АНО ВО «МОСКОВСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Кафедра иностранных языков

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Сборник текстов и упражнения по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» для студентов юридического факультета

Уровни: Elementary, Pre-Intermediate

Москва

2015

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов всех форм обучения, изучающих дисциплину «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» и предполагает уровни владения языком Elementary и Pre-Intermediate.

Пособие основано на материалах таких учебных пособий как «Just English» (автор: Ю. Л. Гуманова и др.) и «English for Students of Law» (авторы: С. Е. Зайцева, Л. А. Тинигина»

Пособие представляет собой сборник текстов, каждый из которых сопровождается заданиями на лексику, на проверку понимания прочитанного, а также переводом с русского на английский язык.

Цель данного пособия – выработать у студентов навыки просмотрового, поискового и аналитического чтения, расширить словарный запас, а также закрепить разнообразные грамматические конструкции, необходимые для адекватного понимания англоязычного текста.

Автор-составитель:

Доцент кафедры иностранных языков

Татьяна Андреевна Николаева

Эксперт:

Кандидат философских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков

Виктор Яковлевич Быстров

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Text 1: What is law? 4

Text 2: The System of Government of the UK 6

Text 3: The Law-making Process in the UK 8

Text 4: The Sovereign 9

Text 5: The Court System of England and Wales 10

Text 6: The Political Set-up of the USA 12

Text 7: The Congress 13

Text 8: The President and Federal Departments. 14

Text 9: The Federal Judiciary 16

Text 1: What is law?

Law is the whole set of rules that are supported by the power of government and that control the behaviour of members of society.

There are two main kinds of law – public and private (or civil). Private law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and Public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another.

The system of law consists of different categories of law.

Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law that regulates in general terms all legal relationships concerned with the state and law (separation of powers, essential features of the state, legislation).

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International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

Civil law deals with citizens’ rights, duties and obligations towards one another.

Criminal law deals with wrongful acts harmful to the community and punishable by the state.

As well as defining the powers of government of a country, most constitutions describe the fundamental rights of citizens. The European Convention of Human Rights is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.

The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights. Any person can take a case to the Court if he feels that his rights are violated by the state.
Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

1. 
   Состоять из
   
2. 
   Заниматься чем-либо, решать вопросы, касаться чего-либо
   
3. 
   Учреждать, создавать
   
4. 
   Споры между кем-либо
   
5. 
   Свод норм
   
6. 
   Законодательные акты
   
7. 
   Иметь отношение к, касаться
   
8. 
   Поддерживаться государственной властью
   
9. 
   Правовые отношения, касающиеся…
   
10. 
    Нарушать (права человека)
    

Exercise 2: Match these English words and word-combinations with their Russian equivalents:

	Поведение членов общества		Private law
	Гражданское право		Wrongful acts
	Регулировать чье-либо поведение		Behaviour of members of society
	Частное право		Citizens’ rights, duties and obligations
	Передать дело в суд		Civil law
	Права, обязанности и обязательства граждан		Essential features of the state
	Незаконные деяния		Take a case to a court
	Правовые отношения		Separation of powers
	Разделение властных полномочий		Legal relationships
	Основные особенности государства		Control the behaviour

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Exercise 3: Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is law?
   
2. 
   What categories of law can you name?
   
3. 
   What is the difference between Public and Private Law?
   
4. 
   What does Criminal law deal with?
   
5. 
   What does International law regulate?
   
6. 
   What does Constitutional Law deal with?
   
7. 
   What is the European Convention of Human Rights?
   

Text 2: The System of Government of the UK

Some countries have a “written constitution”. It means that their constitution is codified, that is, it is written in a single official handbook. For example, Russia and the USA have “written constitution”. On the other hand, such countries as the UK have an “unwritten”, or not codified constitution. Some of the rules made by Parliament are written down in statutes, but more depend on customs.

Britain is a constitutional monarchy, that is to say, the Monarch reigns but is limited by the rules of the state. At present His Majesty King Charles III is the head of the state. But his role is symbolic: he reigns but does not rule.

The Parliament represents the legislative branch of power and consists of two Houses: the upper House - the House of Lords and the lower House - the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers, who have inherited their titles and life peers who are appointed by the Queen for various services to the nation. The Chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor.

