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C. M. Tapr
KPATKYIYI KYPC TEOPETYIYECKOYI MEXAHI1KI1
113.UAHI1E 10-e, TIEPEPABOTAHHOE 11 .U0TIOJ1HEHHOE
,lJ,onyrueao MHHHCTepcTBOM :ShJCIIIero H cpe.n.~rero cneuuaJibHoro o6pasoaaHMH CCCP B KaqecTBe yqeounKa
]J.JIH Bb!CIIIHX TeXHH'leCKHX yqeOHb!X aaae.n.euuii
MOCKBA «BblClliMI lliKOJlA» 1986
BBK 22.21
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p e U e H 3 e H T: Kacpe,!lpa TeOpeTH'IeCKOli MeXaf!llKH YHHBepCI!TeTa .UpylK6bl HapO,!lOB llM. n. JlyMyM6bi
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Tapr C. M.
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@l1s,!laTeJibCTBO «HayKa», 1974
@113,!laTeJibCTBO «Bb!CIIIaa IIIKOJ!a:t, 1986, 0 H3MeHeHilllMH
UPE)J,HCJIOBHE I( )J,ECSITOMY H3,lJ.AHHIO
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OT npe,ll,bi.IJ:Ylll.llX ll3,lJ,aHHH neJibiM p5I.IJ:OM II3MeHeHHH ll ,lJ,OIIOJIHe-
HHH, BHeCeHHblX BO BCe pa3,neJibi Kypca.
B cTaTHKe cyiiJ,eCTBeHHO H3MeHeHbi nocJI~OBaTeJihHOCTh, a
BMeCTe C TeM II caMO ll3J!o:tKeHHe p5I,ll,a BOIIpOCOB; OC06eHHO 3TO KocuyJIOCb co.nep1KaHnH rJiaB III, IV H qacTntrHo V, VII. B KHHeManiKe H3MeHeHhi JIHillh HeKOTOpbie ,lJ,OKa3aTeJihCTBa (§ 43, 66).
PaccMoTpeune rpaiflHtiecKnx MeTO.IJ:OB lfCKJirotreHo H B CTaTHKe,
H B KHHeMaTHKe.
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ra3a (§ 113, 119), 3JieMeHTbl TeopHH ycTOHl!HBOCTH paBIIDBeCHH
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JKe MHorne crreunaJibHbie HHJKeHepHhle ,n:ncunrrJIHHbi. O,n,HaKo so scex 3THX 06JiaCTHX HapH,n:y CO crreuncpntreCKHMll ,lJ,J!H KalK,ll,OH H3 HllX 3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH ll MeTO,lJ,aMH HCCJie,lJ,OBaHHH OCIHpaiOTC5! Ha pH,ll, OCHOBHhlX 3aKOHOB llJ!ll rrpllHUHITOB H llCIIOJib3YIOT MHOrne IIOHHTllH H MeTO,ll,bi, 06-
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CTOJleTHflX B03HHKHoBeHne n poeT B CTpauax 3arra,'I.Holin UeHTpa.TlbHofl: EBpOIThi 6ypiKYa3HhiX OTHOIIIeHHH ITOCJlyJKHJlll TOJl'IKOM K 3Ha'IHTeJlhHOMY ITO,ll,beMy peMeCeJl, TOprOBJlll, MOpen.TlaBaHllfl II BOeHHOfO ,n:e.Tla (noHBJleHIIe OrHeCTpe.TlbHOrO opy1KH51), a T8KJKe K B81KHbiM aCTpOHOMH'leCKHM OTKphiTHflM. Bee 3TO crroco6cTBOBaJlo HaKOrr.TleHnro 60Jlhllloro OIIhiTHoro MaTepna.Tla, cHcTeMaTnsau.rrH n o6o6rn.eurre KOToporo npnBeJln B XVII CTOJleTllll K_ OTKphiTlliO 3aKOHOB ,'I.HH8MllKH. r JlaEHhle 3ac.nyrn
B C03.IJ:aHHH OCHOB .IJ:HHaMHKH rrpHHa,n,JielKaT reHHaJlhHbiM HCC.ne,n:oBaTeJlflMfaJIIIJieo fa.nn.nero (1564-1642) nl1caaKy HbiOTOHY (1643-1727). 13 cotinHeHnn HhiOTOHa «MaTeMaTHIIeCKrre Hatia.na HaTypaJihHoii <}>u.noco<}>nrr», ll3.IJ:aHHOM B 1687 r., ll 6biJIH ll3J!OlKeHhi B CllCTeMaTH'leCKOMBH,n:e OCHOBHhle 3aKOHhl K,TJaCCH'leCKOH MeXaHHKH (3aKOHhi HbiOTOHa).
