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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РФ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ

ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

(ФГБОУ ВО «ВГТУ», ВГТУ)

Факультет информационных технологий и компьютерной безопасности

(Факультет)

Кафедра графики, конструирования и информационных технологий

в промышленном дизайне
ЗАДАНИЕ

Конференцию

по дисциплине: «Английский язык»

Тема: «ArtificialIntelligence»
Студент бИСТ-223 Гладченко Евгений Сергеевич

Группа, фамилия, имя, отчество

Технические условия процессор AMD Ryzen7 5800X 4.5ГГц, GPU Nvidia GTX3070 2376 МГц, операционная система Windows 10, ОЗУ МБ

Содержание и объем работы (графические работы, расчеты и прочее): 17 страниц

Сроки выполнения этапов:

Срок защиты курсового проекта:

Руководитель У.В. Богданова

Подпись, дата Инициалы, фамилия
Задание принял студент Е.С. Гладченко

Подпись, дата Инициалы, фамилия

Воронеж 2023

Содержание

General idea of Artificial Intelligence 7
1. Definition of Artificial Intelligence 7

1.2 Types of Artificial Intelligence 9

Artificial Intelligence helps to our world 12

Artificial intelligence creates and finds medicines to treat people 12
The Turing test 13

2.3. Ways to provide a positive influence by artificial intelligence 17

Conclusion 29

Bibliographic list 31

1. General idea of Artificial Intelligence

1.1 Definition of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.

It models and improves upon human capabilities, from self-driving cars to virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa. AI learns by processing data and looking for patterns. Humans may supervise the learning process, but some AI systems learn without supervision by repetition, such as playing a video game until they master the rules and how to win.

1.2 Types of Artificial Intelligence

If you’ve ever used Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Face ID or interacted with a chatbot, you’ve interacted with artificial intelligence (AI) technology.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence: AI designed to complete very specific actions; unable to independently learn.
Artificial General Intelligence: AI designed to learn, think and perform at similar levels to humans.
Artificial Superintelligence: AI able to surpass the knowledge and capabilities of humans.
Reactive Machines: AI capable of responding to external stimuli in real time; unable to build memory or store information for future.
Limited Memory: AI that can store knowledge and use it to learn and train for future tasks.
Theory of Mind: AI that can sense and respond to human emotions, plus perform the tasks of limited memory machines.
Self-aware: AI that can recognize others’ emotions, plus has sense of self and human-level intelligence; the final stage of AI.

ARTIFICIAL NARROW INTELLIGENCE

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), also known as narrow AI or weak AI, describes AI tools designed to carry out very specific actions or commands. ANI technologies are built to serve and excel in one cognitive capability, and cannot independently learn skills beyond its design. They often utilize machine learning and neural network algorithms to complete these specified tasks.

Some examples of artificial narrow intelligence include image recognition software, self-driving cars and AI virtual assistants like Siri, Alice.

ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial general intelligence (AGI), also called general AI or strong AI, describes AI that can learn, think, and perform actions like humans. It aims to create multifunctional machines that act as intelligent assistants to humans in everyday life.

Though still a work in progress, the groundwork of artificial general intelligence could be built from technologies such as supercomputers, quantum hardware and generative AI models like ChatGPT, Notion.

ARTIFICIAL SUPERINTELLIGENCE

Artificial superintelligence (ASI), or super AI, is the stuff of science fiction. It’s theorized that once AI has reached the general intelligence level, it will soon learn at such a fast rate that its knowledge and capabilities will become stronger than that even of humankind.

ASI would act as the backbone technology of completely self-aware AI and other individualistic robots. Its concept is also what fuels the popular media trope of “AI takeovers,” as seen in films like «I am Robot». But at this point, it’s all speculation. “It will have the intelligence of human beings and will be exceedingly better at everything that we do.” said David Rogenmoser, CEO of AI writing company Jasper.

REACTIVE MACHINES

Reactive machines, the most fundamental type of AI, that can respond to immediate requests and tasks, but they aren’t capable of storing memory or learning from past experiences.

“They cannot improve their functionality through experience, and can only respond to a limited combination of inputs.”

In practice, reactive machines can read and respond to external stimuli in real time. This makes them useful for performing basic autonomous functions, such as filtering spam from your email inbox or recommending movies based on your most recent Netflix searches.

