Файл: Metodi4ka.doc

Шановні пані і панове!

Ми отримали Ваш лист...

Дякуємо за лист ...

Ваш лист, в якому Ви просите

про ... (з вимогою про...)

ми уважно розглянули...

У відповідь на Ваш лист від...

Посилаючись на Ваш лист

від...повідомляємо, що...

Ми раді повідомити Вам приємну

новину...

Однак ми повинні нагадати Вам, що...

Із Вашого листа ми дізналися, що...

На підтвердження факсу від...

Просимо вибачити за затримку з

відповіддю на Ваш лист...

Будь-ласка, прийміть наші

вибачення за...

У першу чергу...

Фактично...

Ми повинні повідомити Вас про

неможливість виконати Ваше

прохання...

Зміст Вашого телекса дещо

здивував нас...

Повинні нагадати Вам...

Вам, звичайно, відомо, що...

Додаємо копію листа від фірми від...

Dear Sirs, and Madams!

We have received your letter...

We thank you for your letter of...

We have given proper attention to

your letter where you ask us to do...

(with the request/demand of...)

In reply to your letter of...

Referring to your letter of... we

inform you of...(that...)

We are glad to share good news

with you...

We are sorry (we regret) to have to

remind you that...

We learn from your letter that. . .

In confirmation of your fax of...

We apologize for the delay in

answering your letter...

Please, accept our apologizes for...

First of all (in the first place...)

In fact (actually; virtually)...

We have to inform you of our being

unable to meet your request...

The contents of your telex was a

sort of a surprise for us...

We have to remind you that...

You are no doubt aware that...

We enclose (are enclosing) a copy

of the letter we got from the firm

on...

З'єднувальні елементи листа

Немає сумніву, що...

Ми впевнені, що...

Слід зауважити, що...

Вважаємо за потрібне зазначити...

Ми були б раді мати можливість...

Користуючись нагодою,

нагадуємо...

Binding Phrases

There is no doubt that...

We are sure that...

We find it necessary to note...

We find it necessary to note...

We would/should be glad to have

an opportunity...

We are taking the opportunity to

remind you... (Taking the

opportunity, we remind you...)

Звертаємо Вашу увагу на той факт,

що...

У зв'язку з вищезазначеним...

Інакше ми будемо вимушені...

Щодо Вашого прохання...

Справа в тому, що...

Необхідно визнати, що...

Досі ми не отримали відповіді...

Ми не поділяємо Вашу думку на

підставі того, що...

У разі Вашої відмови...

Згідно з контрактом, що

додається...

Далі Ви наголошуєте на...

We’d like to draw your attention to

the fact that...

In connection with the above said…

Otherwise we shall have (to)...

As regards your request...

The matter/The point is that...

We have to admit that...

Up till now we have received no

reply...

We do not share your point of view

for the following reasons...

In case of your refusal...

In accordance with the contract

enclosed...

Further you stress that...

Прикінцеві фрази

Чекаємо на Вашу згоду

(підтвердження, схвалення)...

Чекаємо на прибуття Ваших

представників для подальших

переговорів...

Будемо вдячні за швидке

виконання нашого замовлення...

Запевняємо Вас, що буде вжито

термінових заходів для

виправлення становища...

Маємо надію на співробітництво

з Вами...

Ми будемо Вам вдячні за швидку

відповідь...

Сподіваємось на швидку

відповідь...

Просимо звертатися до нас про

допомогу, якщо така буде

необхідна...

З повагою...

Closing Phrases

We are looking forward to receiving

your consent (confirmation, approval)...

We are expecting your representatives

to arrive for the further talks...

Your prompt execution of our order

would be appreciated...

We assure you that we shall take

prompt actions to remedy the

situation...

We hope to maintain cooperation with

you...

Your early reply will be appreciated...

We are looking forward to hearing

from you...

If we can be of any assistance please

do not hesitate to contact us...