The House of Commons is made up of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected by the British people. The General Elections takes place every 5 years. The leader of the majority party becomes the Prime Minister.

The next branch of power – the executive – is represented by the Privy Council, the Ministry and the Government departments. The Privy Council is a formal body of royal advisors and its main role today is to advise the Monarch on a range of matters. It is headed by the Privy Councillor.

The Ministry is the Government of the moment. The head of the Ministry is the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms his Cabinet that is the centre of the Government and consists of about 20 most important ministers. There are also other ministers who are heads of the Government Departments.

Government Departments are responsible for implementing Government policy. Each department is headed by two people: a political head who is usually a minister and an administrative head from the Civil Service, called a permanent secretary. There are many such departments, for example the Home Office, the Department of Education, the Ministry of Defence, etc.

The Judiciary is the third branch of power in the UK. It was established in 2005 as the result of the law reform. It consists of the system of courts headed by the Supreme Court that started working in 2009. It is the ultimate court of appeal in the UK.
Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations:

	Кодифицированный		За заслуги перед страной
	Возглавлять		Председатель Лорд Канцлер
	Воплощать		Палата Общин
	Представлять		Избирать
	Ветвь власти		Всеобщие выборы
	Править		Партия большинства
	Управлять		Исполнительная ветвь власти
	Верхняя палата/ нижняя палата		Тайный Совет
	Конституционная монархия		Королевские советники
	Светские лорды		Быть ответственным за
	Духовные лорды		Чиновничий аппарат
	Священники		Судебная ветвь власти
	Англиканская Церковь		Быть основанным
	Наследные пэры		Судебная реформа
	Назначать		Высший апелляционный суд

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Exercise 2: Draw the scheme depicting the system of government of the UK.
Exercise 3: Write down the questions to the text and then ask your partner.
Exercise 4: Answer the questions using information in the text and the scheme you have made:

1. 
   What is the difference between written and unwritten constitution?
   
2. 
   Can you explain the following: “Britain is a constitutional monarchy”?
   
3. 
   Who is the head of the country?
   
4. 
   Name the branches of power in the UK.
   
5. 
   Which body represents the legislative branch of power?
   
6. 
   What does the Parliament consist of?
   
7. 
   What is the difference between Lords Temporal and Lords Spiritual?
   
8. 
   Which House of the Parliament is an elected body?
   
9. 
   How many MPs does the House of Commons consist of?
   
10. 
    Speak about the executive branch of power in detail.
    
11. 
    Who can become a Prime Minister?
    
12. 
    What do you know about the judicial branch of power?
    

Text 3: The Law-making Process in the UK

The functions of Parliament are: making new laws; providing money for the Government through taxation; examining government policy, administration and spending; debating political questions.

Every year Parliament passes about one hundred laws directly, by making Acts of Parliament. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

There are two main types of Bills – Public Bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private Bills – which deal with local matters and individuals.

When a Bill is introduced in the House of Commons, it receives the formal first reading. It is then printed and read the second time, when it is debated. After the second reading the Bill is referred to the committee. Here it is discussed in detail and amended if necessary. The Bill is then presented for the third reading and is debated. If the Bill is passed by the Commons it goes to the Lords where it goes through the same procedure. The House of Lords may only delay the passage of a Public Bill but cannot reject it. After receiving the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament.
Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following expressions:

1. 
   Налогообложение
   
2. 
   Законопроект
   
3. 
   Доходы и расходы
   
4. 
   Принимать закон
   
5. 
   Выдвинуть законопроект
   
6. 
   Затрагивать, касаться
   
7. 
   Пройти несколько стадий
   
8. 
   Выдвинуть законопроект
   
9. 
   Обсуждать законопроект
   
10. 
    Вносить поправки
    
11. 
    Получить Королевскую Санкцию
    
12. 
    Отклонить законопроект
    

Exercise 2: Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is the difference between a Bill and an Act of Parliament?
   
