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The Changing State of the Family 1
The family in Britain is changing. By the year 2020 there will be fewer married people than single people. In the past, people got married and stayed married. Divorce was very difficult and took a long time. The only reason for a short marriage was usually the death of the husband or wife. But today people's views on marriage and changing. Many couples, mostly in their twenties or thirties, live together without getting married. About 60% of these couples do get married in the end. People get married at a later age now and many women do not want to have children immediately. They prefer to do well at their jobs first. So, they often decide not to have a baby until they are in their thirties, or even forties. In the past, people married before they had children, but now about 40% of children in Britain are born to unmarried parents. The number of single-parent families in Britain is increasing. Single parents are usually divorced women (2/3) or women who have never been married (1/3). The government gives help to single parents, but money can still be a problem. And different studies show that, in general, children are happier and more successful in traditional two-parent families.
English as a World Language 2
English belongs to the Teutonic or Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of the languages. It is only in the course of the last hundred years that English is become a world language In Shakespeare's time it was a provincial language of secondary importance with only 6 million native speakers Nowadays English has-become the world's most important language in politics, science. In a number of speakers (400 million) it is second only to Chinese It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic It is also spoken as a second l-get by many people in India, Pakistan. The number of second-language speakers may soon exceed the number of native speakers, if it has not done so already. The working languages of the United Nations are English and French. All documents are written only in the working languages. English has become now the language of international communication. At present no other language on Earth is better suited to play the role of world language. People who speak English fall into one of three groups: those who have learnt it as their native language, those who have learnt it as a second language in a society which is mainly bilingual and those who are force to use it for a practical purpose - professional or educational. Nowadays when science and technology are progressing so fast all kind of specialists need English in their work.
Traditions and Customs in Different Countries 3
I would like to tell about Georgian traditions and customs. One of the main traditions of Georgia that everyone has heard of is hospitality. Residents of these countries always respect and accept guests. In Georgia, they teach that all guests are precious and should be accepted as relatives of loved ones. In Georgia, the wedding is one of the most important events in human life. One of the most famous wedding customs in the world is the abduction of the bride.
My Future Career 4
In the future, I would like to work in a large company, being engaged in the preparation of its financial plans. I hope that my activity could help the organization to make big profits with minimal losses, which would increase the efficiency of the company and allow it to successfully develop further. That’s why the economists are for. People of this profession are very in demand. They can work in any field, which means after graduation from the university I will not have problems with employment. In addition, economists' wages are very worthy.
Word and Motivation 5
"Work" is a positive thing for many people. To some people, it may be described as a place to escape from the kids, or even a time-consuming thing for a single or retired person, but most importantly it is what we do in order to provide for our families and ourselves. Work is something that we all will experience at one time or another during our lives. There are several reasons why a person goes to work. These reasons can be better explained as "work motivation". Work motivation can be defined as the inner forces that make us work and want to work harder to achieve personal or organizational goals.
My University Life 6
Student life is the brightest and most memorable stage of our life path. It is as a student that a person manages to form his own self, go through many trials, possibly make many mistakes, meet new people. Student life is the period that most often pops up in memory, and therefore it is necessary to live it in such a way that memories of that time bring a smile to your face. In youth, each person is most sensitive and receptive, which is probably why during this period I so want to experience everything on my own experience. Whatever my parents say, whatever they teach me, I am sure that the realization of the justice and fidelity of their moralizing will come only with time. But it is important to always keep your head on your shoulders and not plunge headlong into the maelstrom of new acquaintances and events. And, most importantly, I believe that in student times, more than ever, it is necessary to declare oneself and reveal one's potential, to search for oneself. Here it is important to realize that what you are doing is really necessary and significant for you. Many in these years reveal their organizational skills, someone unexpectedly finds a huge potential for learning - the main thing is not to miss it and always develop, because it is during this period that we are more than ever full of energy and strength, and only in our opportunities to make all your dreams come true! The main thing is to never give up and always go to your goal! Student time is the brightest page in our biography. Someone remembers her with a smile, someone with bitterness. But the most important thing is that it does not pass without a trace for anyone. Regardless of gender, race, religion, any person more than once returns to those recent or distant, but such memories that are pleasant to the soul. After all, it is during this period that we truly grow up, become independent and learn to declare ourselves and our capabilities.
