Файл: Н.Н. Курпешко Английский язык Методические указания для обучения студентов II курса (III семестр) специальности 180400.pdf

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a)nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

b)the part of a television or computer on which a picture is formed or information is displayed.

c)rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer programs and relatively large amounts of data.

d)an electronic device that makes possible he transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.

e)a set of keys, usually arranged in tiers, for operating a typewriter, typesetting machine, computer terminal, or the like.

f)volatile computer memory, used for creating, loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data; main memory.

g)central processing unit: the key component of a computer system, containing the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions.

h)a palm-sized device equipped with one or more buttons, used to point at and select items on a computer display screen and for controlling the cursor by means of analogous movement on a nearby surface.

i)a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and program.

X. Questions for group discussion:

1)Without what parts computer is unable to work?

2)What is the most expensive part of the hardware?

3)What other hardware devices do you know? What are they for? Do you know how to use them?

XI. Read the following international words and guess their meaning:

active; passive; practical; problem; programming; experiment; to consult; form; regularly; to construct; arithmometer; to control; peripheral; efficient; buffer; pulse; impulse; communication; interesting; to operate; functional; minute; record; line; factor; process.

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XII. Pronounce the following words correctly:

XIII. Memorize the following word combinations:

5.data-handing equipment оборудование по управлению данными

6.a high-speed line-printer высокоскоростное построчно-печатающее

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TEXT C. INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS (I/O UNITS)

1.The part of the computer that takes in information is called the input unit. The input unit or device provides the means of communication between the computer and the people who are interested in its operation.

2.To be accepted by the machine, information for a digital computer has to be in the form of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 9 or characters А, В, С, D, ....

These characters are regularly expressed for the computer's purposes as six or seven 1's and 0's. The 1's and 0's may be expressed for the computer: as punched holes (1) and blanks (0) in a card or a paper tape; as presence (1) and absence (0) of electrical pulse; or as polarized spots on a magnetic surface; for example, south-north is 1 and north-south is 0, or vice versa, etc.

3.So, the input unit makes possible communication from the other datahanding equipment and human being1 to the computer. It is the functional

part of the computer that accepts the data to be operated on and programs for operating. It may consist of a keyboard operated tape punch,2 a paper tape reader, a card reader, and an electric typewriter.

4.The part of a computer that puts out information is called the output unit. The computer can easily put out information in a form acceptable to human beings. For example, the computer may give impulses to an electric typewriter, so that the keys are energized in the proper sequence to type out a message in ordinary typed characters which human beings can read, etc.

5.The output of a computer is known to vary according to the capacity of the auxiliary equipment receiving the information. A computer can record on a magnetic tape at the rate of 1, 000, 000 characters per second. It can also control: a paper tape punch which will punch a paper tape at the rate of 100 characters per second; or a card punch which will punch per second about 300 standard punch cards of 80 columns; or a high-speed line-printer which will punch 20 lines per second, each of 80 to 120 characters. Input and output devices are usually called peripherals.

6.All this peripheral equipment is slow as compared with the computer. Consequently, for efficient use of the computer's tremendous calculating speed, devices called buffers may be used. A buffer is known to be a storage device which is able to take in information at a very high speed from the computer and release the information at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment.

7.A human being is known to write by hand at the rate of about 30 words per minute, or to type at the rate of about 60 words per minute, or to talk at the rate of 200 or 250 words per minute. The ratio between a

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computer speed of about 40, 000 words per second, and the top output speed of a human being of about 4 words per second, gives a factor of advantage to the computer of about 10, 000 to 1 at the beginning of the 60's. Nowadays this ratio is much more.

Notes:

1.the input unit makes possible communication from the other datahanding equipment and human being - блок ввода позволяет установить связь от другого оборудования по управлению данными и человеком

2.of a keyboard operated tape punch - ленточного перфоратора,

работающего от клавишного пульта

XIV. Find the equivalents:

1.the input of a computer

2.an auxiliary equipment

3.at the rate of

4.a high-speed line-printer

5.for efficient use

6.a storage device

7.a factor of advantage

8.the output unit

9.punched holes

10.presence and absence

1.наличие и отсутствие

2.перфорированные отверстия

3.устройство вывода

4.высокоскоростное построчно-печатающее устройство

5.коэффициент преимущества

6.со скоростью

7.для эффективного использования

8.вспомогательное оборудование

9.устройство ввода компьютера

10.запоминающее устройство

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XV. Insert prepositions where necessary:

1. A computer can record... magnetic tape... the rate... 1, 000, 000 characters... second. 2. As compared... the computer the auxiliary or peripheral equipment is rather slow. 3. A human being can write... hand...

the rate... 30 words... minute. 4. the capacity... the peripheral equipment receiving information the output ... a computer varies very much. 5. A factor... advantage... the computer compared... a human being is... 10, 000...

being is known to type at the rate.... 4. The ratio between a computer speed and the output speed of a human being gives a factor of... to a computer. 5. The input unit accepts the data... and programs for....