Yours faithfully

Faithfully

Truthfully yours

Yours sincerely

8. Complete the chart by the missing English or Ukrainian version of the phrase.

Thank you for the letter of (date)	Дякую Вам за лист від…
We have received your letter of… and have pleasure in giving you full information on…
I refer to your letter dated…	3 приводу Вашого листа від…
In reply to your letter of... we wish to inform you…
	Пишемо Вам, щоб повідомити деталі з приводу…
I am writing to make you an offer of…	Пишемо Вам з метою запропонувати…
	Звертаємося до Вас зі спеціальною пропозицією…
Thank you very much for the order received this morning.
Many thanks tor sending us an order for...	Дякуємо Вам за розміщення у нас замовлення на…
We are writing to confirm our arrangement…
	Просимо вибачити за…
Please accept our apologies for…
We very much regret to say that…	Повідомляємо Вас, що на жаль…
	Шкодуємо з приводу затримки ...

Pre-reading tasks____________________________________________________

9. What kind of business letters do you know? List them in Ukrainian in writing.

Here are some other basic business letters which you will find useful for typical English business correspondence: Official letters, Informal letter, Letters of Thanks, Letters of Congratulation, Letters of Condolence, Letters of Introduction, Making a Sale , Placing an Order, Making a Claim, Adjusting a Claim, Making an Enquiry, Writing a Cover Letter when Applying for a Job.

There are some examples of these letters.

Reading tasks_______________________________________________________

10. Read the text to find out the types of English business letter.

Letters of Thanks

If you have received the hospitality of a friend, for a weekend or longer, courtesy requires you write a note of thanks within two or three days after your return home. The fact that you soon and enthusiastically thanked your hostess before leaving does not count. You must express your appreciation in writing. This is a so-called “duty” note which is expected of you (which you must write). It has become known as a “bread-and-butter” letter because it thanks hostess for the hospitality she has provided.

Here is an example:

Dear Mrs. Novak, I’d like you to know how much the week-end at your lovely house in Southampton has meant to me. I not only enjoyed myself immensely, but I feel relaxed and refreshed as I have not it in months. Many thanks to you and Mr. Novak for asking me. Sincerely, Ivan Brovko

Letters of Congratulation

Letters of congratulation should be cheerful messages. They may be brief and formal, or they may be chatty and informal-depending on the circumstances. It may be congratulation on winning an honour or distinction, etc.

Dear Mr. Walley, My warm congratulations to you on your election as President of the State Medical Association. It is a fine tribute from your colleagues, and a reward you richly deserve for your many years of splendid service to the profession and to the people of the state. My very best wishes to you. Sincerely yours, Ivan Brovko.

Letters of Condolence

A letter of condolence should be written promptly as soon as you hear the news and before shock of it has worn off. Put down simply and truthfully what you think and feel at that moment. Remember that the three most essential qualities of a good condolence letter are tact, sincerity and brevity.

Dear Miss Smith, Please accept my very deepest sympathy on the death of your father. I can well appreciate what a great loss this must be to you. Sincerely yours, Irena Levina.

Letters of Introduction

Note that a letter of introduction is offered, not requested. Make it a point never to write a letter of introduction unless you know both persons intimately and well. Write the letter briefly and to the point. The letter should give the name of the person being introduced, the reason or purpose for the introduction, and any other information that is relevant or important. A letter of introduction may either be handed to the person for whom it is written, to be presented personally, or it may be sent through the mail. If it is to be delivered personally, the envelope should be left unsealed. However a second and private letter may be written and sent by mail, giving more information about the person who is on the way with a letter of introduction.

For example: to be presented in person.

Dear Mr. Cool, The bearer of this letter, Mr. Kirill Levin, is a friend of mine who is visiting your city on business. Anything you can do to help him will be a kindness much appreciated by him and, I need hardly to say, by me. Yours sincerely, Nikolay Zotov.

Official letter

Dear Mr. Bright, A mutual friend, Mr. George Splint, has advised me to get in touch with you. I am working on a thesis on English history of the seventeenth century. As you are an expert on this period I would be most grateful if we could meet. I should be very glad if you would have dinner with me at the Kensington Garden Hotel at 7 p.m. on Wednesday, June 27th. Yours faithfully, Peter Resin.

Informal letter

A. If the letter is addressed to an individual.

Dear Ivan, In the next day or so you will receive a telephone call from George Bondarenko of Kiev. He is a very good friend of mine and as he is planning to be in Edinburgh for a month or more, I gave him a letter of introduction to you. I know how busy you are, Ivan, and I do not want you to regard this as an obligation. But I feel certain you will enjoy meeting George Bondarenko and I am sure that once you meet him, you will want to keep on seeing him! For George’s good company anywhere – at tennis or just talking. I hope you and Ellen are well and I look forward to seeing you on your next visit to London. Sincerely yours, Richard Dawson.

