Файл: Исаченко А.Г. Ландшафтоведение и физико-географическое районирование 1991.pdf

(

(

."-3,:@'0>( 3( d2/,."-3,:@'0>( b3-".,>( *&2."-'"*.@( /0-,c&',( *:,6&&a( '"(
".'8+@( '&( 3*9&7,&.F( !:;( d2/,."-3,:@'"A( 7"'0( >,-,2.&-&'( *:,60A(
<"-37"'.,:@'0A( #&-&'"*( /"7+$b'0>( 1,**i( 6:,<"+,-;( 1"%'"A( 2"'/&2?33( ',+(
*$b&A( /0#,+,8.( "63:@'0&( "*,+23F( g+',2"( 3( 7+&*@( 31&8.*;( "6:,*.3( *(
#"'3c&''01( $/:,c'&'3&1( 3( #"/0b&''"A( 2"'.3'&'.,:@'"*.@8( 2:31,.,(
MR"*."9',;(`=-32,PF((
R( #":;-'0>( "6:,*.>>( *&2."-'0&( =3732"]<&"<-,=39&*23&( -,7:393;( 1,:"(
#-";/:;8.*;( /*:&+*./3&( <"*#"+*./,( +"/":@'"( "+'"-"+'0>( /"7+$b'0>( 1,**a(
'3723>(.&1#&-,.$-(3(3760."9'"<"($/:,c'&'3;F((
O&c+$( 7"',:@'"*.@8( 3( *&2."-'"*.@8( *$%&*./$8.( *:"c'0&( *"".'"b&'3;( 3( /(
"#-&+&:&''"A(*.&#&'3(/7,31""6$*:"/:&''"*.@F(B0:"(60('&/&-'01(.-,2."/,.@(
*&2."-'"*.@( 2,2( #-"*."( +":<".'$8( +3==&-&'?3,?38F( !&:"( /( ."1a( 9."(
2"'.3'&'.,:@'"]"2&,'39&*23A("61&'(/"7+$b'0>(1,**(1"c&.(31&.@('&(.":@2"(
+":<".'$8a( '"( 3( b3-".'$8( M3:3( *$6b3-".'$8P( ',#-,/:&''"*.@F( R( .&>(
*:$9,;>a( 2"<+,( 1"-*23&( /"7+$b'0&( 1,**0( #"*.$#,8.( ',( *$b$( *( *&/&-,( 3:3( *(
8<,a( d==&2.( *&2."-'"*.3( ',2:,+0/,&.*;( ',( 7"',:@'"*.@a( $*3:3/,;( 3:3(
"*:,6:;;(*2"-"*.@(7"',:@'0>(*1&'(:,'+b,=."/F((
l,2a( ">:,c+,8%&&( +&A*./3&( 4&/&-'"<"( K&+"/3."<"( "2&,',( /0-,c,&.*;( /(
*3:@'"1( #"'3c&'33( :&.'3>( .&1#&-,.$-( ',( *&/&-'"A( "2-,3'&( h/-,733( 3(
4&/&-'"A(`1&-323F(r3-".'0A(.&1#&-,.$-'0A(<-,+3&'.(/(#-&+&:,>(.$'+-0(/(
ST( X( DT( -,7( /0b&a( 9&1( /( #-&+&:,>( .,A<3a( :&.'3&( 37".&-10( -,*#":,<,8.*;(
