Файл: English e-version.pdf

Text 9В

Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: Какую новую информацию вы нашли в тексте?

За счет чего можно устранить недостатки в существующих погружаемых аппаратах?

Now most submersibles are connected with a support ship on the surface. This connection is an armoured cable measuring an inch or two in diameter and weighing up to 10 tons and it transmits power and navigational commands to the submersible, as well as sends sensor data and television images back to the support ship. Cables allow submersibles to transmit data at a great speed, but they limit the range of territory studied and have many disadvan­ tages in operation.

Autonomous underwater submersibles can move freely. Con­ trolled by on-board microprocessors or by acoustic signals trans­ mitted by a ship on the surface, battery-operated submersibles can cover much greater areas. They can operate under ice and in very deep water. Such three-ton unmanned crafts can submerge to the depth of almost 20,000 feet and stay there for up to seven hours. High quality images of the ocean bottom can be transmitted to the support ship in three to four seconds (because of the slow speed — about 5,000 feet per second through water — acoustic data trans­ mission is much less quick than signals sent via cable which travel at the speed of light).

But even these most advanced submersibles have definite disad­ vantages: batteries are heavy, data transmission is slow and com­ puter programs are primitive. Future submersibles may overcome those difficulties. Some may be propelled by nuclear power or by fuel cells (топливные элементы) that use oxygen from the sea water. Many of them will rely on signal-compression techniques to speed up acoustic data links. Computerized systems will enable some submersibles to repair damaged telephone cables or oil plat­ forms. If research work in this field continues to expand at its present rate, the number of radically different kind of more effi­ cient crafts will appear very soon.

Text 9C

Прочитайте текст. Назовите особенности современного спасательного средства на воде и принцип его действия.

Lifeboats

Even though we now have ships of a kind unknown in earlier centuries, we are still very far from mastering the sea. The Greek

186

sailor who was shipwrecked (терпеть кораблекрушение) on his way home from Troy and the sailor of tomorrow whose nuclearpowered cargo ship might be on fire both face the same dangers. They may drown (тонуть), and so they need to keep afloat. They may die, and so they need to keep themselves covered and dry. Rescuers (спасатель) may never find them, and so they need to send signals.

The Greek sailor at the time of the Trojan war had only a small chance of survival (спасение). The sailor of tomorrow has a greater chance, especially if the ship has one of the new rescue crafts on board.

One such lifeboat looks more like a flying saucer (тарелка) than a boat. Sailors on board a ship which is in trouble can get into the capsule, close the water-tight doors and operate the controls which drop the capsule automatically into the sea. Made of glass fibre (стекловолокно) the capsule will float on the sea and will not be dragged down by the sinking ship. It will protect the men inside from explosions, fire and extreme cold. It has a thirty-kilowatt diesel engine and so can carry survivors to the coast. To help rescue ship and aircraft to find it, the upper part of the capsule is covered with a special orange paint which can be detected by radar. Each capsule is large enough for twenty eight men.

Text 9D

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски, что вы узнали об истории Гринвича и его сегодняшнем дне.

Greenwich

Greenwich is on the river Thames, five miles from the middle of London, and its story is 2,000 years old. The first English people ~ the Saxons — were fishermen there and they gave Greenwich its name — «the green village».

You can still walk along the old Roman road in Greenwich park. But the river was the true road to the outside world for the Romans and for English kings and queens who later lived in Greenwich.

The King Henry VIII loved this place. He knew that England must be strong at sea. So two big shipyards were started at Greenwich and for 350 years the ships made there were the best in the world.

Many ships were lost at sea — their sailors did not know how to tell exactly where they were.

In the 17th century astronomer Flamstead tried to find the an­ swer. He worked in an Observatory on the high ground in Green­ wich park. The walls of its big light-sided (непрочной) room shook

187

when the weather was bad. But from it, with a telescope made by himself, Flamstead could look all round the sky. And he did look night after night for twenty years. Carrying on Flamstead's work a hundred years later, an astronomer called Harrison finally made a clock which told the time at sea and helped sailors to know where they were. You can see Harrison's clock, still working in Green­ wich museum of the sea. Because of Flamstead's work every coun­ try in the world now tells its time by Greenwich time.

