Файл: Исаченко А.Г. Ландшафтоведение и физико-географическое районирование 1991.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 17.09.2020
Просмотров: 5586
Скачиваний: 9
(
(
(
(
(
53*F(DTF(B,-@&-',;(3'/&-*3;(:,'+b,=.'0>(7"'(',(C-01*2"1(#":$"*.-"/&(3(/(j,#,+'"1(
N-&+2,/2,7@&J(
S(X(*$>3&(M8c'0&P(*.a(D(X(.3#39'0&(*.a(V(*&/&-'0&(*.a(U(X(#-&+<"-',;(:&*"*.&#@a(I(X(#-&+<"-'0&(
*$6*-&+3](
7&1'"1"-*23&(:,'+b,=.0a(E(<"-0a(^(X(<"+"/0&(37"<3&.0(M11P(
(
(
(
(
(
(
53*F(DSF(5,*#-&+&:&'3&(*-&+'3>(<"+"/0>("*,+2"/(',(4&/&-"]j,#,+&(5$**2"A(-,/'3](
'0(/(7,/3*31"*.3(".(-&:@&=,J((
L
(X(/"7/0b&''"*.3(/0b&(STT(1(',+($-"/'&1(1"-;a(D(X(<"+"/0&(37"<3&.0(M11P(
(
.0''"A( 7"'( "6$*:"/:3/,&.( *+/3<( 7"',:@'0>( <-,'3?( 2( 8<$( 3( +,c&(
*/"&"6-,7'$8( 6,-@&-'$8( 3'/&-*38( :,'+b,=.'0>( 7"'a( .F&F( "6-,.'$8(
#"*:&+"/,.&:@'"*.@( 3>( *1&'0F( N"+"6',;( 2,-.3',( ',6:8+,&.*;( ',( -,/'3',>(
*.&#'"<"( C-01,( 3( /"*."9'"<"( N-3,7"/@;F( N-31&-'"( #"( :3'33( N&-&2"#*23A(
#&-&b&&2( X( *&/&-( `7"/*2"<"( 1"-;( X( '37"/@;( !"',( #-">"+3.( 2,2( 60( "*@(
,.1"*=&-'"<"( $/:,c'&'3;a( ".( 2"."-"A( "'"( /"7-,*.,&.( 2,2( 2( *&/&-$( M/(
*""./&.*./33( *( "6%&A( 7"',:@'"A( 7,2"'"1&-'"*.@8Pa( .,2( 3( 2( 8<$( M/( */;73( *(
6,-@&-'01(/"7+&A*./3&1(B":@b"<"(C,/2,7,(3(C-01*23>(<"-PF(N"d."1$(2(8<$(
".(e"*3f(',6:8+,&.*;(
(
WD(
(
(
(
*1&',( :,'+b,=."/( ".( *$>3>( *.&#&A( +"( :&*"*.( 2,2( 60( /( /3+&( 7&-2,:@'"<"(
".-,c&'3;('"-1,:@'"A(7"',:@'"A(*>&10(M-3*F(DTP(F(g9&'@(#"*.&#&''"&(M".(T(+"(
DTT(1P(#"/0b&'3&(*,1"A(-,/'3'0('&(3<-,&.(#-3(d."1(*$%&*./&''"A(-":3F((
5,'&&(".1&9&''0A(=,2.($/&:39&'3;(2":39&*./,("*,+2"/(',(/"7/0b&''"*.;>(/(
*-,/'&'33( *( '371&''"*.;13( ;/:;&.*;( #-";/:&'3&1( ."<"( c&( 6,-@&-'"<"(
d==&2.,F( N-31&9,.&:@'"a( 9."( d."( $/&:39&'3&( ',6:8+,&.*;( ',( ',/&.-&''0>(
*2:"',>( /"7/0b&''"*.&Aa( ,( .,2c&( ',( #-3:&<,8%3>( $9,*.2,>( *"*&+'3>(
'371&''"*.&A( M-3*F( DSPF( R( '&2"."-0>( *:$9,;>a( #&-&/,:3/,;( 9&-&7( '&/0*"23&(
/"7/0b&''"*.3a(/"7+$b'0&(1,**0a(&%&(*"+&-c,%3&(7',93.&:@'"&(2":39&*./"(
/:,<3a( "*.,/:;8.( 9,*.@( &&( ',( /&->'3>( $9,*.2,>( #"+/&.-&''0>( *2:"'"/a( <+&(
.,2c&(1"c&.(".1&9,.@*;(#"/0b&''"&(2":39&*./"("*,+2"/