#"9.3(#,-,::&:@'"(6&-&<"/"A(:3'33a(+,(3(*,1,(8c',;(<-,'3?,(.$'+-0(/("6%3>(
9&-.,>(#"/."-;&.("9&-.,'3;(*&/&-'0>(#"6&-&c3A(1,.&-32,F(k."(<"/"-3.("(."1a(
9."( >".;( .$'+-,X( ;/:&'3&( 6&**#"-'"( 7"',:@'"&a( &&( 8c'0&( #-&+&:0( M2,2( 3(
*&/&-',;( <-,'3?,( .,A<3P( /( 7',93.&:@'"A( 1&-&( "6$*:"/:&'0( /:3;'3&1(
>":"+'"<"("2&,',F((
H',;( 2,-.3',( ',6:8+,&.*;( ',( 8<"]/"*."2&( `733a( <+&( #,**,.( *( H'+3A*2"<"(
"2&,',a( #"( *$%&*./$( #-&/-,%,;*@( :&."1( /( "2&,'39&*23A( 1$**"'a( #-"'32,&.(
+,:&2"( 2( *&/&-$( ".( d2/,."-,( 3( #-3'"*3.( .&#:0A( 3( /:,c'0A( /"7+$>a( 2"."-0A(
"..&*';&.( .-"#39&*23&( #$*.0'3( 3( /070/,&.( #-"+/3c&'3&( 2( *&/&-$( /:,c'0>(
.-"#39&*23>(:&*"/(3(*,/,''(M*1F(-3*F(SVPF((
m,%&a( "+',2"a( *&2."-',;( +3==&-&'?3,?3;( ',#-,/:&',( /2-&*.( #-"*.3-,'3;(
b3-".'0>(:,'+b,=.'0>(7"'a(.F(&F(*&2."-,(*&2$.(-,7:39'0&(7"'0F(4:&+*./3&1(
d."<"( "6*.";.&:@*./,( ;/:;&.*;( ."a( 9."( 2,c+,;( 7"',( #-&.&-#&/,&.( 6":&&( 3:3(
1&'&&(*$%&*./&''0&(.-,'*="-1,?33(#-3(#&-&>"+&(37("+'"<"(*&2."-,(/(+-$<"AF(
N-31&-"1( 1"c&.( *:$c3.@( .,&c',;( 7"',( h/-,733a( 2"."-,;( #-&+*.,/:&',(
*#&?3=39&*2313( e".-&72,13f( /( $1&-&''"]2"'.3'&'.,:@'"1( R"*."9'"]
h/-"#&A*2"1( *&2."-&a( .3#39'"( 2"'.3'&'.,:@'"1( j,#,+'"]4363-*2"1a( 2-,A'&(
2"'.3'&'.,:@'"1(R"*."9'"]4363-*2"1(3(.F(+F(!-$<"A(#-31&-(X(:&*"*.&#',;(
7"',(/(R"*."9'"]h/-"#&A*2"1(3(j,#,+'"]4363-*2"1(*&2."-,>F(!:;(1'"<3>(7"'(
<-,'3?0( *&2."-"/( "2,70/,8.*;( 3( /"/*&( '&#-&"+":31013( 6,-@&-,13a( .,2( 9."(
3>( -,*#-"*.-,'&'3&( "<-,'39&'"( *.-"<"( "#-&+&:&''013( *&2."-,13a( ',#-31&-(
*$6.-"#39&*2,;(/:,c'":&*',;(7"',((
^E(
(