B. If the letter is addressed to a firm.

For example: participating in a conference.

IELC Secretariat 250 Park Avenue New York, 23, N.Y USA June 5,20 Professor P. Pavlov, I. Franko University of Lviv, 1 Universytetska Vyl., Lviv, Ukraine 290001 Dear Professor Pavlov, We acknowledge receipt of your paper which you submitted to IELC in New York. Your paper number: 1055. Please refer in all forthcoming correspondence to the above paper number. Thank you for submitting a paper to XXP’01. Your paper will undergo regular review by the appropriate scientific Committee. We look forward to seeing you at the International Environmental Law Conference in New York and fully appreciate the contribution of the Ukrainian law scientists for the success of this conference. Sincerely yours, Prof. B. Andrews

11. A. Match these words with their definitions.

B. Match the following words with their Ukrainian and English equivalents.

1. enclosure

2. per.pro

3. signature

4. salutation

5. date

6. reference number

7. courtesy title

1. person’s name signed by himself

2. an indication of what the letter refers to

3. a title to which one has no valid claim

4. for and on behalf of

5. smth enclosed with a letter

6. an expression of greeting, good will, or courtesy

7. an inscription or statement indicating when a thing was written or made

а. за допомогою когось

б. вихідний номер

в. дата, число, датувати

г. титул, звання
ґ. підпис

д. додаток

е. привітання

12. A. Some of common abbreviations:

p.m — post meridiem (lat.) — after noon — ополудні

fig. — figure, figurative — ілюстрація, переносний

assoc. — associate, association — помічник, асоціація

etc. — et cetera (lat.) — and the rest; and all the others — і так далі

e.g. — exempli gratia (lat.) — for example; for instance — наприклад

incl. — including — включно

encl. — enclosure — додаток

max. — maximum — максимум

no. — number — номер, число

i.e. — id est (lat) — in other words — тобто

approx. — approximately — приблизно

p.p./per pro. — per procurationem (lat.) — від імені когось, замість

RSVP — repondez s’il vous plait (fir.) — просимо відповісти

misc. — miscellaneous — різноманітний, різний

p.a — per annum (lat.) — щороку, щорік

Ltd. — limited — компанія з обмеженою відповідальністю

с.v. — curriculum vitae (lat.) — brief personal history — resume — автобіографія

Aug. — August — серпень

f.o.b. — free on board — франко-борт

B. Fill in the correct abbreviations (see example):

1. After 12 o’clock midday, p.m.

2. Figure_____

3. Association. ______

4. Found at the end of a list and means “and others”._________

5. Put this before an example. ________

6. This means “included”. ________

7. Written at the bottom of a letter to show that some other papers are in the same envelope._________

8. The opposite of min. _________

9. Number.________

10. That is.________

11. Used when a measurement or time is not exact. It means “about”. ______

12. The eighth month of the year. _______

13. Written at the end of an invitation this means you have to send an answer to say you will or will not attend. _______

14. Miscellaneous._______

13. Consider that business lexicon in translation may present difficulties since the word combinability is different in different languages.

A.

1. Match the words from the verb list Al with the words from the noun list A2 and from the verb list B1.

2. Notice that some of the verbs can collocate with several nouns and vice versa.

List 1

to place

to submit

to grant

to settle

to lodge

to launch

to remit

to meet

to open

to second

to chair

to quote

to debit

to negotiate

List 2

a complaint

an order

an account

a meeting

a debt

prices

an invoice

an agreement

an offer

a discount

a cheque

a delivery date

a proposal

a product

B.

1. Match the words from the verb list B1 with the words from the noun list B2.

2. Notice that some of the verbs can collocate with several nouns and vice versa.

List 1

розташувати

подавати

відкрити

почати виробництво

підтримати

призначити

надавати

вести

обговорювати

оплатити

виконати

сплатити по

виставити

List 2

умови постачання

рахунок

пропозицію

зустріч

знижку

чек

продукт

замовлення

ціни

борг

договір

скаргу

рахунок-фактуру

14. Fill in the missing words in the letters below. Choose from the following (see example):

appreciate ask concerning delighted enclose faithfully grateful hearing please receiving Regarding regret sincerely sorry writing

I.