S
F(
(
?&"=8&="*-G:#&"-5"),/6#78/#',)8&-"2''
/'%-",-7&"=8&="*)0'$/,,#"#*X/)X/0
(
(
N-3( /*&1( -,7'""6-,733( -,**1".-&''0>( =,2."-"/( 1&>,'371( 3>( /:3;'3;( ',(
="-13-"/,'3&( 3( +3==&-&'?3,?38( <&"*3*.&1( *>"+&'J( 3( 7"',:@'"*.@a( 3(
*&2."-'"*.@a( 3( ;-$*'"*.@a( 3( 6,-@&-'"*.@( '&#"*-&+*./&''"( #-";/:;8.*;( /(
.&#:""6&*#&9&''"*.3( 3( $/:,c'&'33a( ,( $c&( 9&-&7( '3>( X( /( +-$<3>( #-3-"+'0>(
2"1#"'&'.,>( :,'+b,=.'"A( *=&-0F( 4$%&*./$&.a( "+',2"a( &%&( "+',( 2,.&<"-3;(
=,2."-"/a( ".( 2"."-0>( /( 6":@b"A( *.&#&'3( 7,/3*3.( #&*.-".,( 3( 2"'.-,*.'"*.@(
-&<3"',:@'"A( *.-$2.$-0( :,'+b,=.'"A( *=&-0J( *.-"&'3&( 3( /&%&*./&''0A(
*"*.,/( /&->'3>( .":%( :3."*=&-0F( m,*."( 31&''"( d.3( =,2."-0( ',70/,8.(
*"6*./&''"(,7"',:@'013F((
L3732"]<&"<-,=39&*23&( *:&+*./3;( -,7'""6-,73;( #&.-"<-,=39&*2"<"( *"*.,/,(
#"-"+za( *:,<,8%3>( 7&1'$8( #"/&->'"*.@a( 9-&7/09,A'"( 1'"<""6-,7'0F( )"-'0&(
#"-"+0( "6-,7$8.( *$6*.-,.( :,'+b,=.,a( "'3( "#-&+&:;8.( *"*.,/( 13'&-,:@'"A(
1,**0( #"9/0( 3( &&( /,c'&Ab3&( =3732"]>3139&*23&( 3( .-"=39&*23&( */"A*./,a(
*"*.,/( d:&1&'."/a( $9,*./$8%3>( /( <&">3139&*2"1( 2-$<"/"-".&a( d+,=39&*23&(
$*:"/3;(#-"](
S
( !"#":'3.&:@'"A( #-393'"A( #"/0b&'3;( "*,+2"/( ',( /"7/0b&''"*.;>( *:$c3.( $*3:&'3&(
-,*9:&'&'3;(#"/&->'"*.3(3a(*:&+"/,.&:@'"a(&&(b&-">"/,."*.3F(k.".(=,2."-(',93',&.(+&A*./"/,.@(
&%&( ',( '371&''"*.;>J( #"/&->'"*.@( *$b3a( +,c&( '371&'',;a( 6":&&( b&-">"/,.,a( 9&1( /"+',;(
#"/&->'"*.@a( 3( *#"*"6*./$&.( $*3:&'38( .$-6$:&'.'"*.3( /( +/3c$%3>*;( /"7+$b'0>( 1,**,>F(
N"d."1$( ',( #"6&-&c@;>( 1"-&Aa( ,( .,2c&( 2-$#'0>( "7&-( M',#-31&-( K,+"c*2"<"P( /0#,+,&.( 1&'@b&(
"*,+2"/a(9&1(',('&2"."-"1($+,:&'33(".('3>(/(<:$6@(*$b3F((
D
( R( :,'+b,=."/&+9&*2"A( :3.&-,.$-&( #-31&'3.&:@'"( 2( /&%&*./&''"1$( *"*.,/$( ./&-+"<"(
=$'+,1&'.,( :,'+b,=.,( .-,+3?3"''"( #-31&';8.*;( .&-13'0( e:3.":"<39&*23A( *"*.,/fa(
e:3."<&'',;( "*'"/,f( 3( .F#F( k.,( .&-13'":"<3;( *.-,+,&.( '&."9'"*.@8a( 36"( #"';.3&( e:3.":"<3;f(
".'"*3.*;( .":@2"( 2( "*,+"9'01( #"-"+,1F( N"*2":@2$( /( ="-13-"/,'33( :,'+b,=."/( $9,*./$8.( 3(