(

(

#-3$-"9&',( 2( R"*."9'"]`73,.*2"1$( 1$**"''"1$( *&2."-$a( ,( 7"'0( #$*.0'@( '&(
/0>"+;.(7,(#-&+&:0(-&72"(2"'.3'&'.,:@'0>(*&2."-"/F((
K,'+b,=.'0&( 7"'0( "*.,8.*;( '&#-&-0/'013( /( .&>( *:$9,;>a( 2"<+,( ',(
#-".;c&'33( "#-&+&:&''"A( b3-".'"A( #":"*0( *">-,';8.*;( "+'".3#'0&(
$*:"/3;( .&#:""6&*#&9&''"*.3( 3( $/:,c'&'3;i( *&2."-'0&( 371&'&'3;(
2"'.3'&'.,:@'"*.3( 2:31,.,( /0-,c,8.*;( /( ="-13-"/,'33( +":<".'0>(
M*&2."-'0>P( /,-3,'."/( 7"'0( M2,2( d."( 31&&.( 1&*."( /( .,A<&PF( h*:3( c&( /( "+'"A(
b3-".'"A( #":"*&( *( "+3',2"/"A( .&#:""6&*#&9&''"*.@8( ',6:8+,8.*;( -&723&(
371&'&'3;($/:,c'&'3;(".(*&2."-,(2(*&2."-$a(#-"3*>"+3.(*1&',(7"'a(3(/(d."1(
*:$9,&( b3-".',;( #":"*,( *2:,+0/,&.*;( 37( -,7'0>( 7"'( X( ,',:"<"/( #"(
.&#:""6&*#&9&''"*.3F(
-31&-"1( 1"c&.( *:$c3.@( e?&#"92,f( *$6.-"#39&*23>( 7"'a( /0.;'$.0>(
#-36:373.&:@'"( 1&c+$( VT( 3( UT“( *F( bFJ( *-&+37&1'"1"-*2,;a( 7,#,+'0A( ".-&7"2(
*$6.-"#39&*2"A( *&13,-3+'"A( #&-&>"+'"A( 7"'0( M*( :&*"*.&#'013a( *.&#'013a(
#":$#$*.0''013( :,'+b,=.,13Pa( *$6.-"#39&*2,;( #$*.0'',;a( /"*."9'0A(
".-&7"2( *&13,-3+'"A( #&-&>"+'"A( 7"'0( 3( *$6.-"#39&*2,;( /:,c'":&*',;( 7"',(
M*1F(-3*F(SVPF((
N"*2":@2$( #-".;c&''"*.@( *&2."-"/( #"( +":<".&( /( -;+&( *:$9,&/( ',2:,+0/,&.(
"<-,'39&'3;( ',( -,*#-"*.-,'&'3&( :,'+b,=.'0>( 7"'a( .,23&( 7"'0( "2,70/,8.*;(
e$2"-"9&''013fa(/#:".@(+"(."<"a(9."(e+:3',f(M.F(&F(+":<".',;(#-".;c&''"*.@P(
"2,70/,&.*;( $( '3>( 2"-"9&( eb3-3'0f( Mb3-".'"A( #-".;c&''"*.3PF(
}-&*."1,.3A'0A( #-31&-X( *.&#',;( 7"',( 4&/&-'"A( `1&-323a( "( 2"."-"A(
'&-&+2"( <"/"-;.( 2,2( "( e1&-3+3"',:@'"A( 7"'&fF( R( +&A*./3.&:@'"*.3( d."a(
2"'&9'"a(e'"-1,:@',;f(b3-".',;(7"',a('"("',(*.&*'&',(',(7,#,+&(3(',(/"*."2&(
<-,'3?,13(/'$.-31,.&-32"/"<"(*&2."-,(M,(',(7,#,+&(&%&(3(<"-'01(6,-@&-"1PF(
R( &%&( 6":@b&A( *.&#&'3( /3+31"*.@( e1&-3+3"',:@'"Af( 7"'0( #-3*$%,(
#":$#$*.0';1(~c'"A(`1&-323a('"(d.,(7"',(e'&(/3'"/,.,f(/(."1a(9."(1,.&-32(
~c'"A( `1&-323( 7+&*@( /02:3'3/,&.*;( 2( 8<$a( "*.,/:;;( +:;( #":$#$*.0'@(
*:3b2"1($72$8(#":"*$(*$b3F((
N"+0."c3/,;( *2,7,''"&( "( /7,31"".'"b&'3;>( 1&c+$( 7"',:@'"]*.@8( 3(
*&2."-'"*.@8a( *:&+$&.( #-37',.@( ',:393&( '&( "+'"Aa( ,( '&*2":@23>(

,*,#'6/

1(54G()#59</ :$5>/

N"+( *3*.&1"A( 7"'( 31&&.*;( /( /3+$( '&#-&-0/'0A( -;+(

:,'+b,=.'0>( 7"'( Me7"',:@'0A( *#&2.-fPa( #-3*$%3A( ."1$( 3:3( 3'"1$(
+":<".'"1$(*&2."-$(*$b3F(N-&c+&(/*&<"(-,7:39,8.*;(-;+0(2"'.3'&'.,:@'0&(3(
#-3"2&,'39&*23&F( N&-/01( #-3*$%3( 7"'0( #$*.0'@( -,7'0>( #";*"/a(
#":$#$*.0'@a( *.&#&Ai( /( +-$<3>( 7"',>( ',6:8+,8.*;( 9&-.0( *$>"*.3( 3(
2"'.3'&'.,:@'"*.3( M.,&c'"A( 7"'&( 7+&*@( */"A*./&''0( 2-,A'&( *$-"/,;( 731,a(
-,7/3.3&( 1'"<":&.'&A( 1&-7:".0a( */&.:">/"A'0>( :3*./&''39'0>( :&*"/a(
#-37',23( "*.&#'&'3;PF( !:;( #-3"2&,'39&*23>( *3*.&1( .3#39'0( :&*'0&( 7"'0(
-,7'0>( b3-".'0>( #";*"/F( N-3( d."1( 7,#,+'0A( 3( /"*."9'0A( -;+0( 7"'(
*$%&*./&''"( -,7:39,8.*;( 1&c+$( *"6"AF( R"*."9',;( #&-3=&-3;( 1,.&-32"/(
".:39,&.*;(',36":&&("63:@'01(3(-,/'"1&-'01(#"(b3-".&($/:,c'&'3&1a(."<+,(
2,2(',(7,#,+&(-&72"(/0-,c&'(,-3+'0A($9,*."2(/(.-"#39&*23>((