Dear Ms Chan,

Thank you for your letter of 24 April, (1) concerning the exhibition in Anytown in August.

We are (2) …….to hear that your company will be taking part and that you will address the opening conference.

(3)……………………the conference, we should (4)……………………it if you could send us details of all the delegates so that we can prepare security passes. We would also (5)………………………..you to let us have details of the equipment you need for your presentation.

We look forward to (6)………………………..your reply.

Yours (7)………………………..

II.

Dear Sir/Madam

Your company has been recommended to us by a business associate and I am (8)…………………………to enquire about your translation services.

My company has recently entered the export market and we need advertising material translated into Chinese, Russian, and Turkish.

We would be (9)………………………if you could send us your prices and terms of payment.

We look forward to (10)……………………..from you.

Yours (11)……………………….

III.

Dear Mr Kadenza

I was very (12)……………………..to hear about your problems with the new super vacuum.

I have investigated the complaint and I (13)………………………to tell you that the problem is the result of faulty operation. I (14)………………………….a copy of the inspector’s report with this letter.

If you require us to repair the machine, (15)………………………..contact me at the number above.

Yours sincerely,

Pre-reading tasks____________________________________________________

15. Do you have any experience in using email? If yes, who taught you?

16. What rules do you follow in writing email?

Reading tasks_______________________________________________________

Read the text to check your knowledge in writing email.

HOW TO WRITE A BETTER BUSINESS EMAIL

Email is the most efficient communications tool that you will ever use in your business. If used properly, it can instantly enhance your business by increasing profits and reducing expenses. Through daily use of email any business can communicate with existing customers, vendors, employees, and friends, as well as find and cultivate new customers. Email is also a great way to get thousands of people to your website.

Here are a few points:

Write your emails as you would a letter. Always use a capital letter to start a sentence and always use proper punctuation, grammar, spelling, and spacing.

Guidelines for writing e-mail:

Keep sentences brief, crisp and simple.

Make good use of headings and numbered points.

Keep social banter (good-humored teasing) to a brief opening sentence.

Use boxes, colours, italics and bold highlighting to draw attention to key points and create a visual impact.

Always edit documents to make sure spelling is consistent and sentences are grammatically correct.

Form ideas clearly into a planned structure before starting to write and check that only relevant parties are sent copies to.

Be very polite and businesslike.

Write your email from the standpoint of the reader. The more information you give that will help the reader, the more likely they will want to visit your website.

Use short paragraphs and add a blank line between paragraphs. Avoid long run on sentences and avoid putting your entire email in a single paragraph.

Space out your email like you would a letter.

Find creative ways to ask the respondent to reply to your email. Offer to send them out a regular email newsletter.

Be sure to include your full webpage address in your email. Give it to them as follows, so it is a clickable URL that will take them directly to your website, like this: http://www.jvlnet.com.

It is OK to send a single unsolicited email to a potential customer, but state in your email that you will not send any follow-up emails to anyone who does not respond with a request for more information.

Keep your initial email brief.

Have two or more places on your website that the potential reader can click on to send you mail. One can be a standard line such as “Click here to send me mail. “ You might also create an email link to your name at the end of your site. The more possible ways of getting people to contact you the better.

Sign your email, just like you would a letter, with a proper salutation and your name.

Edit your copy carefully to avoid false or misleading claims. Read the e-mail over completely before sending it. Does it get your message across properly?

Can you make it more exciting to read? Did you include your complete webpage URL? Did you use proper grammar and spelling? Are you sure the e-mail is still worth sending?

Once you do hit the send button, the e-mail will check itself for spelling. Be sure you have spell check turned on.

After the email is sent it will be copied to your sent file. You could then move specific sent emails into other folders for more efficient storage and sorting.

Email has great potential for personal and business use. Used correctly it can generate much good will. Used poorly it can hurt people and waste their time.

__________________________________________________________________

BUSINESS LETTERS

__________________________________________________________________

1. Letter asking the Agent to arrange meeting with a lawyer in connection with the collision

Rotterdam, 1st August, 19 … Messrs. C. Franck & Trahlberg, Ship Agents,

Kertenaerstraat 17,

Rotterdam, Holland.

