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www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
Nominal v Real (Structural)
Convergence
Nominal Economic Indicators
•
(Those required under the
Maastricht Treaty)
•
Consumer price inflation
•
Short term interest rates
•
Fiscal (Budget) deficit
•
Gross government debt
•
Exchange rate stability
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
Nominal vs. Real (Structural)
Convergence
Nominal Economic Indicators
•
(Those required under the
Maastricht Treaty)
•
Consumer price inflation
•
Short term interest rates
•
Fiscal (Budget) deficit
•
Gross government debt
•
Exchange rate stability
Real Economic Indicators
•
(Important in the long term)
•
Trend growth of GDP
•
Labour market performance
•
Trend growth of labour
productivity
•
Trade balances in goods and
services
•
Investment/GDP ratios
•
Housing market structure.
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
Is the Euro an Optimal Currency Zone?
•
An
optimal currency zone
occurs when:
–
(1) Countries have achieved
real convergence
–
(2) They
respond in similar ways to external economic
shocks
or macro policy changes
–
(3) They have sufficient
flexibility in both their product
markets and labour markets
to deal with these shocks
•
High geographical mobility of labour
•
High occupational mobility of labour
•
Wage and price flexibility in factor markets
–
(4) Countries are prepared to use
fiscal transfers
to even
out some of the
regional economic imbalances
within the
European currency union
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
Optimal Currency Zones (2)
•
By most criteria, the current Euro Zone does not
come close to an optimal currency zone!
–
The core group of EU countries are broadly similar
(Germany + France + Netherlands + Belgium)
–
But peripheral countries have big structural differences
–
And there are barriers to the mobility of labour
–
Little wonder that tensions are rising in the Euro Area as
recession bites
www.fh-joanneum.at
MANAGEMENT
Optimal Currency Zones
Labour
Market
Flexibility
Real Economic Convergence
Highly
Flexible
Inflexible
Divergent
Convergent