^^(

(

(

(

b3-".,>i(&%&(2"'.-,*.'&&(3(/(?&:"1(,-3+'&&(b3-".'0A(-;+($/:,c](
'&'3;(/(2"'.3'&'.,:@'0>(*&2."-,>(M-3*F(SUP(

S

F(

g.1&9&''0&( "*"6&''"*.3( 7"',:@'0>( *#&2.-"/( ".9&.:3/"( #-";/:;8.*;( /(
-,7:39'0>( =3732"]<&"<-,=39&*23>( #"2,7,.&:;>( 3( #-"?&**,>a( ',#-31&-( /(
3*#,-;&1"*.3( M-3*F( SIPa( 7,#,*,>( =3."1,**0( M-3*F( SEP( 3( 63":"<39&*2"A(
#-"+$2.3/'"*.3(M-3*F(S^PF(

(

(

(

53*F(SUF(j"',:@'0&(371&'&'3;(<"](
+"/"<"( 2"d==3?3&'.,( $/:,c'&'3;(
R0*"?2"<"( X( H/,'"/,( MCP( /( -,7'0>(
*&2."-,>(h/-,733(3(4&/&-'"A(`=-323F((

D'-#$%9>/

S(#-3,.:,'.39&*23&a(DX((

2"'.3'&'.,:@'0&((
(

53*F(SIF(j"',:@'"&(371&'&'3&(<"+"/"A(/e](
:393'0( 3*#,-;&1"*.3( MhP( /( -,7'0>( *&2."-,>(
h/-,733(3(4&/&-'"A(`=-323F((

D'-#$%9Z/

S(X(#-3,.:,'.39&*23&a(D(X(#-3.3](

>""2&,'*23&a(V(X(2"'.3'&'.,:@'0&(

(

O&c+$( .-&1;( "*'"/'013( *3*.&1,13( :,'+b,=.'0>( 7"'( &*.&*./&''"(
*$%&*./$8.( #"*.&#&''0&( #&-&>"+0a( #-39&1( /( #&-&>"+'0>( *&2."-,>( 9,%&(
/*&<"( ',6:8+,8.*;( ',36":&&( *:"c'0&( ',6"-0( 7"'( 7,( *9&.( 2:3'""6-,7'"<"(
e#&-&*:,3/,'3;f( 7"'a( #-3*$%3>( 2,2( 2"'.3'&'.,:@'"1$( -;+$a( .,2( 3(
#-3"2&,'39&*2"1$F( l,2a( /( $1&-&''"]2"'.3'&'.,:@'0A( *&2."-( R"*."9'"A(
h/-"#0a( <+&( -,*#":"c&',( 5$**2,;( -,/'3',a( *( 7,#,+,( 7,>"+;.a( #"*.&#&''"(
*$c,;*@a(#"+.,&c',;(3(b3-"2":3](

(

S

(Q,(-3*F(SU(2-3/,;(2"d==3?3&'.,($/:,c'&'3;(/(#-3.3>""2&,'*2"1(*&2."-&('&(#"2,7,',a(.,2(2,2(&&(

b3-".'0&(-,7:393;("9&'@('&/&:323(M6":@b&A(9,*.@8(2":&6:8.*;(/(#-&+&:,>(DaT(X(VaTP(3(*3:@'"(
7,.$b&/0/,8.*;(1&*.'013("-"<-,=39&*2313(/:3;'3;13F((
(^G(

(

(

(

(

(

(

53*F( SEF( j"',:@'"&( 371&'&'3&( 7,#,*"/(
=3."1,**0( /( -,7'0>( *&2."-,>( h/-,733( 3(
4&/&-'"A(