Education in Great Britain 7
The system of education in the United Kingdom is based on a well-developed approach that allows children to gain knowledge stepwise. There are four stages of education in this country: primary education (from 4 or 5 up to 11 years old), secondary education (from 11 up to 16 years old), further education, and higher education. Children are obliged to attend primary (or elementary) and secondary schools to develop the proper communication and learning abilities, organizational skills, self-discipline, and enthusiasm. Further education and higher education are not compulsory. The primary school divides students into two levels: infants, aged 5-7, and juniors, aged 7-11. At this stage, the major goal is to give children the very basics of education. Kids learn to read, write, and do sums. The secondary school differs from the primary school as its program is more complicated. Several subjects should be studied by all students, including English, Mathematics, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Modern Languages and Literature. Moreover, there are optional subjects for every student depending on their interests. They include various Arts and Sciences categories of studies. In this country, both free and paid schools are available. State schools are financed by the government, and students do not pay for their education. Independent schools require parents to pay for their children’s classes. One can find certain differences in the overall functioning of the system of education in England, Scotland and Wales, because of different schooling policies that affect this scheme. Children should pass a standard exam after high school graduation. The results of the examination will show their eligibility to continue their education in universities. Further education includes all types of college-level programs and courses chosen by a student after the completion of the period of compulsory education. At this stage, students are offered basic skills training options, and vocational education necessary for employment in a selected occupation. The key goal is to prepare young people both for their future job and for their application for a higher education institution if they wish to. The higher level of education incorporates university courses that give students a chance to get their diplomas and national certificates. There are different levels of courses related to the study in universities, namely, postgraduate (Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Ph.D. degrees) and undergraduate courses. In general, the UK education system has gained a good reputation worldwide due to the highest educational standards and quality of knowledge it provides to students and the entire community.
Higher Education in Belarus 8
The national system of higher education plays an important role in the development of our country. Only highly qualified specialists can solve the most complex problems facing our society. Knowledge, science and culture open prospects for the future. There are 55 higher educational institutions in the Republic of Belarus: 45 are state-owned and 10 are privately owned. There are 31 universities, 7 academies, 4 colleges functioning as state educational institutions. All private educational institutions are institutions. The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus is in charge of 23 educational institutions Secondary specialized and higher education is available to everyone in accordance with his abilities. One of the necessary qualifications for higher education is complete secondary education. Entrance examinations differ depending on the choice of higher education institution. Higher education in Belarus can be obtained in two ways: full-time education (full-time, evening) and part-time (including distance) education. The academic year is divided into two semesters, each of which ends with exams. Students attend lectures and practical classes and have every opportunity to develop their talents and gifts.
A Place I’d Like to Visit 9
There are many wonderful cities in the world that I’d like to see. However, my longtime dream is to visit the British capital. In my opinion, London is one of the most diverse and interesting cities on our planet. I have a to-do list for this place, which consists of six important points. First of all, I’d like to see Piccadilly Circus. They say it is especially picturesque in the evenings, thanks to the bright neon signs. It has become a tradition to make a date next to the Fountain of Eros which is situated in the center of the square. The second object I want to see is the London Eye. It’s one of the largest and most innovative ferries wheels in the world. If I’m lucky and the weather is fine, I can see many of London sights from the top of it. The third place that I want to visit is the wax museum of Madame Tussaud. It’s a legendary place where you can see a great number of celebrity wax figures. The fourth attraction that I’d like to see in London is the Natural History Museum, especially its Dinosaurs gallery. The fifth thing I want to do in London is to spend a day in a youth hostel. They say the atmosphere in such youth places is great. I hope to meet lots of international students there and to make new friends. The sixth point on my list is the boat trip on the River Thames. I’m sure the city views during this trip will be fantastic. In other words, London is my passion. I’d be very happy if my dream came true.
