MONOPOLY

Monopoly is a market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or service dealing with a large number of buyers. When a single seller faces a single buyer, that situation is known as bilateral monopoly.

The most important features of market structure are those, which-influence the nature of competition and price determination. The key element in this segment of market organization is the degree of seller concentration, or the number and size distributions of the sellers. There is monopoly when there is only one seller in an industry, and there is competition when there are many sellers in an industry. In cases of an intermediate number of sellers, that is, something between monopoly and competition, there can be two sellers (duopoly), a few sellers (oligopoly), or many sellers (atomistic competition).

Today the term monopoly is usually extended to include any group of firms, which act together to fix prices or levels of production. Complete control of all output is not necessary to exercise monopoly power. Any combination of firms, which controls at least 80 percent of an industry’s production, can dictate the prices of the remaining 20 percent.

Aside from private monopolies, there are public monopolies. One example of a public monopoly in the United States is the nonprofit postal service. There is also the «natural» monopoly, which exists when it is more efficient, technically, to have a single seller.

Although the precise definition of monopoly — a market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or service — cannot he applied directly to a labor union because a union is not a seller of services, labor unions have monopolistic characteristics. For example, when a union concludes a wage settlement, which sets wage rates at a level higher than that acceptable to unorganized workers, the union clearly contributes to monopolistic wage results. In effect, the price of labor (wages) is set without regard to the available supply of labor.

Monopolies versus Competition

Pure monopoly is a theoretical market structure where there is only one seller of a commodity or service, where entry into the industry is closed to potential competitors, and where the seller has complete control over the quantity of goods offered for sale and the price at which goods are sold. Pure monopoly is one of two limiting cases used in the analysis of market structure. The other is pure competition, a situation in which there are many sellers who can influence neither the total quantity of a commodity or service offered for sale nor its selling price. Hence, monopoly is the exact antithesis of competition. It is generally agreed that neither of these two limiting cases is to be found among existing market structures.

The monopolist establishes market position by ability to control absolutely the supply of a product or service offered for sale and the related ability to set price. Theoretically, profit maximization is the primary objective, and it is often possible to achieve this by restricting output and the quantity of goods offered for sale. Levels of output are held below the quantity that would be produced in a competitive situation. Hence, monopoly is of interest to economic policymakers because it may impede the most efficient possible allocation of a nation’s economic resources.

Monopolies held by individuals or organizations may begin by the granting of a patent or a copyright, by the possession of a superior skill or talent, or by the ownership of strategic capital. The huge capital investment necessary to organize a firm in some industries raises an almost insurmountable barrier to entry in these monopolistic fields and, thus, provides established corporations in these industries with potential monopoly power.

The use of such monopoly power may lead to the development of substitute products, to an attempt at entry into monopolistic fields by new firms (if profits are high enough), or to public prosecution or regulation. The antitrust policy of the federal government has prevented the domination of an industry by one firm or even a few firms. Moreover, with the growth of international trade and investment, it is no longer possible to determine whether an effective monopoly exists by studying market shares. The recent competitive pressures from Japanese sellers of autos and electronic products have resulted in more competition and less monopoly power on the part of U.S. manufacturers. Thus, the trend during the last 40 years or so in the United States has been away from monopolies in many industries and toward oligopolies.

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Vocabulary

bilateral monopoly — двусторонняя монополия

«natural» monopoly — естественная монополия

degree - степень

precise - точный

aside from — помимо

to conclude — заключать

nonprofit – некоммерческий

entry - вход, вступление

efficient – эффективный

to impede - затруднять

limiting cases — ограничи­вающие случаи

antithesis — антитезис, про­тивоположность

to establish — учреждать, устанавливать

economic policymakers — стратеги экономики

to grant — выдавать

superior — превосходящий

insurmountable — непреодо­лимый

domination — преобладание, доминирование

competitive pressures - кон­курентное давление

General understanding:

1. 
   What is a monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly, atomistic competition? - Monopoly is a market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or service dealing with a large number of buyers. There can be 2 sellers – that is duopoly, a few sellers – oligopoly, or many sellers – atomistic competition.
   