Dear Sirs,

On the 31st July, 19 …, while we were unloading the cargo of Crude Oil at Oil-berth No. I the French ship “Boulogne” proceeding down the river took a sudden sheer to starboard abreast of our tanker and, in spite of her both anchors being dropped at once, struck with her stern our starboard side in way of the poop deck causing material damage to our ship.

In this connection I would kindly ask you to arrange my meeting with a lawyer in order to get his advice as to how the claim should be lodged in compliance with local by-laws and custom.

Yours faithfully,

P. P. Petrov

Master of the m/t “Elbrus”

2. Collision

1. During the voyage on the (date) ___________ my vessel collided in the fog with ____________ no serious damage being caused to both vessels. Owing to the above-mentioned collision I anticipate possible damage to the cargo which may be ensued from loosening or deformation of bulkheads and resultant leakage, I state the present Sea Potest and…

2. During the voyage, on the___________ 2003 at ______ hours UTS while the ship was in position: Latitude _________, Longitude __________, the Spanish ship m/v_____________ struck the starboard (port) side of the m/v ___________ in way of hold № ________slid along the side of the vessel to the accommodation in way of the bridge where she made a deep indentation.

Fearing damage to the cargo from loosing or deformation of hull’s plating and resultant leakage.
I state present Sea Protest and _________...

3. Letter to a ship guilty of collision proposing her captain to settle the matter amicably

Hamburg, 9th July, 19 …

To the Master and/or Owners

Of the m/v “Hercules,”

Port of Hamburg.

Dear Sir(s),

Further to my letter of the 7th inst. I beg to enclose here with a copy of the Surveyor Report dated the 8th of July, 19…, in connection with the damage caused by your vessel to my ship.

From the above-mentioned Report you will see that the Surveyor, Mr. R. L. Swanson of this city, on through survey and careful consideration of all the circumstances, estimates the amount of damage at U.S. $ 2000.00.

I hope that you will consider our claim and the amount of damage estimated by the above-mentioned Surveyor as quite reasonable and justified, and I offer you to settle this matter amicably by paying the respective sum of U.S. $ 2000.00 to our Agents here, Messrs. G. Schwerensen & Co., Ltd.

I should be very glad to have your reply to this by return.

Yours faithfully,

M.M. Mikhailov

Master of the m/t “Molodechno”

4. Letter asking the Agent to send a doctor in connection with a casualty aboard the ship

Singapore, 3rd August, 19 . . . Messrs. Ferguson & Co., Ship Agents.

27 North Road,

Singapore.

Dear Sirs,

To-day at 1.00 p. m. while loading the cargo of Rubber in the open roadstead, in consequence of negligence on the part of the guy man, Mr. Torny, a guy parted and caused injury to one of the stevedores working on deck at that moment.

The injured person, Mr. K. Siang, who had fracture he thigh, was at once rendered medical assistance and is now kept in the ship’s hospital.

Please send immediately a doctor to examine the patient and draw up an official statement of facts. I would also ask you kindly to come aboard personally in order to take part in the joint enquiry.

Yours faithfully,

V.S. Matveev

Master of the s/s “Leninogorsk”

5. Лист-протест капітана органу влади в іноземному порту проти затримання судна за невідповідність міжнародним конвенціям

Dear Mr. _____________!

As it comes from your order (act. Document) the m/v __________ which is under my command has been detained in the port __________ and found allegedly incompliant with requirements of the “Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control 1982”.

Under the circumstances I have to make an official statement that living and working conditions are ensured on board my ship.

These conditions are in conformity with Ukrainian legislation, terms of collective bargain, provisions of international agreement to which Ukraine is party.

The inspection has not detected any deficiencies which are clearly hazardous to safety, health or the environment, so the detention of my ship is quite groundless.

Moreover, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that according to universally recognized norm of international laws multilateral treaties are obligatory to be observed and followed by their parties only, while Ukraine is not party to “Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control 1982”.

In view of the above I, …………Consider the detention of my ship in the Port of inspection as illegal so I am lodging this protest demanding to disaffirm your decision.

I have to consider you fully responsible for the losses caused or which will be caused afterwards by the detention of the ship in the port.

With all due respect to you,

Master of the m/v “……….”

6. Letter informing of pilferage of goods

Bombay, December 22, 19 . . .

Messrs. R.W. Capore & Co., Stevedoring Company,

c/o Messrs. S. K. Tarayana & Bros., Ship Agents,

46 Quarantine Road,

Bombay, India.