B XVIII B. Ha'IHHaeTcflHHTeHcHBHoe pa3BHTne a MexaHHKe aua.nHTIItieCKHX MeTO.IJ:OB, T. e. MeTO,'J.OB, OCHOBaHHhiX Ha IIpHMeHeHHH ,'I.H¢qlepeHU.H8JlhHOrO n HHTerpa.nhHOro HCIIrrc.neHHH. MeTO.IJ:hi peiiieHHfl 3a,n,aq
,l(IIHaMIIKH TO'IKllll TBep,n:orO TeJia IIYT€M COCTaBJieHH51 H llHTerpHpOBaHllfl COOTBeTCTByiOIIJ;HX ,'I.H¢qlepeHU.HaJihHhiXypaBHeHHH 6hiJ!ll pa3pa6o-
TaHbi BeJillKllM MaTeMaTHKOM H MeXaHHKOM Jl. 9iiJiepOM (1707-1783). Hs ,'l.pyrnxnccJie,n:osaunii B 3TOI1 o6JiacTH Han60Jihiiiee 3HatieHH~ .l(Jlfl
pasBHTHfl MexaHHKH nMe.nn TPY.IJ:hi Bhi,n:aror.quxc51 cppauu.yscKHX yll'eHhiX
)1(. Jl.a.naM6epa ( 1717-1783), rrpe,'I.J!OJKHBIIIero CBOH H3BeCTHhiH rrpHHUIIII perneHHfl 3a,n:aq .IJ:HHaMHKll, H /K.. JlarpaHlKa (1736-1813), pa3-
paOOTaBI.llero 06UJ.HH aHaJIHTH'leCKHllMeTO.IJ: peiiieHHfl 3a,'l.ati.IJ:HHaMHKll Ha OCHOBe npHHU.HIIa Jla.naM6epa I1 IIpHHU.HIIa B03MO.IKHhiX rrepeMei.qeHHH.
B HaCTOHmee npeMfl aHaJIHTHtiecKne MeTO,'I.hipeiiieHnfl sa,'I.ati5IBJ15IIOTCH B .IJ:HHaMilKe OCHOBHhlMH.
I\IIHeMaTHKa, KaK OT,'I.eJ!hHhiHpa3,n:eJI MeXaHHKH, Bhi,'I.eJIHJiaChJlHIIIh B XIX B. rro.n: BJIHHnrreM 3arrpocos pasnrrnarow.erocH MaiiiHHoctpoeHnH.
B Hacroflmee npeMfl KHHeMaTHKa HMeeT n 60JihiiiOe caMOCTOHTeJihHoe BHatieHHe ,'1..1151 H3ylJ'eHH51,'I.BHJKeHllfl MeXaHH3MOB H M8IIIHH.
B Poccrrn Ha pasBHTne rrepBhiX rrccJie,n:onaHHH no MexaHnKe 60Jihmoe BJIHHHHe oKasaJIH rpy,n:hr reHHaJibHoro yqeftoro n Mhlc.nrrre.nH
* TepMHH «MexaHHKal> BnepBbie nOHBJmeTcsr B CO'II!HeHI!HXO,!lHoro 113 Bbl,!laiOIUI!x-
cH !j>IIJiocO<j>oB ,!lpeBHOCTII Ap!!CTOTeJisr (384-322 r • .llO H. 3.) 11 rrpo!!CXO.lli!T oT rpe'leCKO· ro mechane, osua'laiOw.erono coBpeMeHHblM rrOHHTIIHM ~coopyJKeHI!e», ~MaUIIIHa».