2. 
   What is a bilateral monopoly? - When a single seller faces a single buyer, that situation is known as bilateral monopoly.
   
3. 
   Is full control necessary for the monopoly? – No, complete control of all output is not necessary to exercise monopoly power.
   
4. 
   What is an example of a public monopoly? - One example of a public monopoly in the United States is the nonprofit postal service.
   
5. 
   What is a «natural» monopoly? - There is also the «natural» monopoly, which exists when it is more efficient, technically, to have a single seller.
   
6. 
   What are the two «limiting cases» used in the analysis of market structures? - Pure monopoly is one of two limiting cases used in the analysis of market structure. The other is pure competition, a situation in which there are many sellers who can influence neither the total quantity of a commodity or service offered for sale nor its selling price.
   
7. 
   How do the monopolies begin? - Monopolies held by individuals or organizations may begin by the granting of a patent or a copyright, by the possession of a superior skill or talent, or by the ownership of strategic capital.
   

Which of the following is wrong: - The first one is wrong, all the rest are right.

1. 
   When two buyers meet two sellers it is called bilateral monopoly. - wrong
   
2. 
   The degree of sellers concentration is the number and size distributions of monopolists.
   
3. 
   Any group of firms which act together to fix prices or levels of production is a monopoly.
   
4. 
   Monopoly is a 100% different thing than competition.
   
5. 
   Economic policymakers are interested in monopolies on markets.
   

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Find the equivalents in Russian:

1. 
   market structure – структура рынка
   
2. 
   segment of market – сегмент рынка
   
3. 
   public monopolies – общественные монополии
   
4. 
   labor unions – трудовые объединения, профсоюзы
   
5. 
   entry into the industry – вступление в индустрию, выход в отрасль
   
6. 
   profit maximization - максимизация прибыли
   
7. 
   substitute products – продукты заменители
   
8. 
   antitrust policy – антимонопольная политика
   

Translate into Russian:

1. 
   Monopoly is a market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or service dealing with a large number of buyers. – Монополия это структура рынка с единственным продавцом товара или обслуживания, который имеет дело с большим количеством покупателей.
   
2. 
   The key element in this segment of market organization is the degree of seller concentration. – Ключевой элемент в этом сегменте рыночной организации это степень концентрации продавца.
   
3. 
   Complete control of all output is not necessary to exercise monopoly power – Нет необходимости полностью контролировать продукцию, чтобы осуществлять монопольскую власть.
   
4. 
   Pure monopoly is a theoretical market structure where there is only one seller of a commodity or service. – Чистая монополия – это теоретическая структура рынка, где есть только один продавец товара или услуги.
   
5. 
   Monopoly is the exact antithesis of competition. – Монополия – это полная противоположность соревнованию.
   
6. 
   The use of monopoly power may lead to the development of substitute products. – Использование монопольской власти может привести к развитию продуктов заменителей.
   
7. 
   The trend during the last 40 years or so in the United States has been away from monopolies in many industries and toward oligopolies. – Тенденция в течение последних сорока лет или также в Соединенных Штатах была направлена от монополий во многих отраслях промышленности к олигополиям.
   

Give definitions in English to the following:

1. 
   Monopoly is a market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or service dealing with a large number of buyers
   
2. 
   bilateral monopoly is a structure with a single seller who faces a single buyer
   
3. 
   duopoly is a structure with two sellers.
   
4. 
   atomistic competition is a structure with many sellers.
   
5. 
   «natural» monopoly exists when it is more efficient, technically, to have a single seller.
   
6. 
   public monopoly is nonprofit postal service.
   

WHAT IS OLIGOPOLY

An oligopoly exists when a few sellers of a commodity or service deal with a large number of buyers. When a few sellers face a few buyers, that situation is known as bilateral oligopoly. In the case of oligopoly a small number of companies supply the major portion of an industry’s output. In effect the industry is composed of a few large firms which account for a significant share of the total production. Thus, the actions of the individual firms have an appreciable effect on their competitors.