`=-323((

(

53*F(S^F(j"',:@'"&(371&'&'3&(#-"](
+$2.3/'"*.3(-,*.3.&:@'"<"(#"2-"/,(/(-,7'0>(
*&2."-,>(h/-,733(3(4&/&-'"A(`=-323F((
g6"7',9&'3;(.&(c&a(9."(',(-3*F(SI(

(

*./&''":&*',;(7"'0(M#"*:&+';;(/02:3'3/,&.*;(',(o-,:&Pa(,(*(/"*."2,(X(7"'0(
:&*"*.&#3a( *.&#3( 3( #":$#$*.0'3a( #-3*$%3&( 2"'.3'&'.,:@'01( *&2."-,1( 3(
#"*.&#&''"(*>"+;%3&(',('&.(/(7,#,+'"1(',#-,/:&'33(M*1F(-3*F(SVPF((
5,**1,.-3/,;( 2-3/0&( 7"',:@'"<"( -,*#-&+&:&'3;( -,7:39'0>( #"2,7,.&:&A( M*1F(
-3*F(G(X(STa(SU(X(S^Pa(1"c'"(7,1&.3.@a(9."(3>(b3-".'0&(<-,+3&'.0(1&';8.(
*/"A( 7',2a( "6-,7$;( e/":'0f( ',( 2-3/0>F( H',9&( <"/"-;a( /( >"+&( 7"',:@'0>(
;/:&'3A( "6',-$c3/,&.*;( "#-&+&:&'',;( #-"*.-,'*./&'',;( -3.139'"*.@F( N-3(
d."1( -3.139'"*.@( -,7:39'0>( #"2,7,.&:&A( '&( "+'"7',9',a( 3>( 1,2*31$10( 3(
13'31$10( 1"<$.( '&( *"/#,+,.@F( !,:&&a( 6-"*,&.*;( /( <:,7,( '&"+3',2"/,;(
/0-,c&''"*.@((

^W(

(

(

(

(

-3.1"/( /( -,7'0>( *3*.&1,>( 7"'J( ',36":&&( -&72"( "'3( /0-,c&'0( /(
2"'.3'&'.,:@'0>(-;+,>(:,'+b,=.'0>(7"'(3(*3:@'"(*<:,c3/,8.*;(/(/"*."9'"1(
#-3"2&,'39&*2"1(-;+$F((
R( 2,9&*./&( "6%&A( 7,2"'"1&-'"*.3( *:&+$&.( ".1&.3.@( $*3:&'3&( ,2.3/'"*.3(
#-3-"+'0>( #-"?&**"/( *( $/&:39&'3&1( $/:,c'&'3;( 3( "*:,6:&'3&( X( *( &<"(
$1&'@b&'3&1( ',( ="'&( /"7-,*.,8%&A( #"( ',#-,/:&'38( 2( d2/,."-$(
.&#:""6&*#&9&''"*.3F( }"-"b31( #"2,7,.&:&1( d."A( 7,2"'"1&-'"*.3( 1"c&.(
*:$c3.@( b3-".',;( 2-3/,;( 63":"<39&*2"A( #-"+$2.3/'"*.3( M-3*F( S^P( F( !:;( '&&(
.3#39'0( +/,( 1,2*31$1,X( <:,/'0A( ',( d2/,."-&( 3( /."-39'0A( /( $1&-&''0>(
b3-".,>( X( 3( -&723A( 13'31$1( /( .-"#32,>F( l,2"A( >"+( #-"?&**"/( >"-"b"(
#-"*:&c3/,&.*;(/(#-3,.:,'.39&*2"A(3(2"'.3'&'.,:@'"A(*3*.&1,>(7"',:@'"*.3(
M/( #"*:&+'&A( 1&*.,13( #-";/:;&.*;( '&6":@b,;( .-&.@;a( *$6.-"#39&*2,;a( /":',(
#"/0b&''"A( 3'.&'*3/'"*.3PF( R( /"*."9'"1( #-3"2&,'39&*2"1( -;+$a( <+&(
#"/*&1&*.'"( '&.( '&+"*.,.2,( /"( /:,<&a( 3'.&'*3/'"*.@( =$'2?3"'3-"/,'3;(
<&"*3*.&1( +"/":@'"( #:,/'"( -,*.&.( ".( #":8*,( 2( d2/,."-$a( '&( "6',-$c3/,;(
2,23>]:36"(-3.1"/F(