1,<1,.39&*23&( #"-"+0a( #-,/3:@'&&( <"/"-3.@( "( #&.-"<-,=39&*2"1( *"*.,/&a( #&.-"<-,=39&*2"1(
=$'+,1&'.&(:,'+b,=.,a(#&.-"<-,=39&*2"1(*$6*.-,.&(3(.F#F((
WV(
(
(
(
37-,*.,'3;(-,*.3.&:@'"<"(#"2-"/,a('&(<"/"-;($c&("(1'"<3>(9&-.,>(-&:@&=,a(,(
.,2c&(<3+-"<-,=39&*2"A(*&.3F((
H7/&*.'"a( ',#-31&-a( 9."( 2,-6"',.'0&( #"-"+0( #-&+*.,/:;8.( 6:,<"#-3;.'0A(
*$6*.-,.( +:;( #"9/""6-,7"/,'3;a( "*"6&''"( ',( ="'&( 23*:0>( #"9/( <$13+'0>(
:&*'0>( :,'+b,=."/F( B"<,.*./"( #"-"+( 2,:@?3&1( "6$*:"/:3/,&.( '&A.-,:@'$8(
3:3( +,c&( %&:"9'$8( -&,2?38( #"9/a( ',*0%&''"*.@( #"<:"%,8%&<"( 2"1#:&2*,(
"*'"/,'3;13a(
#"/0b&''"&(
',2"#:&'3&(
<$1$*,F(
5,7/3/,8%3&*;(
',(
2,-6"',.'0>( #"-"+,>( +&-'"/"]2,-6"',.'0&( #"9/0( "6:,+,8.( 7',93.&:@'"(
6":&&( /0*"231( &*.&*./&''01( #:"+"-"+3&1a( 9&1( #"9/0a( ="-13-$8%3&*;( ',(
-,7:39'0>( 6&*2,-6"',.'0>( 1,.&-3'*23>( #"-"+,>F( R*:&+*./3&( d."<"( 3(
-,*.3.&:@'0A( #"2-"/( 7+&*@( 6"<,9&F( l,2a( Hc"-*2"&( #:,."( #"+( K&'3'<-,+"1a(
*:"c&''"&( 37/&*.';2,13( "-+"/32*2"A( *3*.&10a( /0+&:;&.*;( 2,2( #"+.,&c'0A(
e"*.-"/f( /( #"+7"'&( 8c'"A( .,A<3a( ,( .,2c&( 2,2( ',36":&&( "*/"&''0A( /(
*&:@*2">"7;A*./&''"1( ".'"b&'33( :,'+b,=.( /( 4&/&-"j,#,+'"A( .,&c'"A(
#-"/3'?33F( C( d."1$( ',+"( +"6,/3.@a( 9."( +:;( #"+"6'0>( :,'+b,=."/( .3#39'0(
2,-*."/0&( ="-10( -&:@&=,a( 6&+'"*.@( #"/&->'"*.'0>( /"+( M/#:".@( +"( #":'"<"(
".*$.*./3;( <3+-"<-,=39&*2"A( *&.3Pa( c&*.2"*.@( 3( #"/0b&'',;( 13'&-,:37,?3;(
<-$'."/0>(/"+F((
N-31&-"1( 3'"<"( -"+,( 1"<$.( *:$c3.@( :,'+b,=.0a( ="-13-$8%3&*;( ',(
#&*9,'0>( ,::8/3,:@'0>( 3:3( /"+'"]:&+'32"/0>(-,/'3',>F( N&*23( ".:39,8.*;(
>"-"b&A(/"+"#-"'3?,&1"*.@8a("'3(:$9b&(,d-3-$8.*;a(9&1(<:3'0(3(*$<:3'23a(
/&*'"A(60*.-&&(#"+*0>,8.(3(#-"<-&/,]8.*;a(.,2(9."(/($*:"/3;>(3760."9'"<"(
,.1"*=&-'"<"( $/:,c'&'3;( +":c'0( >,-,2.&-37"/,.@*;( 6":&&( 6:,<"#-3;.'01(
<3+-".&-139&*231( -&c31"1a( 9&1( .;c&:0&( <-$'.0F( g+',2"( "'3( 6&+'&&(
d:&1&'.,13( 13'&-,:@'"<"( #3.,'3;( -,*.&'3AF( N-3."1a( #&*9,'0&( ".:"c&'3;(
"609'"( #-3$-"9&'0( 2( 2-$#'01( #"'3c&'3;1( -&:@&=,( 3( 9,*."( ',( '&6":@b"A(
<:$63'&( #"+*.3:,8.*;( /"+"$#"-'013( #"-"+,13( M1"-&'"Aa( :&'."9'013(