M. B. JloMOHOCoBa (1711-1765), a TaKJKe TBOpiieCTBO JI. 3fiJiepa,.,!\OJIroe npeMfl JKHBillero B Poccnn II pa6oran111ero B I1eTep6yprcKoii aKa,!\e-
MIIH HayK. l13 MHOfOIJIICJ!eHHbiX OTeiJeCTBeHHbiX ytieHbiX, BHeCillllX 3Ha-
tUfTeJiblfblH BKJia,!\ B pa3BHTHe pa3JIIItiHbiX 06JiaCTeH MeXaHHKH, rrpeJKJJ;e ncero ,1\0JIJKHbi 6b!Tb HasBaHbl: M. B. OcTporpaJJ;cKuii (1801-1861), KO-
TopoMy npnHaJJ;JieJKHT P5UI. BaJKHbrx 11ccJieJJ;OBaHnfi no aHaJIHTniiecKIIM MeToJJ;aM pe111eH11fl saJJ;aii MexaHHKn; TI. JI. 4e6bll11eB (1821-1894), cosJJ;aB111HH HOBoe HarrpaBJieHIIe B llCCJieJJ;OBaHIIII JJ;BIIJKeHHH MeXaHII3MOB;
C. B. KosaJieBcKafl (1850-1891), pe111nB111a51 OJJ;HY us TpyJJ;HeH11111X saJJ;ati ,n,nHaMIIKII TBepJJ;oro TeJia; A.M. JlflrryHoB (1857-1918), KOTOpblii
,n,aJI CTporyiO IIOCTaHOBKY OJJ;HOH 113 cpyn,n,aMeHTaJibHbiX sa,n,aq MexaHIIKH
n ncero ecTeCTB03HaHII51 - sa,n,aqn o6 ycTofitii1BOCTH pamwsec1151 n JJ;BI1JKeHH51 n paspa6oTaJI Han6oJiee o6mne MeTO,ll,bl ee pe111eHnH; 11. B. MemepcKIIH (1859-1935), BHeCilliiH OOJibillOH BKJia,n; B pe111eHHe 3aJJ;ati MexaHHKll TeJI rrepeMeHHOH MaCChi; K. 3. UnoJIKOBCKIIH (1857-1935), asTOp p5I)l;a cpyH,n,aMeHTaJibHblX llCCJ!e,ll,OBaHI1H IIO TeOpHll peaKTIIBHOrO
.n.snJKeH115I; A. H. Kpb!JIOB (1863-1945), paspa6oTaBI11HH TeOpHIO Ka- pa6.rm II MHOrO BHeCillllH B pa3BllTIIe Teopnn rnpOCKOIIa ll rHpOCKOIIII-
treCKHX IIpii6opOB.
Bbi,lJ,aiOIII.eecfl sHatieHne ,n:Jifl ,n,aJibHei1:111ero pasBHTHfl MexaHMKH nMe-
JIH Tpy.n;hi «oTua pyccKOH annauiiH» |
H. E. /I\yKoBcKoro (1847-1921) 11 |
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ero 6JIHJKaHI11ero |
yiieHHKa OCHOBOIIOJIO.>KHHKa |
ra30BOH |
.IJ:HHaMHKU |
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C. A. llanJihirHHa |
(1869-1942). |
XapaKTeprmfi |
"IepTorr |
TBopqecTBa |
H. E. )I\yKoBcKoro 6biJIO rrpnJIOJKeHIIe MeTo,n,os MexaHHKI1 K pe111eHn10 aKTya.T!bHblX TexHntieCKHX sa.n.a~. npnMepoM tieMy cJiyJKaT MHorne ero TPY,'I.bino ,n,nHaMnKe caMoJieTa, _paspa60TaHHa51 HM TeopnH rn,'l.paBJIHqeCKOro y,'l.apa B Tpy6ax n ,n:p. BoJibi110e BJIHflHHe n,n,en H. E. /I\yKoB-
cKoro OKa3aJIH H Ha npeiiO,'I.aBaHHeMeXaHHKH B BbiCWllX TeXHIItieCKHX
ytre6Hb!X 3aBe,'J.eHH5IX Harnefi CTpaHbl.
B HaUIH .IJ:Hll rrepe,'l.OTeqeCTBeHHOH HayKOH H TeXHHKOH CT05IT Ba.>K-
Hbie 3a,'l.atillIIO yCKOpeHHIO HaytiHG-TeXHHtieCKOfO rrporpecca ll ,'l.aJ!bHeii:- illeMy pa3BllTHIO H COBepilleHCTBOBaHIUO COIJ.HaJIHCTllliCCI\OfO IIpOH3BO.IJ:-
CTBa. B |
tii1CJie 3THX sa,'l.atiTaKne aKTyaJibHbre rrpo6JieMhi, KaK anToMaTn- |
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sauHfl |
IIpOH3BO,'I.CTBeHHbiX rrpoueccOB ll HX OIITHMH3aUHH, C03,'1.aHHe H |
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BHe,'l.peHneIIpOMblWJieHHbiX po60TOB, 3qxpeKTHBHOe HCIIOJ!b30BaHHe |
Bcex |
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KOHCTPYKIJ.HOHHbiX MaTepnaJIOB H MHorue .n:pyrue. .UJifl peweHHH |
3THX |
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sa.n.aq BaJKHOe sHatieHue HMeeT .n.aJibHefiillee IIOBbiWeHne KatieCTBa |
no.n:- |
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roTOBKII HH:meHepHbiX Ka,'I.pOB, paCI11HpeHHe TeOpeTH'leCI<Oll 6a3bi 11X 3HaHHH, B TOM <mcJie H 3HaHHH B o6JiaCTH O,n:HOH 113 cpyH,'I.aMeHTaJ!bHblX 06IIJ.eHaytrHbiX ,'I.llCIJ.HIIJ!IIHTeOpeTIItieCKOH MeXaHHKll.