Every year a million people come to Greenwich to see its mu­ seums and palaces and its two famous ships: one old, one new. Both the big CUTTY SARK and the little GYPSY MOTH sailed through dangerous waters before they came safely back to their Greenwich home. At-the end of the 1800's the CUTTY SARK was the fastest ship of its size. Carrying more than a million kilos of tea, she travelled the 25,000 kilometeres from China to England in only hundred days.

Next to the CUTTY SARK is the GYPSY MOTH - only 16.5 metres long, but full of newest equipment. Her captain Sir F. Chichester wanted his ship to sail as far and as fast as the CUTTY SARK. When he sailed round the world by himself in CYPSY MOTH in 1966 - the first man ever to do this - he took a flag from the CUTTY SARK with him.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте 9А:

а) ключевые слова со значением deep sea ship; переведите их;

б) словосочетания с under и близкие по значению выражения, переведи­ те их;

в) слово marine и словосочетания с ним; поясните их и приведите примеры.

Упражнение 2. А. Прочитайте текст. Постарайтесь догадаться о значении

термина scuba divers,

А computer for scuba divers will provide in one device informa­ tion about time, depth and air supply. It is to be used together with special divers' tables. A display will provide visual information and audible warnings about critical conditions.

If a diver wants to know an accurate depth he is down, he must set water type he is in. If he is in the sea, he will set «sea water», otherwise he will set «fresh water». The device shows the diver's current depth in meters and the level of power left in the batteries. It will indicate if the level is low, medium or high.

188

If a diver wants to know how long he has been down, he can see this from the display. If a diver needs to spend some minutes at a certain depth for decompression, he will start his stop watch, and will wait until the time has elapsed (passed). If a diver wants to know the amount of air left in the tank, he can see this from the contents display.

A warning signal tells him when he must start his ascent. Before he descends, the diver sets the time to ascend. If he began his as­ cent before the display started flashing, he would be within safe Umits. If he did not ascend then, he would expose himself to de­ compression sickness. If he started his ascent and went up too quickly, he would see a warning light «Too fast». Then he should slow down his ascent.

B.Объясните на английском языке значения следующих слов и словосо­ четаний: scuba diving, stop watch, displayflashing, air tank content, expose oneselfto decompression sickness. Переведите их.

C.Найдите в тексте дополнительное придаточное предложение с союзом if

D. Заполните пропуски антонимами выделенных слов.

1.Tables give information about safe and ... diving limit,

2.Time information is the time from the beginning of the diver's descent to the ... of his ...

3.If a diver is in the sea, he will set «sea water», otherwise he will set ...

4.Battery level information indicates if the level is low or ...

5.Before a diver starts to descend, he should set the time when he must ...

E.Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

189

Упражнение 3. Составьте возможные словосочетания глаголов из колон­ ки А и существительных из колонки В.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски, образуя составные слова, общеизве­ стные словосочетания и термины. Запомните их.

Упражнение 5. A. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему: «New developments in manned submersibles».

В. Speak about:

Modern scuba diving.

190

REVISION OF LESSONS 7-9

Упражнение 1. Повторите причастия I, II, герундий и условные прида­ точные предложения. Переведите.

1. Bob is very good at solving mathematical equations. 2. She has never done any computing. 3. We saw an old man lying on the road. 4. Being a disabled, he could not drive a car. 5. The train be­ ing late, they decided to return home. 6. His favourite pastime is playing computer games. 7. Realizing the danger, they stopped. 8. The house rebuilt recently is very beautiful. 9. Look at the dis­ played objects! Look at the objects being displayed! 10. Graphic artists like adding colour and depth to their drawings and designs. 11. Having completed the job, the man left early. 12. The task hav­ ing been accomplished, the pilot returned to the base. 13. Having been rebuilt recently, the house is very attractive now. 14. Scien­ tists are interested in developing new programming languages. 15. What do you think of the methods being used in these experi­ ments? 16. Our engineers will discuss the methods used and the re­ sults obtained. 17. Given certain conditions such work can be done by anybody. 18. The speed of a microprocessor is very important in processing information. 19. A fax machine is used for sending and receiving copies of original documents via a phone line. 20. Joy­ stick is an input device especially helpful when playing computer games. 21. Distance measuring equipment now being used in all airplanes, pilots know exactly their position and speed. 22. Pro­ vided electronic and radio navigation equipment had not been im­ proved so radically in recent years, aircraft flying would not have been so reliable and efficient. 23. Manhattan, one of the New York boroughs, is not large in size and population, people coming there only for work, to the theaters, museums and clubs. 24. If you got tired while getting ready for your exam, you should break off for half an hour. 25. We learnt of the engineers' having invented a wheel-computerized system that monitors and adjusts air-pressure in tyres. 26. Most submersibles do not move very far from the sup­ port ship, the connecting cables limiting their range. 27. Unless the internal combustion engine had been invented, the automobile in­ dustry would not have begun to develop so rapidly all over the world. 28. When completed, the new dirigible will be the largest and the most powerful one. 29. Hundreds of radio navigation sta­ tions being located at different places around the world, pilots are at constant link with them. 30. The principles of ecology are as real as those of aerodynamics. If an aircraft is to fly, it has to satisfy cer­ tain criteria of thrust and lift. Similarly, if an economy is to keep up progress, it must satisfy the basic principles of ecology. If it does not, it will decline (приходить в упадок).