Business Trip 10
Business trips are just part of doing business. A company tries to choose only its best people to represent it. Trips can happen in or out of the country. And there are as many reasons to go on business as there are places to go: to sign contracts, to discuss terms of delivery, payment or shipment, to have tests, to consult, to improve one’s professional skills, to provide support. Representatives of the
companies involved usually make preliminary arrangements in order to meet. Whether a long-term or short-term trip, the itinerary must be carefully planned by the head of the department or another executive. After the trip, an employee is ordinarily expected to give a full financial accounting of the trip to his boss. Sightseeing, cultural events and just plain relaxing are regular parts of every business trip. And no businessman would dare forget to buy gifts for relatives, friends and colleagues while on a business trip to an interesting, new location.
These trips are important because they contribute to the expansion of company’s business relationships and help that company succeed in the competitive world market. Business today is international in character, and business people often have to travel. On a business trip people might meet colleagues and business partners for
the first time. Often, colleagues from different countries experience cultural difficulties, that is, they are surprised by strange, to them, social conventions in a new place. Different cultures do things differently! Management styles also differ from country to country. It’s often useful when doing business in a foreign land, to get some advice from a special agency which consults on questions of international business. These days business trips are very important because face to face meetings is more valuable to profitable business than any other type of strategy.
At the Customs. Travelling by Air 11
When traveling by air, you must arrive at the airport in advance to check in approximately one hour before departure. If you have a lot of luggage, you can put it on a trolley and take it to the check-in desk, where someone will check your ticket and weigh your luggage. If you have extra luggage, it can be expensive. Your heavy luggage is placed on a conveyor belt and carried away. The light bag is classified as hand luggage and you can take it with you on the plane. An immigration officer checks your passport and a security guard checks your hand luggage before you go to the departure hall to wait for your flight to be called. If you want, you can buy cheap duty-free goods here. Then you see or hear an announcement on the departure board that you must board the plane. You pass through the boarding gate, then there is sometimes a security check before you actually get on the plane. When all the passengers are on board and when the captain and his crew are ready in the cockpit, the plane begins taxiing to the end of the runway. Finally, clearance from the control tower is received and the plane moves faster and faster to take off. Flying is fun. I like being on a big airliner with flight attendants (stewards and stewardesses) looking after me. They walk up and down the aisle bringing food and drink; And if the flight goes through some kind of turbulence, they warn everyone that it might be a bit bumpy and ask us to fasten our seat belts. On a long flight, I like to listen to music through headphones available to all passengers, and sometimes sleep. I love it all so much that I never want a plane to land.
Satisfiers and Motivators 12
It is logical to assume that things like good labor relations, good working conditions, good wages and benefits, and job security motivate workers. But in Labor and Human Nature, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers. They are simply "satisfying" or, more importantly, "unhappy" where they are not. “Motivators, on the other hand, include things like challenging and interesting work, recognition and responsibility, promotions, and so on. However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there is and will be a lot of boring, meaningless, repetitive and mechanical work in all three sectors of the economy, and a lot of unskilled people who have to do it. So how do managers motivate people in these positions? One solution is to give them some responsibilities, not as individuals, but as part of a team. For example, some supermarkets team up the office staff, the people who fill the shelves, and the people who work at the checkout, and let them decide which product lines to stock, how to display them, and so on. Other employers make sure people in repetitive jobs change within a couple of hours, as doing four repetitive jobs a day is better than doing just one. Many people are now talking about the importance of shared company values or a corporate culture that all employees can identify with, like being the best hotel chain, or hamburger chain, or airline, or doing the best, safest, most convenient, greenest, or most reliable. product in a certain area. Such values are more likely to motivate employees than financial goals, which ultimately concern only a few people. Unfortunately, there are only a limited number of such targets, and by definition, not all competing companies in an industry can seriously claim to be the best.
