_{Use* of ladders - Safely Rules}

CAUTION: A ladder can be a very dangerous tool. Any of these accidents could happen to YOU. (a) The ladder could slip on an oily floor and you could fall off; lb) the top could fall backwards; (c) a door could open and push the ladder backwards or to the side; (d) a metal ladder could touch an electric wire and give you an electric shock; (e) a ladder could fall off boxes or drums.

FOLLOW THESE RULES .

1. Metal ladders, or wooden ones with metal wires must never be used for electrical work.

2. Wet or oily floors must be cleaned before a ladder is lifted.

3. When the ladder is near a door,

3.1 the door must be locked or closed,

3.2 the door must be blocked open, or

3.3 there must be a man at the bottom.

4. The foot of the ladder must be fixed.

5. The ladder must NEVER be placed on drums, boxes, etc.

6. The top must be fixed. It should be tied to poles, etc, using hooks, chains, ropes or a strap.

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_{Finding a fault in a car}

If your car doesn't start in the morning, you should check three things first: the battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs. It is easy to repair these faults. If the battery is flat, you should recharge it. If this doesn't work, you should replace it If the petrol tank is empty, fill it up. If the spark plugs are dirty, clean them, and if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow or too wide, adjust it to the correct width.

If your car still doesn't start, the petrol pump may be broken, or the fuel pipe may be blocked. If the pump is broken, it must be repaired or replaced. If the fuel pipe is blocked, take it off and unblock it.

If there is a loud CLICK! when you turn the key, the starter motor may be jammed. If it is, you can try to release it by pushing the car forwards and backwards (in 2nd gear). If the car still doesn't start, the starter motor should be repaired or replaced.

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_{Building a road}

First, the earth is removed using bulldozers and diggers.

Then the ground is levelled. This is done by cutting the top layer until it is flat and level.

Next a layer of gravel (approximately 300 mm thick) is spread over the ground.

Finally the top layer is added. There are two main types: blacktop and concrete. If it is a blacktop road, layers of hot tarmacadam are poured onto the gravel and pressed down using rollers. The total layer of blacktop materials is approximately 300 mm thick. If it is a concrete road, the concrete is laid on top of the gravel. The concrete slabs are usually approximately 250 mm thick and 4.5 m long.

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Accidents in the machine shop

1. A piece of metal from the grinding machine went into Mr A's right eye and cut it. Cause: He did not use the guard on the machine.

2. Mr В cut his hand on the drilling machine. Cause: He removed a piece of metal from the machine with his hand.

3. Mr С cut his finger with a saw. Cause: He held the workpiece on the bench with his hand.

4. Mr D slipped on the floor, fell against a machine and cut his head. Cause: There was some oil on the floor. Mr D walked too quickly and did not see the oil.

5. Mr E climbed a metal ladder and got an electric shock. Cause: He placed the ladder against some electric wires.

6. There was a fire in the storeroom. Cause: an old switch that wasn't screwed tightly to the wall caught fire when Mr F used it.

7. Mr G got an electric shock. Cause: He poured water onto the fire.

Who broke the following safety rules?

Example: (a) Mr С broke this rule.

1. ALWAYS HOLD WORK IN A VICE

2. ALWAYS WEAR GOGGLES AND USE THE/GUARD WHEN OPERATING GRINDER

3. ALWAYS CLEAN MACHINES WITH A BRUSH - NEVER WITH YOUR HAND

4. NEVER USE SWITCHES THAT ARE DAMAGED

5. LADDERS MADE OF METAL MUST NEVER BE USED NEAR ELECTRICAL WIRES

6. FIRES WHICH ARE CAUSED BY ELECTRICAL FAULTS MUST NEVER BE EXTINGUISHED WITH WATER

(e) ALWAYS KEEP WORKSHOP FLOORS CLEAN AND FREE FROM OIL

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Accident Report

At about 10.40 yesterday morning. Bill and I carried the long 8 m ladder to the building site. We placed it near the scaffolding. We lifted it in the correct way:

• First, we placed the ladder on the ground at 90° to the wad. The foot was 2 m from the wall.

• Bill held down the foot of the ladder.

• I lifted the top above my head.

• I then walked slowly forward.

lifting the ladder slowly upwards. Suddenly, when the ladder was vertical in the air, a strong wind blew. The ladder moved to the right towards the scaffolding. It hit the scaffolding and then fell downwards and towards Jim (who was on a platform at the bottom of the scaffolding.) The ladder hit him and he fell against the scaffolding and cut his head.

I I I I I I I I

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