<:3',13a( +"9&./&-.39'013( ".:"c&'3;13Pa( <-$'."/0&( /"+0( :&c,.( 7+&*@(
'&<:$6"2"a( ".."2( /:,<3( 7,.-$+'&'F( N"d."1$( ',( #&*9,'0>( -,/'3',>( .,A<3( 3(
#"+.,A<3( *"7+,8.*;( 6:,<"#-3;.'0&( $*:"/3;( +:;( 7,6":,93/,'3;a( ,( ',(
+-&'3-"/,''0>( $9,*.2,>( <"*#"+*./$8.( :&*,( 37( *"*'0( "602'"/&''"Aa( 1&'&&(
.-&6"/,.&:@'"A( 2( 13'&-,:@'"1$( 6"<,.*./$( *$6*.-,.,a( 9&1( .&1'">/"A'0&(
#"-"+0F(N&*23(*:$c,.(#-"/"+'32,13(2(8<$a(/(#-&+&:0(:&*"*.a(:,'+b,=."/(
.,&c'"<"("6:32,(X(#"(#&*9,'01(.&--,*,1(-&2(4$-0a(v'0a(R"-"'&c,F((
R( 7"'&( #$*.0'@( ',( ="'&( 2-,A'&<"( +&=3?3.,( /:,<3( 1,**3/0( d":"/0>( #&*2"/a(
&*:3( "'3( '&( ',-$b&'0( 3'.&'*3/'01( /0#,*"1( *2".,a( /0+&:;8.*;( ',36":&&(
-,7/3.01(-,*.3.&:@'01(#"2-"/"1(M/(9,*.'"*.3a(+:;(*-&+'&,73,.*23>(#$*.0'@(
.3#39'0(7,-"*:3(*,2*,$:,PF(k."("6n;*';&.*;(.&1a(9."(/(#&*2,>(',(<:$63'&(D(X(
I( 1( "6-,7$&.*;( /:,c'0A( 2"'+&'*,?3"''0A( <"-37"'.( #-&*'"A( /"+0( M/(
-&7$:@.,.&(3*#,-&'3;(<:$6"23>(<-$'."/0>(/"+P(F((
N&*.-".,( :,'+b,=."/( <"-( /( 6":@b"A( *.&#&'3( "6$*:"/:&',( -,7'""6-,73&1(
<"-'0>( #"-"+( /( */;73( *( <&":"<39&*2313( *.-$2.$-,13a( 2( 2"."-01( "'3(
#-3$-"9&'0F(R,c'"&(7',9&'3&(31&8.($*:"/3;(7,:&<,](
WU(
(
(
(
'3;( #"-"+a( 3>( 13'&-,:"<39&*23A( *"*.,/a( $*."A93/"*.@( 2( /0/&.-3/,'38a(
.-&%3'"/,."*.@a( -,*./"-31"*.@( 3( +-$<3&( */"A*./,F( ):,/',;( <-;+,( C-01*23>(
xy•(/('3c'&A(9,*.3(*:"c&',(<:3'3*.013(*:,'?,13(3(#&*9,'32,13(.,/-39&*2"A(
*/3.0( M'3c';;( 8-,( X( /&->'3A( .-3,*Pa( ,( /( /&->'&A( X( 2"-,::"/013(
37/&*.';2,13( /&->'&A( 8-0F( N&-/01( *""./&.*./$&.( '372"<"-'0A( ;-$*a( ,(
/."-01( X( *-&+'&<"-'0AF( H7/&*.';23( *:,<,8.( /0-"/'&''$8( #"/&->'"*.@(
<-;+0( M;A:$Pa( 2-$."( "6-0/,8%$8*;( /( *."-"'$( #"6&-&c@;( m&-'"<"( 1"-;F(
R*:&+*./3&(
.-&%3'"/,."*.3(
3(
:&<2"A(
-,*./"-31"*.3(
37/&*.';2"/(
,.1"*=&-'0&( "*,+23( $>"+;.( /<:$6@a( "6-,7$;( 2,-*."/0&( ="-10F( N"/&->'"*.@(
;A:0( 6&7/"+',( 3( 6&7:&*',F( ):3'3*.0&( *:,'?0( /( &*.&*./&''0>( $*:"/3;>(
"6:&*&'0F( g'3( :&<2"( -,7-$b,8.*;( 3( "6-,7$8.( 1;<23&( *2:"'0a( +:;( 2"."-0>(
"9&'@( >,-,2.&-'0( "#":7'3F( B,<"+,-;( /"+"$#"-'"*.3( *:,'?&/( ',( :3'33( 3>(
2"'.,2.,( *( 37/&*.';2,13( /02:3'3/,8.*;( #"+7&1'0&( /"+0a( +,8%3&( ',9,:"(