XVII. Memorize the following definitions:

1. Input unit is a section of the computer which accepts information from outside the computer. 2. Output is device or devices which put out information of the computer. 3. Buffers are storage devices accepting information at a very high speed from the computer and releasing information at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment.

XVIII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the general purpose of the input unit? 2. How may the 1's and 0's be expressed for the computer? 3. What is the general purpose of the output unit? 4. What does the peripheral equipment consist of? 5. What is the general purpose of a buffer? 6. What is the ratio between a computer's speed and the top output speed of a human being? 7. What do you usually call input and output devices?

XIX. Form adverbs from adjectives by adding the suffix '-ly':

easy; reasonable; usual; special: physical; functional; subsequent; consequent

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XX. Form nouns from verbs by adding the suffixes '-er', '-or':

to work; to invent; to compose; to calculate; to operate; to act; to react; to receive; to transmit; to select; to use; to combine

XXI. Arrange (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms in pairs and translate them:

a)speed; peripheral; to control; to write; auxiliary; to do; to receive; rate; to record; to get; to make; to handle; device; unit; instruction; part; to accept; command; section; information; data; to take in

b)to add; presence; hole; input; north; to multiply; to divide; binary; south; output; blank; absence; to subtract

XXII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive:

1.The assistant came to instruct students how to handle instructions.

2.The assistant came to be instructed by the professor. 3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems. 4. To perform reasonable operations a computer must have a way of accepting data. 5. To add and to subtract means to perform mathematical operations. 6. P.L. Chebyshev, a Russian scientist, was the first to construct an arithmometer. 7. The input unit to be described here is a new device. 8. Punched holes in a card or a paper tape are used to represent 1's and 0's. 9. To carry out the instruction, the computer must accept the data in the form of punched holes and blanks.

10.In order to program in a good way, the programmer needs detailed data about the program and the way it is to be done.

XXIII. Stale the functions of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:

a) 1. To do the program the programmer must have a good understanding of the problem for the computer. 2. To do the program for a computer is the main duty of a programmer. 3. The programmer must do a program to give accurate instructions to the computer. 4. Electric typewriters are very slow and are used only by operators to communicate with a computer. 5. To make possible communication from a human being and a computer is the main purpose of the input unit.

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b) 1. The experiments to be carried out will be very important. 2. M. V. Lomonosov was the first to receive the higher education among peasants in Russia. 3. Information to be computed is stored usually in registers - units of hardware. 4. The machine to operate with the keys is named an ordinary adding machine. 5. A sequence of reasonable operations to be performed will be done by computer "M-220". 6. The programmer to do the program for a computer must have a good knowledge of mathematics.

XXIV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction:

1.The input and output units are known to be the parts of a computer.

2.The human being seems not to be able to add or to multiply without using auxiliary devices such as pencil and paper. 3. Historically, linear programming proved to be especially effective in analyzing industrial processes. 4. This type of the output unit is said to use a punched paper tape.

5.Devices for accepting information arc said to have been described in some magazines. 6. Automated Management Systems are known to have appeared quite recently. 7. Our programmers are known to be studying the theory of programming. 8. In ancient (древний) times the sun was thought to be revolving round the Earth. 9. Y. A. Gagarin is known to be the first cosmonaut who made an orbital flight around the Earth. 10. The French mathematician Pascal is known to construct the first mechanical computer.

XXV. Translate the following sentences with the emphatic construction. It is (was) ... that (who, which, when)...':

1. It is electrical engineering that deals with all kinds of electrical instruments and devices. 2. It was the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process. 3. It was in 1944 when the first automatic computer appeared and began to operate. 4. It is an input unit that accepts information from outside the computer. 5. It was B. Pascal who invented the first mechanical computer. 6. It is our country which launched the first man into the outer space. 7. It is in industrial technology and scientific development that electronic devices contributed greatly. 8. It was Norbert Wiener who was considered to be the father of cybernetics.