Dear Sirs,

I regret to inform you that to-day, at 1.20 p. m., while the stevedores were out for a dinner break, a watch sailor making an inspection round in Hold No. I came across a bale of Calico the packing of which had been cut through.

The watch officer to whom this fact was reported immediately called for the Chief Stevedore and the Custom Officer. On checking the contents of that bale they found a shortage of one I piece, 40 yards long. An appropriate statement of facts has been drawn up; a copy of this statement is herewith enclosed.

As before the commencement of discharging the contents of all the holds had been submitted to the Chief Stevedore and the Customs Officer for inspection and the goods had been found to be in proper condition and in intact packing, suspicions arose against the stevedores working in that hold.

Under these circumstances I have to request you to in­vestigate this matter and, if the stolen piece of calico is not found, to compensate the owners for the loss incurred.

Yours faithfully,

A. M. Maliy

Master of the m/v “Pula”

7. Statement of Sea Protest by dry cargo vessels

s. s. “Sukhona,” Berth No. 37.

at Liverpool, England, 25th April, 19 . . .

To the Notary Office,

Liverpool.

Statement of Sea Protest

I, Nikolai Fyodorovich Petrov, Master of the s. s. “Sukhona,” registered at the port of Odessa and sailing under the flag of the U.S.S.R., gross-registered tonnage — 4701, on the 22nd of April, 19 …, sailed from the port of London with a cargo of Machinery, 7200 tons, bound for Liverpool, and arrived there at Berth No. 37 on the 24th of April, 19 …, at 11.00 a. m., receiving pratique at 16.00 HRS.

On the 22nd and 23rd April, 19 …, we encountered very heavy weather with north-easterly winds of whole gale force and high sea; the vessel during this period was pitching, rolling and laboring heavily, shipping very heavy water Fore and Aft, hatches vents being continually awash.

In consequence of the aforesaid weather conditions I anticipate possible damage to the cargo.

I hereby declare this Sea Protest in the event of any damage to the vessel or the cargo through stress of weather conditions during the voyage.

I, the Master, and the crew have applied all means of safeguarding the vessel and the cargo.

Witnesses to the Sea Protest:

1. V. P. Ivanov, Chief Mate

2. N. P. Vassiliev, Bosun

3. K. L. Fyodorov, Able Seaman

N. F. Petrov Master of the s. s.

“Sukhona”

(Ship’s stamp)

8. Лист про передачу спору до морської арбітражної комісії

Dear sirs!

In reply to your letter of the _____ from which we learn that you are not willing to admit our claim for damage at $ 3000, as estimated by the Official Surveyor, we think it expedient and refer our dispute to arbitration.

Enclosed please find copies of Arbitration Agreement for cases of Collision one of which we would ask you to sign and return.

Your faithfully

____________

UNIT 15___________________________________________________________

SUMMARY AND REVIEW

Pre-reading tasks____________________________________________________

1. Give the definition of the terms “summary” and “review” in English in your own words.

2. Try to explain their purpose in English.

Reading tasks_______________________________________________________

Read the text about summary and review to understand the difference between their types.

Types of Summaries

A summary should be accurate and while 100% objectivity isn’t possible, the summary writer should strive to stay as close as possible to this position. Most importantly, the summary writer should fairly represent the author’s ideas. Writers of summaries should save their own ideas and interpretations for the response (відгук), rather than including these things in the summary.

The purpose for the summary can alter (змінюватися) how it is written. Also, the reader’s needs and interests must be considered when writing a summary. A key skill to develop for use in written summary is the ability to paraphrase (to express the author’s ideas using the summarizer’s own words).

There are three types of summary:

• Main Point Summary

• Key Points Summary

• Outline Summary

Outline Summary

This type of summary mimics the structure of the text being summarized. It includes the main points and argument in the same order they appear in the original text. This is an especially effective technique to use when the accompanying response will be analytic, such as an evaluation (оцінювання) of the logic or evidence used in a text.