1'"<"93*:&''01( 3*."9'32,1F( l,231( "6-,7"1a( :3'3;a( -,7+&:;8%,;( /0>"+0(
.,/-39&*2"A( */3.0( 3( /&->'&8-*23>( 37/&*.';2"/a( *:$c3.( /,c'"A( =3732"]
<&"<-,=39&*2"A( <-,'3?&Aa( #"( "6&( *."-"'0( 2"."-"A( ="-13-$8.*;( -,7'0&(
:,'+b,=.0F((
R( */"&1( /"7+&A*./33( ',( :,'+b,=.'$8( +3==&-&'?3,?38( *.-$2.$-'"]
#&.-"<-,=39&*23&( =,2."-0( '&".+&:310( ".( -":3( <3#*"1&.-39&*2"<"(
#":"c&'3;a( "-3&'.3-"/23( 2-$#'0>( ="-1( -&:@&=,( 3( +-$<3>( "-"<-,=39&*23>(
"*"6&''"*.&AF(R*&(d.3(d:&1&'.0(*.-"&'3;(3(="-1(./&-+"A(#"/&->'"*.3(.&*'"(
/7,31""6$*:"/:&'0a( "'3( 31&8.( 6&**#"-'"( ,7"',:@'$8( #-3-"+$( 3( ;/:;8.*;(
:3b@(9,*.'013(#-37',2,13(&+3'"<"(?&:"<"(X(
6$%)$,#%A-#/A%9>/
(
N"+( 1"-="*.-$2.$-,13( #"'31,8.( 2-$#'0&( '&-"/'"*.3( 7&1'"A( #"/&->'"*.3a(
*"7+,''0&( d'+"<&''013( M.F&F( ,7"',:@'013P( #-"?&**,13a( ,( *:&+"/,.&:@'"a(
'&#"*-&+*./&''"( */;7,''0&( *"( *.-"&'3&1( 7&1'"A( 2"-0F( 5,7:39,8.*;(
1"-="*.-$2.$-0(-,7'0>(#"-;+2"/F(4,10&(2-$#'0&a(',70/,&10&(<&".&2.$-,13a(
*""./&.*./$8.( 2-$#'&Ab31( *.-$2.$-'01( d:&1&'.,1( 7&1'"A( 2"-0( M1,.&-323a(
"2&,'39&*23&( /#,+3'0a( *-&+3''"]"2&,'39&*23&( >-&6.0( 3( .F#FPF( C(
1"-="*.-$2.$-,1(6":&&('372"<"(#"-;+2,(".'"*;.*;(#:,.="-1&''0&(-,/'3'0(3(
#:"*2"<"-@;a( <"-'0&( *""-$c&'3;( "-"<&'39&*23>( 7"'F( 4:&+$8%3A( $-"/&'@(
#-&+*.,/:&'( ".+&:@'013( /"7/0b&''"*.;13( 3( '371&''"*.;13( /( #-&+&:,>(
#:,.="-1&''0>( -,/'3'a( <:06"/013( 1,**3/,13( 3:3( *2:,+9,.013( >-&6.,13a(
1&c<"-'013(/#,+3',13(3(.F+F((
`7"',:@',;( +3==&-&'?3,?3;( /( b3-"2"1( *10*:&( *:"/,( #"( *$%&*./$(
"6$*:"/:&',( 1"-="*.-$2.$-'01( #:,'"1( 7&1'"A( #"/&->'"*.3F( R( ".:393&( ".(
7"',:@'"*.3( /( '&A( '&( ',6:8+,&.*;( *.-"<"( #"*:&+"/,.&:@'"<"( 371&'&'3;(
#-37',2"/(/(2,2"1]:36"("+'"1(',#-,/:&'33a(>".;(/(-,71&%&'33(2-$#'&Ab3>(
1"-="*.-$2.$-( 31&8.*;( */"3( 7,2"'"1&-'"*.3( M3>( /0;*'&'3&( '&( />"+3.( /(
7,+,93( :,'+b,=."/&+&'3;PF( `7"',:@'0&( -,7:393;( /( #-3-"+&( 7&1'"A(
#"/&->'"*.3( 6":&&( 2"'.-,*.'0a( 9&1( 7"',:@'0&a( "'3( *"7+,8.( 6":&&( 9&.23&(
-$6&c3( 1&c+$( <&"*3*.&1,13a( 3( 3>( -":@( /( -&<3"',:@'"A( +3==&-&'?3,?33(
3*2:893.&:@'"(/&:32,F((
WI(
(