2. 
   What are two types of Bills? Discuss the difference between them.
   
3. 
   How many readings should a Bill receive to become an Act?
   
4. 
   What is the role of the House of Lords in a law-making process?
   
5. 
   Which of the two Houses has more power in a law-making process?
   

6. How does a Bill go through Parliament? How efficient and democratic is this process in your opinion?

Text 4: The Sovereign

The monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state.

The Queen Elizabeth II was the official head of state and for many people the symbol of the unity of the nation for 70 years. The current monarch is her eldest son King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother. By the hereditary principle, the Crown is passed on to the sovereign’s eldest son or daughter.

The monarch has the central role in state affairs, not only through his ceremonial functions, such as opening Parliamentary sessions, but also because he meets the Prime Minister every week and receives copies of all Cabinet papers.

Functions of the Sovereign:

• 
  Opening and closing Parliamentary sessions
  
• 
  Giving his Royal Assent to bills
  
• 
  Approving all major appointments in the state
  
• 
  Giving honors such as peerages, knighthoods and medals
  
• 
  Head of the Commonwealth
  
• 
  Head of the Church of England
  
• 
  Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
  

---

King Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) was the longest serving heir apparent in British history and, at the age of 73, is the oldest person to ascend the British throne.
Exercise 1: Give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations:

1. 
   Одобрять
   
2. 
   Государственные дела
   
3. 
   Символ единства нации
   
4. 
   Получать документы Кабинета министров
   
5. 
   Церемониальные функции
   
6. 
   Главнокомандующий
   
7. 
   Даровать почетные титулы
   
8. 
   Главные назначения
   
9. 
   Вооруженные силы
   
10. 
    Рыцарство
    

Exercise 2: Answer the questions:

1. 
   Who is the head of the UK?
   
2. 
   The monarch’s role is mainly symbolic. Can you explain?
   
3. 
   Name the King’s functions.
   
4. 
   What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of having a monarchy are?
   

Text 5: The Court System of England and Wales

The distinction between civil and criminal law is reflected in the structure of courts in England and Wales. The court system in Northern Ireland is similar but the system in Scotland is different and separate.

There are courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction. The civil courts are: the Court of Appeal (Civil Division), High Court of Justice, County Courts and Magistrates’ Courts. The criminal courts are: the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), the Crown Court and Magistrates’ Courts.

Before 2009 the House of Lords was the highest appeal court, but as a result of the law reform the Supreme Court was established and started working on October 1, 2009, and now it is the ultimate court of appeal in the country. The Supreme Court hears appeals from inferior courts of both civil and criminal jurisdiction.

The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates’ court. It hears minor criminal and some civil and family cases. More serious criminal cases are dealt with in the Crown Court. Civil cases are heard in County Courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from Magistrates’ Courts are heard in the Crown Court (criminal jurisdiction) or in the County Court (civil jurisdiction). Appeals from the Crown Court go to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) and then to the Supreme Court. Appeals from the County Court go to the High Court of Justice, then to the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) and then to the Supreme Court.

The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under 17) and coroners’ courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).
Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations:

1. 
   Схожий, подобный
   
2. 
   Мировой суд
   
3. 
   Верховный Суд
   
4. 
   Суд гражданской юрисдикции
   
5. 
   Суд Короны
   
6. 
   Суд по делам несовершеннолетних
   
7. 
   Дела рассматриваются (в суде)
   
8. 
   Споры между индивидуумами
   
9. 
   Уголовное дело
   
10. 
    Высокий Суд Правосудия
    
11. 
    Дело заслушивается (в суде)
    
12. 
    Мелкие дела
    
13. 
    Нижестоящие суды
    
14. 
    Высший апелляционный суд
    
15. 
    Суд Графства
    
16. 
    Налогообложение
    
17. 
    Правовая реформа
    
18. 
    Расследовать
    
19. 
    Насильственная, внезапная или неестественная смерть
    
20. 
    Правонарушитель
    

Exercise 2: Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales?
   
2. 
   Name the courts of civil jurisdiction.
   
3. 
   Name the courts of criminal jurisdiction.
   
4. 
   What is the highest court of appeal in England and Wales? When was it established?
   
5. 
   How are appeals heard in the English legal system?
   
6. 
   What do juvenile courts, coroners’ courts and administrative tribunals deal with?
   

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