Main Point Summary

A main point summary reads much like an article abstract, giving the most important “facts” of the text. It should identify the title, author, and main point or argument. When relevant, it can also include the text’s source (book, essay, periodical, journal, etc.). As in all types of summary, a main point summary uses author tags (фраза, клише), such as “In the article, the author states…,” or “The author argues/explains/says/asks/suggests…” These tags will make it clear which ideas are those of the author and the text being summarized, not the summarizer. This type of summary might also use a quote (цитування) from the text, but the quote should be representative of the text’s main idea or point. A main point summary is often used when writing academic papers as a way to introduce the reader to a source and to place the main point of that source into the context of an argument or discussion of an issue.

Key Points Summary

This type of summary will have all the same features as a main point summary, but also include the reasons and evidence (key points) the author uses to support the text’s main idea. This type of summary would also use direct quotes of key words, phrases, or sentences from the text. This summary is used when it is necessary for the summary writer to fully explain an author’s idea to the reader. The key point summary involves a full accounting and complete representation of the author’s entire set of ideas. One reason to use this sort of summary would be if the writer intended to respond to the author’s argument using an agree/disagree response model. In such a case, there may be some of the author’s ideas the writer agrees with, but others with which the writer disagrees.

Review

The very word “review,” both as noun and verb, tells us what we should be doing. As the Latin root indicates, to review means to see again.

The first step in a review is to describe the work and its topic.

The second task is to describe the work itself.

Review articles, including meta-analyses, are critical evaluations of material that has already been published. By organizing, integrating and evaluating previously published material, the author of a review article considers the progress of current research toward clarifying a problem. In a sense, a review article is tutorial in that the author

• defines and clarifies the problem;

• summarizes previous investigations in order to inform the reader of the state of current research;

• identifies relations, contradictions (суперечності), gaps (розбіжності), and inconsistencies (непослідовність) in the literature;

• suggests the next step or steps in solving the problem.

UNDERSTANDING MAIN POINTS___________________________________

3. Read and analyse words, word combinations, clichés usually used in the writings.

The text (I'm reproducing) is taken from... Текст (який я відтворюю) узято з…

The text is headlined... Текст має назву…

The text (story, article) У тексті (оповіданні, статті)

is concerned with... (deals with...)... йдеться про…, (пов’язана з…)

The subject of the text is... Темою тексту є…

At the beginning (of the text) the author... На початку (тексту) автор…

describes описує

depicts змальовує

dwells on детально зупиняється на…

touches upon торкається…

explains пояснює

introduces знайомить з

mentions згадує

recalls нагадує

characterizes характеризує

analyses аналізує

comments on коментує

enumerates дає перелік

points out вказує на

emphasizes наголошує

stresses наголошує

underlines підкреслює

generalizes about узагальнює

criticizes критикує

makes a few critical робить кілька критичних

remarks on зауважень

reveals викриває

exposes розкриває

accuses звинувачує

praises позитивно оцінює

gives a summary of коротко описує

gives his account of дає короткий опис

The article begins Стаття починається

with a (the) description of… з опису

The author begins with a (the) Автор починає з опису

description of…

The article opens with… Стаття розпочинається з…

by mentioning згадки

the analysis of аналізу

a (the) summary of підсумку

a comment on коментаря

a review of огляду

an account of звіту

the characterization of характеристики

(his) recollections of його думки про, його

спогадів про

some (a few) critical remarks кількох критичних зауважень

about… (of, concerning) про…

the accusation of звинувачення

the exposure of викриття

the (his) praises of (його) позитивної оцінки

the generalization of узагальнення

Then (after that, further on, next) Потім (після цього, далі)

The author Автор

passes on to… переходить до…

goes on to say that… хоче сказати, що

gives a detailed (thorough) дає детальний (ретельний)

analysis (description) of… аналіз (опис)

In conclusion the author… На завершення автор…

The author concludes with… Автор закінчує…

The article ends with… Стаття закінчується…

At the end of the article the author У кінці статті

draws the conclusion that… автор доходить висновку…

(we make the conclusion that…) (ми доходимо висновку, що…)

To finish with the author describes… У кінці статті автор описує…

At the end of the article the author У кінці статті автор

Sums it all up (by saying…) підсумовує усе вищевикладене

(говорячи…)

In the conclusion the author… У кінці статті автор

To sum it all up we should say… У підсумку нам слід сказати…

4. Have you ever read any annotation? What is its purpose? What does it look like in structure?

An annotation is a brief summary of a book, article, or other publication. The purpose of an annotation is to describe the work in such a way that the reader can decide whether or not to read the work itself. There are, to be sure, other elements in various types of annotations, but if the six points noted below are covered, the annotator can at least be certain the basics have been covered. By definition annotations are short notes, normally no more than 150 words.

