circulation.

Frank Luther Mott defines yellow journalism in terms of five characteristics

scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news
lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings
use of faked interviews, misleading headlines, pseudoscience, and a parade of false learning from so-called experts
emphasis on full-color Sunday supplements, usually with comic strips
dramatic sympathy with the "underdog" against the system.

The term was coined in the mid-1890s to characterize the sensational journalism that used some yellow ink in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The battle peaked from 1895 to about 1898, and historical usage often refers specifically to this period. Both papers were accused by critics of sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation, although the newspapers did serious reporting as well. An English magazine in 1898 noted, "All American journalism is not ‘yellow’, though all strictly ‘up-to-date’ yellow journalism is American!"

The term was coined by Erwin Wardman, the editor of the New York Press. Wardman was the first to publish the term but there is evidence that expressions such as "yellow journalism" and "school of yellow kid journalism" were already used by newsmen of that time. In 1898 the paper simply elaborated: "We called them Yellow because they are Yellow."

1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.

legitimate (adj) - законный, легальный; легитимный

headline (n) - заголовок, рубрика; новости, расположенные на первой странице газеты

exaggeration (n) - гиперболизация, преувеличение

pejorative (adj) - уничижительный

reliance (n) - доверие, уверенность

decry (v) - осуждать

unabashed (adj) - бессовестный, бесстыдный, беззастенчивый, наглый

promotion (n) - продвижение, раскрутка, рекламирование, промоушен

circulation (n) - тираж (газет, журналов); распространение (информации, изданий)

lavish (adj) –зд. чрезмерный

faked (adj) - фальшивый, поддельный; сфабрикованный

misleading (adj) - вводящий в заблуждение, обманчивый

pseudoscience (adj) – псевдонаучный

so-called (adj) – так называемый

coin (v) – зд. создавать неологизмы (новые слова и выражения)

accused (adj) - обвиняемый

sensationalize (v) - устраивать сенсацию

up-to-date (adj) - современный; новейший; соответствующий современным требованиям

2. Commentary and Notes to the text.

emphasis - выделение [в тексте], выделительный шрифт применение специального стиля шрифта (например с подчёркиванием, курсива, полужирного, капители) для выделения слова или фразы в тексте

underdog – аутсайдер; непроходной кандидат на выборный пост, который начинает предвыборную кампанию с весьма низким рейтингом, практически не имея шансов на успех. Это не исключает возможности его победы на выборах.

Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work is vast, covering many aspects of the human experience. His philosophy is often summarized by his phrase: "Follow your bliss."

Frank Luther Mott (April 4, 1886 – October 23, 1964) was an American historian and journalist, who won the 1939 Pulitzer Prize for History for his book, A History of American Magazines.

3. Answer the questions giving below.

1. Give a definition of the term Yellow journalism.

2. What techniques may yellow press include?

3. Enumerate five characteristics which can define yellow journalism.

4. When was the term yellow journalism coined?

5. What was the reason to name it “yellow”?

Text 3. Tabloid journalism

Tabloid journalism is a style of journalism that tends to emphasize topics such as sensational crime stories, astrology, gossip columns about the personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and junk food news. Such journalism is commonly associated with tabloid sized newspapers like the National Enquirer, Globe, or The Sun and the former News of the World. Not all newspapers associated with such journalism are in tabloid size; for example, the format of Apple Daily is broadsheet, while the style is tabloid. The terms tabloids, supermarket tabloids, gutter press and rag refer to the journalistic approach of such newspapers rather than their size.

Often, tabloid newspaper allegations about the sexual practices, drug use, or private conduct of celebrities is borderline defamatory; in many cases, celebrities have successfully sued for libel, demonstrating that tabloid stories have defamed them. It is this sense of the word that led to some entertainment news programs to be called tabloid television.

In the United States, Canada and United Kingdom, "supermarket tabloids" are large, national versions of these tabloids, usually published weekly. They are named for their prominent placement along the checkout lines of supermarkets. Supermarket tabloids are particularly notorious for the over-the-top sensationalizing of stories, the facts of which can often be called into question.

Collectively called the "tabloid press", tabloid newspapers in Britain tend to be simply and sensationally written, and to give more prominence than broadsheets to celebrities, sports, crime stories and even hoaxes; they also less subtly take a political position (either left-wing or right-wing) on news stories, ridiculing politicians, demanding resignations and predicting election results. The term "red tops" refers to tabloids with red nameplates, such as The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror, the Daily Record and the Daily Sport,[ ]and distinguishes them from the Daily Express and Daily Mail. Red top newspapers are usually simpler in writing style, dominated by pictures, and directed at the more sensational end.

1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.

tend (v) - иметь тенденцию (к чему-л.)

gossip (n) - о типе, характере передаваемой информации – болтовня, сплетня; слухи

rag (n) - зд. газетёнка

allegation (n) - голословное утверждение

defamatory (adj) - бесчестящий, позорящий, дискредитирующий, клеветнический

libel (n) - клевета, пасквиль, диффамация

sue (v) - преследовать в судебном порядке; подавать в суд, возбуждать иск,

hoax (n) - обман; ложь, мистификация, неправдa

ridicule (v) - осмеивать; высмеивать, поднимать на смех

resignation (n) - отказ от должности; уход с должности