(

J27-&*)0':-07*-7&3'/'-"-5"),/6#78/#',)8&-"2''
()*$+),&*-R'$/,,#"#*X/)X//

(

4:&+$8%3A(

/,c'0A(

=,2."-(

=3732"]<&"<-,=39&*2"A(

M:,'+b,=.'"AP(

+3==&-&'?3,?33(

#"*:&(

7"',:@'0>(

3(

*&2."-'0>(

371&'&'3A(

.&#:""6&*#&9&''"*.3( 3( $/:,c'&'3;( X(

"9,$#(/ ,AG*/ 5(4/ A%$"5'6/ 6$%=>/

N"+(

+&A*./3&1( d."<"( =,2."-,( :,'+b,=.',;( *=&-,( #-3"6-&.,&.( ;-$*'"&( *.-"&'3&J(
-,7:39'01( /0*".'01( ;-$*,1( #-3*$%3( *#&?3=39&*23&( 2:,**0( :,'+b,=."/F(
)3#*"1&.-39&*2"&( #":"c&'3&( *2,70/,&.*;( $c&( /( -,/'3''0>( :,'+b,=.,>( X(
#-3( 2":&6,'3;>( ,6*":8.'"A( /0*".0( /( #-&+&:,>( #&-/0>( *".&'( 1&.-"/F( !"(
"#-&+&:&''"<"( #-&+&:,( /"7-,*.,'3&( /0*".0( '&( /070/,&.( /( :,'+b,=.,>(
3*9&7'"/&'3;( .3#39'0>( #-37',2"/( e*/"&Af( 7"'0F( R0b&( d."<"( #-&+&:,( /( '3>(
#";/:;8.*;( 9&-.0a( */"A*./&''0&( *"*&+'&Aa( 6":&&( *&/&-'"A( M+:;( *&/&-'"<"(
#":$b,-3;P(7"'&a(3(#"(1&-&(+,:@'&Ab&<"(',-,*.,'3;(/0*".(#-"3*>"+3.(*1&',(
:,'+b,=.'0>(#";*"/a(+"('&2"."-"A(*.&#&'3(,',:"<39',;(#"*:&+"/,.&:@'"*.3(
-,*#":"c&'3;(b3-".'0>(:,'+b,=.'0>(7"'F(k.,(7,2"'"1&-'"*.@(37/&*.',(2,2(

"9,$#5(=/ 3$=,5$,#7/

M3:3( /&-.32,:@',;( 7"',:@'"*.@PF( R0*".',;( #";*'"*.@(

:3b@( "9&'@( $*:"/'"( 1"c&.( -,**1,.-3/,.@*;( 2,2( ,',:"<( b3-".'"A(
7"',:@'"*.3F((
N-393'"A( /0*".'"A( #";*'"*.3( ;/:;&.*;( 371&'&'3&( .&#:"/"<"( 6,:,'*,( *(
/0*"."AF( Q"( #-3-"+,( .&1#&-,.$-'0>( 371&'&'3A( #"( /0*".&( 3( b3-".&( 31&&.(
#-3'?3#3,:@'"(-,7:39'0A(>,-,2.&-F(R&:393',(*":'&9'"A(-,+3,?33(*(/0*"."A(
'&( $1&'@b,&.*;a( ,(

A"'1*+*"('#,=/

#-31&-'"( ',( STt( *( #"+';.3&1( ',( 2,c+0&(

STTT( 1F( k."( "6$*:"/:&'"( $1&'@b&'3&1( 1"%'"*.3( 3( #:".'"*.3( ,.1"*=&-0( 3(
-&7231( $60/,'3&1( *"+&-c,'3;( /"+;'"<"( #,-,( 3( #0:3a( ,( *:&+"/,.&:@'"a(
*"2-,%&'3&1(#".&-@(-,+3,?33(',(#"<:"%&'3&(3(".-,c&'3&(/(,.1"*=&-&F(MN-3(
d."1( *":'&9',;( -,+3,?3;( ',( 6":@b"A( /0*".&( -,*#-&+&:;&.*;( -,/'"1&-'&&( /(
.&9&'3&(<"+,a(,(*"*.,/(&&(371&';&.*;(7,(*9&.($/&:39&'3;((

GT(

(