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However, it does not follow as a consequence of the presence of relatively few firms in an industry that competition is absent. Although there are few firms in an industry, they may still act independently, and the outcome of their actions is consistent with competition. With few firms in an industry, each takes into account the likely repercussions of its actions. For example, each seller knows that if he or she lowers prices, the few competitors will immediately follow suit and lower their prices, leaving the seller with roughly the same share of the total market but lower profits. However, the seller may be reluctant to raise prices because competitors might not follow this lead.

One feature of markets with few sellers is that prices are often stable, except during periods of very rapid inflation. Also, prices of oligopolistic industries generally fluctuate less widely than in more competitive industries.


Vocabulary

to exist — существовать

to deal with - иметь дело с чем-либо(кем-либо)

bilateral - двусторонний

portion — часть, доля, пор­ция

to be composed of — состо­ять из

appreciable — значительный

consistent — последователь­ный

repercussions - последствия

roughly the same — практи­чески такой же

reluctant — неохотный

stable — стабильный

General understanding:

1. 
   When does oligopoly exist? - An oligopoly exists when a few sellers of a commodity or service deal with a large number of buyers.
   
2. 
   What is bilateral oligopoly? - When a few sellers face a few buyers, that situation is known as bilateral oligopoly
   
3. 
   Is absent of competition a common phenomenon? –No, it isn’t.
   
4. 
   What is known to happen if one competitor lowers the price? – It is knows that if one seller lowers prices, the few competitors will immediately follow it and lower their prices, leaving the seller with roughly the same share of the total market but lower profits.
   
5. 
   What is the feature of the market with few sellers? - One feature of markets with few sellers is that prices are often stable, except during periods of very rapid inflation
   

Translate into Russian:

1. 
   When a few sellers face a few buyers, this situation is known as bilateral oligopoly. – Когда несколько продавцов сталкиваются с несколькими покупателями, эта ситуация известна как двусторонняя олигополия.
   
2. 
   The actions of the individual firms have an appreciable effect on their competitors. – Действия частных фирм имеют значительное влияние на своих конкурентов.
   
3. 
   Although there are few firms in an industry, they may still act independently – Хотя существуют мало фирм в промышленности, они могут действовать независимо.
   
4. 
   One feature of markets with few sellers is that prices are often stable. – Одна особенность рынков с несколькими продавцами заключается в стабильности цен.
   
5. 
   Prices of oligopolistic industries generally fluctuate less widely. – Цены олигополистической отрасли в основном колеблются менее широко.
   

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Compose sentences using the following expres­sions:

1. 
   to deal with smth. In monopoly one seller deals with a large number of buyers.
   
2. 
   to face smth. In bilateral monopoly a single seller faces a single buyer.
   
3. 
   to be composed of smth. The salad is composed of a carrot,a beetroot and one egg.
   
4. 
   to be reluctant to smth. I am reluctant to cook dinner.
   
5. 
   in case of smth. In case of this accident she was reluctant to answer the questions.
   

Write an occupation of a person. Compose one sentence with each word:

1. 
   produce —producer
   
2. 
   consume —consumer
   
3. 
   trade — trader
   
4. 
   purchase — purchaser
   
5. 
   sell — seller
   
6. 
   observe — observer
   

Find equivalents in Russian:

1. 
   act independently – действовать независимо
   
2. 
   take into account – брать в расчет, принимать во внимание
   

6. 
   not follow this lead - не следовать этому примеру
   

4. 
   fluctuate less widely – колебаться менее широко
   

Questions for discussion:

1. 
   How can policymakers influence the economics via oligopolies? Как политики могут повлиять на экономику с помощью олигополии? – In case of oligopolies the prices are stable that is why the economics will survive the periods of rapid inflation.
   
2. 
   Is price stability a good trend in economy? What about the 60s-70s in the history of USSR? Стабильность в цене – хорошая тенденция в экономике? Как насчет 60-70-х годов в истории СССР? – I think that price stability is a good trend in economy like in the history of the USSR.
   
3. 
   Why in your opinion there are no such institutions as natural and public oligopolies? Почему, по вашему мнению, нет таких ведомств как естественной и общественной монополий? – I think there are no such institutions as natural and public oligopolies because of the technical difficulty. It is more efficient to have a single seller.
   

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