LIMITED MEMORY

The next step in AI’s evolution is developing a capacity for storing knowledge. This type of AI is referred to as limited memory AI, because it can build its own limited knowledge base and use that knowledge to improve over time. Today, the limited memory model represents the majority of AI applications.

Limited memory AI can be applied in a broad range of scenarios, from smaller scale applications, such as chatbots, to self-driving cars and other advanced use cases.

THEORY OF MIND

Limited memory technology is the most advanced form of AI we have, but it's not the final destination. These machines can learn from past experiences but can't speak up on subtle changes or emotions like humans can.

The concept of "theory of mind" - the ability to read emotions and product actions - hasn't been fully realized that. Rafael Tena, senior AI researcher at Acrisure Technology Group, explained that while self-driving cars may outperform human drivers most of the time, they lack the ability to slow down near a child playing on the street. Theory of mind could bring positive changes to the tech world, but it processes risks as machines learn to read nuanced emotional cues.

SELF-AWARE

The stage beyond theory of mind, when artificial intelligence develops self-awareness, is referred to as the AI point of singularity. It’s thought that once that point is reached, AI machines will be beyond our control, because they’ll not only be able to sense the feelings of others, but will have a sense of self as well.

Rogenmoser said. “If this type of AI is successfully created, no one knows what the impact will be.” Robot Sophia is example provides a glimpse of AI’s potentially self-aware future.

2. Artificial Intelligence helps to our world

2.1 Artificial intelligence creates and finds medicines to treat people

"Paul" was an 82-year-old man with an aggressive form of blood cancer that resisted six rounds of chemotherapy. His doctors had tried various cancer drugs, but none of them worked. In a last attempt, the Medical University of Vienna enrolled him in a trial that used a new matchmaking technology developed by Exscientia, a UK-based company.

The researchers took a small sample of tissue from Paul and divided it into more than a hundred pieces. They exposed them to different cocktails of drugs and used machine-learning models to identify small changes in cells. They tested dozens of treatments at the same time and found the right drug for Paul.

The drug was marketed by Johnson & Johnson, and Paul's doctors had not tried it before because previous trials had suggested it was not effective for his type of cancer. However, it worked, and Paul was in complete remission two years later. The approach is a big change for the treatment of cancer and can translate to real patients, says Exscientia's CEO, Andrew Hopkins.

2.2 The Turing Test

Coined by Alan Turing in 1950, the Turing test is a benchmark in artificial intelligence. It determines a machine's ability to show intelligent behavior equivalent to or indistinguishable from that of a human. The test is carried out as an imitation game, where a human judge chats with interlocutors on one side of a computer screen, some of which are humans and one is a chatbot.

The purpose of the chatbot is to trick the judge into thinking it is the real human. A program claiming to be a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy called Eugene Goostman passed the Turing test by convincing 33% of human judges at an event at the Royal Society that it was actually a human. However, some commentators have suggested that pretending to be a 13-year-old Ukrainian child is not as difficult as pretending to be an Anglophone adult, and that the result should not count.

2. 3 Ways to provide a positive influence by artificial intelligence

TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE

This year AI revealed its prowess as a powerful tool to help prevent climate change from wreaking irreversible damage to the planet, something that requires more than one solution. Researchers have been using AI to visualize the future effects of floods and wildfires, improve climate decision-making, monitor forests and share data. Other climate projects powered by artificial intelligence have included building digital twins of the planet to test out the impact of different warming-mitigation policies and mapping thinning sea ice.

DETECTING DEADLY WEAPONS

Buried land mines kill thousands of people each year. But researchers are working on a system that uses drone footage and machine learning to pick out the unexploded munitions from a distance so they can be safely disarmed. Of course, drones themselves can also be used for nefarious purposes—but yet another AI algorithm, this one inspired by the eye of a fly, can detect these threats.

OUTRACING VIDEO GAMERS

Artificial intelligence over the past few years has been able to repeatedly beat the best players in various video games. This will help game developers to provide competitors with a decent automated in-game opponent. And besides, self-driving car researchers could use the success of the program to inspire them to do their own work in the real world.

REVIEWING WINE AND BEER

Want to preview the experience of sipping a dry white wine or a fruity sour beer? A language-generation AI can help you decide what to drink by combining existing reviews into condensed, summarized descriptions. And its creators say the program could be expanded to distill reviews of a whole lot of other products.