Here are some guidelines for writing annotation:

Step 1: Say something about the author, i.e. what their qualifications are for writing on the subject.

Step 2: Explain the scope and main purpose of the text. This is usually done in one to three short sentences. (This is not a summary of the plot and not an abstract; you cannot hope to summarize the total content of the work).

Step 3: Note the relationship to other works in the field, if any. Or you may want to compare one work in your bibliography with the others that you include and how they are different from each other.

Step 4: Include the major bias or standpoint of the author in relation to the work.

Step 5: Indicate the audience and the level of reading difficulty if it is important. This is not always present in an annotation but is important if the work is targeted to a specific audience.

Step 6: At this point the annotation can end with a summary comment.

You are suggested a plan of annotation:

1. What is the text concerned with?

2. What does the author dwell on?

3. What does the author describe further on?

4. What kind of summary does the author give after that?

5. What does the author point out?

6. What does the author conclude the text with?

You are suggested a scheme of annotation:

The text (the page) I have read deals with (concerns) Criminal law (the branch of the science it is devoted to).

This text (this page) is an abstract from the scientific article (the monograph) under the title of “…”

The book (the monograph) was published in 2001 in Kyiv.

In the first paragraph of the page (of the text) it goes about (мова йдеться про)...

In the second paragraph the author characterises (analyses, explains) the legal issues of ...

In the third paragraph he singles out (виділяє) the main peculiarities (characteristics, features) of ...

In the fourth paragraph it is stressed (underlined) that ...

In the fifth paragraph he cites a primary source (article/section of)...

In the next paragraph the author comes to the conclusion (reaches the conclusion) that ...

Summing all it up he points out that ...

In my opinion / to my mind this text (book, monograph etc.) is of great (certain) value; up-to-date/outdated a bit; of great importance to/for scientists in the field of Criminal law (to/for criminal jurists).

5. Using all above-mentioned information read the text, make a plan of annotation and annotate the text.

Labor Law

In general, the state has extensive authority over labor relation matters, including the labor market, unemployment, social insurance, labor safety, standard employment conditions and resolution of labor disputes. The state provides additional employment guarantees to women with children under the age of 6, single mothers with children who are disabled or under the age of 14, senior citizens of preretirement age and persons released from prison.

The Labor Code, which covers nearly all aspects of employee relations in Ukraine, governs employment agreements and contracts; working hours and time off; compensation and social benefits; discipline; employment of women and minors; resolution of employment disputes; liabilities of employees and employers.

The Labor Code provides that an employment contract is a special form of employment agreement that may be used only where permitted by law. While an employment contract may be entered into for a definite term or until a specific job is completed, an employment agreement, being the major legal basis of employment relationships, is usually concluded for an indefinite term.

Under the Labor Code, employment may be terminated by: agreement of the parties; expiration of the employment agreement; entry of the employee into military or alternative non-military service; the employee, the employer, or the trade union, if applicable.

An employee has the right to terminate his or her permanent employment agreement without reason upon two weeks notice.

The minimum wage is the lowest compensation allowed by law for simple, unskilled work. The minimum wage does not include any additional compensation payable to an employee. Overtime and holiday work must be compensated at a double rate.

Under the Constitution and the Labor Code, all Ukrainian citizens have equal employment and labor rights regardless of race, color, political, religious or other beliefs, gender, national or social background, financial status, or language. The Labor Code and other laws also provide protection and special employment and labor rights for working women, minors, students, senior citizens and disabled individuals.

ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. Волдавина С.Э., Кузнецова Л.В. Английский для юристов. – Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2004.

2. Немировская Э.А., Десяткова Т.М. и др. Английский для юристов. – М.: «Омега», 2004.

3. English for Law Students.// за ред. В.П. Сімонок. Харків: «Право», 2008.

4. Amy Krois – Lindner and Translegal Cambridge University Press. International Legal English., 2007.

5. Tricia Smith. Business Law. Longman, 2008.

6. Amy Krois – Lindner, Matt Firth and Translegal. Introduction to International Legal English., 2008.

7. Rupert Haigh. Legal Correspondence. – Oxford: «University Press», 2009.

22