191

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на грамматику уроков 7—9.

How It Works

Fuel warning light. Many cars have a fuel warning light. The level of fuel (petrol) in the tank being very low, this light switches on and the driver can see that he needs more petrol. How does this fuel warning light work?

The level of the fuel falling, the float moves downwards. When this happens, the arm also moves downwards and makes the lever touch an electrical contact, thus switching on the fuel light in the car.

Seeing the fuel warning light, the driver puts more petrol into the tank. This makes the fuel level rise and pushes the float up­ wards. When risen, the float makes the arm move upwards and this causes the level to move upwards also. The fuel warning light then switches off

A car cooling system. Most car engines are cooled by water. The water flows around the engine and then passes through the ra­ diator. It then passes through the water pump and around the en­ gine again.

Thus, there are several stages in this cycle:

1.Waterflowsaround the engine. The engine is cooled and wa­ ter is heated.

2.When heated, the hot water enters the radiator through the top hose (шланг).

3.Flowing down through the radiator, the hot water is cooled by air. The air is drawn through the radiator by a fan (вентилятор). This fan is turned by a belt, which is driven by the engine. The cool water leaves the radiator through the bottom hose. The water is pumped around the engine again.

Finding a fault in a car. If your car doesn't start in the morning, you should check three things first: the battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs (свеча зажигания). It is easy to repair these faults. If the battery is flat, you should recharge it. If this doesn't work, you should replace it. If the petrol tank is empty, fill it up. If the spark plugs are dirty, clean them, and if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow or too wide, adjust it to the correct width.

If your car still doesn't start, the petrol pump may be broken, or the fuel pipe may be blocked. If the pump is broken, it must be re­ paired or replaced. If the fuel pipe is blocked, take it off'and unblock it.

If there is a loud click when you turn the key, the starter motor may be jammed (заклинивать). If it is, you can try to release it by pushing the car forwards and backwards (in 2nd gear). If the car still doesn't start, the starter motor should be repaired or replaced.

192

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски следующими словами:

1. In a car the flat battery, the empty fuel tank and the dirty

spark plugs are the ... that can be easily eliminated. 2. If your car

doesn't start, check the ... and the fuel ... . 3. If the battery is flat,

try to ... or ... it. 4. If the ... tank is ... , fill it with petrol. 5. If the ...

... are dirty, ... them. 6. Adjust the gap in a spark plug if it is too ...

while turning the key, the starter motor may be jammed. 10. If it is

Упражнение 4. A. Прочитайте текст.

Automotive Engines

Speaking about automotive engines one should say that the two most common types of engine for land vehicles are the petrol en­ gine and the diesel engine.

Since petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines, they are cheaper. Therefore, most cars and motorbikes use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel en­ gines. They usually go faster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel and last longer than petrol engines, and this is why larger vehicles such as trucks and trains use them. They are also safer than petrol engines, because there is less danger of fire.

There are two main types of petrol engine — 4-stroke and 2-stroke. All cars and larger motor-cycles use 4-stroke engines. But most smaller motorbikes use 2-stroke engines. These are lighter and smaller than 4-stroke engines, and are therefore cheaper.

B.Ответьте на вопросы.

1.Which is the lightest of the three engines (2-stroke, 4-stroke or diesel)? 2. Which is the least expensive? 3. Which is the noisiest?

4.Which is the largest? 5. Which is the safest? Why? 6. Which has the lowest fuel consumption?

C.Speak about:

The main systems of a car.

193