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С1	Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is	О1 ensuring that they continue to deliver safe
vital in		performance.
С2	More are expected to be connected in the	О2 and development projects across the
coming years as Europe invests heavily in		continent, many of which are under construction
tunnels, bridges and other infrastructure		now.

С3 The changing economic situation in Russia,	О3 to draw up the Program for the Development
and the increase in business activity among the	of High-Speed and Very High-Speed Transport.
country’s population in recent years, serves as
an incentive
С4 By 2025 Europe plans to dramatically	О4 creating a Trans-European high speed trains
increase its connections and the EU has a goal of	covering the entire region.

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С1	The purpose of signaling is to inform the	О1 when it is safe to proceed the line ahead.
driver
С2	Minimal stopping for traffic, long curves,	О2 today’s high speed trains to travel even
and aerodynamic, light trains also allow		faster.
С3	The marshalling and locomotive yards are	О3 further if compared with location of
situated		passenger yards.
С4	Many drivers pay little or no attention at	О4 across day after day because they never see a
highway-rail crossings they drive		train there.

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С1	Automatic train protection systems that	О1 by magnets are mounted beside the rails
transmit data via magnetic fields, emitted and		and on locomotives.
received
С2	New technologies being implemented in	О2 between trains at stations, thereby allowing
train signaling systems can enable high speed		travel on them even more efficient.
trains to minimize time
С3	While being marshalled the wagons are	О3 in the order of the stations where they are to
placed		be detached.
С4	Usually railroad freight yards are located in	О4 where there is plenty of room.
the outlying parts of the city,

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С1	If a train ignores a red signal, the emergency	О1 and the locomotive’s motors are shut
brakes are applied		down.
С2	The yards are operated as distributing centers	О2 for empty wagons, required at various
		stations.
С3	A freight yard consists of a large number of	О3 so arranged that they can be used for sorting
tracks, connected with switches and		and distributing trains.
С4	Railways were the first form of rapid land	О4 long-distance passenger traffic until the
transportation and had an effective monopoly on		development of the motor car and airliners in the
		early-mid 20th century.

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С1	Early interlocking systems used mechanical	О1 their safe operation, but contemporary
devices both to operate the signaling appliances		interlocking systems perform using complex
and ensure		electronic circuitry.
С2	Sorting of wagons, according to the traffic	О2 wayside stations, but is concentrated at the
requirements, is not done at		distributing centers.
С3	Hand brakes are used to secure unattended	О3 they are not coupled to a locomotive or a car
railcars when		mover.
С4	Drivers who pass vehicles when approaching	О4 run the risk of a collision at that point.
a highway-rail crossing

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С1	Interlocking prevents the signalman from	О1 to clear while one or more points on the
operating appliances with an unsafe sequence,		route the signal governs are improperly set.
such as setting the signal
С2	In the flat yard type, all wagon movements	О2 with the help of shunting locomotives.
are carried out
С3	All passenger trains after arrival and	О3 to the coach yard and stored together with
discharging are taken		departing trains.
С4	A hand brake can apply enough force on the	О4 to prevent them from turning when the car
wheels of a railcar		moves.

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С1	In the early days the signalman was	О1 any switches were set correctly allowing a
responsible for ensuring		train to proceed.
С2	In marshalling operation the wagons are	О2 uncoupled and then coupled at the
firstly		appropriate siding.
С3	The difference between the stub and the	О3 the trains can run in both directions in one
through stations is that		case and cannot continue their run in the other.
С4	Some crossings are equipped with automatic	О4 that activate when a train is approaching.
warning devices such as flashing lights, bells
and gates

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keep train
С2	Automatic train protection system is	О2 managers can implement to reduce the risk
considered to be the most effective technical		of collisions and derailment on mainline
measure that infrastructure		railways.
С3	Traffic density is decisive in determining	О3 the number of sidings in the reception and
		departure lines.
С4	Freight stations must be built in places where	О4 they require much more facilities than
there is plenty of room, as		terminals for passenger service.

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