What Is Economics? 13
When studying economics for the first time, it is necessary to know what economics is. Unfortunately, it is impossible to define the subject in one word. Economics has been defined as the study of humanity in everyday business life. This means that the economy deals with production, distribution, exchange and consumption. It answers questions such as: How do we produce everything we need? How are prices determined? Economics also deals with unemployment2, inflation, international trade, the interaction of business and labor, and the effects of government spending3 and taxes. Economics does not stop at describing economic activity, because description alone leaves many important whys and how’s unanswered. Economics is a social science like history, geography, politics, psychology and sociology. It is the study of human efforts to satisfy what appear to be unlimited and competing needs4 through the careful use of relatively scarce resources. Economist’s study what is or tends to be and how it happened. They in no way pretend to say what should be. People must make their own decision5 about this. Thus, the economy is engaged in activities related to wealth, i.e., production, consumption, exchange and distribution. For our own purpose, we will define economics as the study of man in his attempts to earn a living using his limited resources.
The Three Sectors of the Economy 14
There are three main sectors in any1 economy: the primary sector, the secondary sector, and the tertiary sector. The primary sector of economy includes industries that get goods from nature, such as agriculture and mining. There are two main branches in agriculture: crop and animal farming. Mining partially belongs to the secondary sector as mineral resources need industrial processing. Forestry, fishing, and beekeeping also belong to this sector. Manufacturing industries which produce goods by means of mechanical, electrical or chemical, but not manual, processing of resources belong to the secondary sector. People who do not produce goods but provide different services for plants and factories work for the secondary sector, for example plant and factory managers. The sector also includes companies that provide fuel, energy, and transport for manufacturing. The tertiary sector provides different services to consumers. such as trade, transport, banking, insurance and other public services. Teachers, doctors, tourist agents, drivers, lawyers, etc. work in the tertiary sector. There are countries which are rich in land. They can use land intensively and produce agricultural products and minerals. Manufacturing plays an important role in the world economy, but there is a tendency for the growth of the service sector in many economies, especially in industrialized countries.
The Economy of Belarus 15
The economy of Belarus is mixed, where the public sector plays an important role. The country's economy has stabilized in recent years, but remains dependent on oil and gas exports from Russia. One of the main sectors of the Belarusian economy is industry, which accounts for about 40% of GDP. Among the main industries are mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food industries. Agriculture also plays an important role in the Belarusian economy, accounting for about 8% of GDP. Belarus is one of the largest producers of milk and meat in the region. Tourism and services are also important sectors of the Belarusian economy. The country has a rich cultural and natural heritage that attracts tourists from all over the world. However, the Belarusian economy still faces some challenges such as high inflation, lack of investment and limited economic freedoms. Reforms aimed at improving the economic situation in the country have not yet brought significant results. In general, the Belarusian economy has its advantages and disadvantages, and requires further reforms to achieve stable and sustainable growth.
The Theories for the Business Cycle 16
Political theories Some economists believe that political leaders are pushing for monetary easing ahead of elections as a means to ensure prosperity. Even the imposition of a tax or restriction on imports can have some dynamic impact on the economy. Psychological theories People are strongly influenced by the statements of the groups to which they belong. Sometimes the general mood is optimistic, and sometimes pessimistic. It is a factor in the ups and downs of the stock market, financial ups and downs, and investor behavior. Low power theories When an economy expands, production grows faster than consumption. This discrepancy is the result of an unequal distribution of income. This imbalance between production and consumption indicates that the business cycle is driven by overproduction or underconsumption. technological theories There have been cycles of rapid growth and technological adaptation, such as the development of oil-based energy sources, the use of electricity, the invention of the computer, and the creation of the Internet. If rhythm could be found in these waves of change, it could be responsible for the corresponding movements in the economy. Money theories Changes in the money supply do not always correspond to fundamental economic changes. The banking system, with its ability to expand the supply of credit during economic expansion and contract the supply of credit during recessions, can exacerbate small economic fluctuations in cycles of prosperity and depression. Investment theories Savings accumulate when there are no new investment opportunities. In good times, these savings are invested in new industrial projects, and there is a wave of investment. Bank credit grows, leading to a mismatch between consumption and production. These imbalances lead to a new period of stagnation and depression.