PREDICTING VIRUSES WITH PANDEMIC POTENTIAL

As cold weather sets in, COVID cases are on the rise again. To figure out what the coronavirus that causes the disease will do next, researchers are using an AI tool to analyze viral mutations, predicting when a new variant such as Omicron will emerge and become dominant. Such prediction tools can do more than help manage the current pandemic. Other algorithms are programmed to examine viruses currently spreading through the animal kingdom to identify which ones might jump to humans, potentially helping researchers avert the next pandemic.

AlerTING Us to Dangerous Weather

There are a lot of satellites that take hyperspectral images of the earth. And while these satellites can send those images to climatologists, there are limits to the bandwidth between space and earth.

AI can be deployed in a satellite to identify which images are most pertinent for climatologists on earth. Satellites can detect events like fast-moving weather patterns and forest fires and prioritize these images. As a result, climatologists can use this information to give early warnings to populations.

PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

It’s anticipated that up to 70% of the world’s coral reefs could be destroyed if no action is taken by 2050. This issue is particularly pressing, as about a quarter of marine life is dependent upon the health of coral reefs.

Artificial intelligence is now used with underwater cameras to detect the health of the coral reef and send data to the cloud. With this technology, scientists can classify the fauna surrounding the coral reef to determine its ongoing health without disrupting the environment as a diver might.

Conclusion

Having studied the material about artificial intelligence, I can conclude that Artificial intelligence is one of the greatest achievements of mankind, because it can help us solve tens of thousands of impossible tasks for us, facilitate and improve our lives. But every technology has a downside, because artificial intelligence in the wrong hands can become a real evil and a problem for us, but it all depends on us.
Bibliographic list

https://www.scientificamerican.com/artificial-intelligence/
https://www.exscientia.ai/active-learning
https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence
https://naviant.com/blog/artificial-intelligence-positive-impact/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp
https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/15/1067904/ai-automation-drug-development/

1. Общее представление об искусственном интеллекте

1.1 Определение искусственного интеллекта

Искусственный интеллект (ИИ) - это область компьютерных наук, связанная с созданием интеллектуальных машин, способных выполнять задачи, которые обычно требуют человеческого интеллекта.

Он моделирует и совершенствует человеческие возможности - от самоуправляемых автомобилей до виртуальных помощников, таких как Siri и Alexa. Искусственный интеллект учится, обрабатывая данные и выискивая закономерности. Люди могут контролировать процесс обучения, но некоторые системы искусственного интеллекта учатся без контроля путем повторения, например, играя в видеоигру, пока не освоят правила и не научатся побеждать.

1.2 Типы искусственного интеллекта

Если вы когда-либо пользовались Alexa от Amazon, Apple Face ID или взаимодействовали с чат-ботом, значит, вы взаимодействовали с технологией искусственного интеллекта (AI).

• Искусственный узкий интеллект: ИИ, предназначенный для выполнения очень специфических действий; неспособен к самостоятельному обучению.

• Искусственный общий интеллект: искусственный интеллект, предназначенный для обучения, мышления и выполнения действий на том же уровне, что и у человека.

• Искусственный сверхразум: искусственный интеллект, способный превзойти знания и возможности людей.

• Реактивные машины: Искусственный интеллект, способный реагировать на внешние раздражители в режиме реального времени; неспособный создавать память или сохранять информацию на будущее.

• Ограниченная память: искусственный интеллект, который может хранить знания и использовать их для обучения и подготовки к будущим задачам.

• Теория разума: искусственный интеллект, который может ощущать человеческие эмоции и реагировать на них, а также выполнять задачи машин с ограниченной памятью.

• Самосознание: искусственный интеллект, который может распознавать эмоции других, а также обладает самоощущением и интеллектом человеческого уровня; заключительная стадия искусственного интеллекта.

ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ УЗКИЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ

Искусственный узкий интеллект (ANI), также известный как узкий ИИ или слабый ИИ, описывает инструменты искусственного интеллекта, предназначенные для выполнения очень специфических действий или команд. Технологии ANI созданы для того, чтобы обслуживать и преуспевать в одной когнитивной способности, и не могут самостоятельно осваивать навыки, выходящие за рамки их разработки. Они часто используют машинное обучение и алгоритмы нейронных сетей для выполнения этих определенных задач.

Некоторые примеры искусственного узкого интеллекта включают программное обеспечение для распознавания изображений, самоуправляемые автомобили и виртуальных помощников с искусственным интеллектом, таких как