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106
âîäû. Íàïðèìåð, ñîãëàñíî èñõîäíûì áðèòàíñêèì çíà÷åíè-
ÿì, õîðîøåå êà÷åñòâî âîäû õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïðåäåëàìè èí-
äåêñà BMWP îò 51 äî 100. Ãåðìàíñêàÿ ìîäèôèêàöèÿ èíäåê-
ñà BMWP (Coring, Kuchenhoff, 1994) ïðåäïîëàãàåò ïðåäå-
ëû èíäåêñà äëÿ äàííîãî êà÷åñòâà âîäû îò 101 äî 150.
Ïîäâîäÿ èòîã âûøåñêàçàííîìó, ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî
ïðîáëåìà àäàïòàöèè è ìîäèôèêàöèè èíäåêñîâ ê óñëîâèÿì
îïðåäåëåííîãî ðåãèîíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíîé çàäà-
÷åé è òðåáóåò íå òîëüêî âêëþ÷åíèÿ (èñêëþ÷åíèÿ) îïðåäå-
ëåííûõ òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï, íî è ïîäðîáíûõ ñâåäåíèé
î âèäîâîì ñîñòàâå è ýêîëîãèè âèäîâ ìàêðîçîîáåíòîñà.
107
ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ
 ìîíèòîðèíãå òåêó÷èõ âîä áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ
ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåîòúåìëåìîé è íåîáõîäèìîé ÷àñòüþ êîíòðîëÿ çà
êà÷åñòâîì ñðåäû. Ïîñëå ïðèíÿòèÿ Åâðîïåéñêèì Ñîîáùåñòâîì
Ðàìî÷íîé âîäíîé äèðåêòèâû ñòàëî î÷åâèäíûì, ÷òî åå ìíî-
ãèå ïîëîæåíèÿ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå öåëè ìîãóò áûòü ðåàëèçîâà-
íû òîëüêî ïðè èíòåãðèðîâàííîì ïîäõîäå ê âîäíûì îáúåê-
òàì. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ïåðå÷åíü îñíîâíûõ çàäà÷ WFD âî
ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå ÷åì èíûì, êàê íåêîòîðîé ïåð-
ñïåêòèâîé, ðåàëèçàöèÿ êîòîðîé ïîòðåáóåò íå òîëüêî âðåìå-
íè, íî è çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ôèíàíñîâûõ âëîæåíèé è çàòðàò.
Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ ñ ýòèõ ïîçèöèé ïðîáëåìó áèîèíäèêàöèè
ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ âîä, íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïî öåëîìó
ðÿäó ïðè÷èí êàê îáúåêòèâíîãî, òàê è ñóáúåêòèâíîãî õàðàê-
òåðà ðÿä çàäà÷ â ñòðàíàõ ÅÑ èëè óæå ðåøåí, èëè íàõîäèòñÿ â
ñòàäèè ðåøåíèÿ.  ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî
ìíîãèå ñòðàíû ÅÑ ðåøàëè ýòè çàäà÷è è äî ïðèíÿòèÿ WFD. Â
÷àñòíîñòè, ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ðàçðàáîòêå ìåòîäîëîãèè èñïîëü-
çîâàíèÿ áèîòè÷åñêèõ èíäåêñîâ è ñîçäàíèþ ñåòåé ýòàëîííûõ
ñòâîðîâ, ïðèíÿòèþ íàöèîíàëüíûõ ñòàíäàðòîâ èëè èõ ðàçðà-
áîòêå.
Ãîðàçäî ñëîæíåå ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ ñèòóàöèÿ â áûâøèõ ñòðà-
íàõ ÑÑÑÐ è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â Áåëàðóñè, ãäå è äî íàñòîÿùåãî
âðåìåíè äåéñòâóþò ñòàíäàðòû âðåìåí Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà.
Âïîëíå î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî öåëåíàïðàâëåííîå äâè-
æåíèå ê åâðîïåéñêèì ñòàíäàðòàì. Ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî öåëûì
ðÿäîì ïðè÷èí:
- íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ îáìåíà ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé èíôîðìà-
öèåé;
108
- èäåíòè÷íîñòüþ ìåòîäîâ îöåíêè ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñèòóà-
öèè â ðå÷íîì áàññåéíå, èìåþùåì òðàíñãðàíè÷íûé õàðàê-
òåð ñî ñòðàíàìè ÅÑ;
- èñêëþ÷åíèåì ðàçëè÷íûõ òðàêòîâîê ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñè-
òóàöèè, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííûì
êîíôëèêòàì è äð.
Ñëåäóåò òàêæå ÷åòêî ïîíèìàòü, ÷òî Äèðåêòèâà ÅÑ íîñèò
ðàìî÷íûé õàðàêòåð, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì íå òðåáóåòñÿ âíåäðåíèå
âñåõ åå ïîëîæåíèé. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, òðåáóåòñÿ âûäåëåíèå
ïðèîðèòåòíûõ çàäà÷, ðåøåíèå êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåêîòî-
ðûì íåîáõîäèìûì ìèíèìóìîì íà íà÷àëüíûõ ýòàïàõ. Ê òà-
êèì çàäà÷àì ñëåäóåò îòíåñòè ñîçäàíèå â Áåëàðóñè ñåòè ýòà-
ëîííûõ ñòâîðîâ è âûáîðó è ïîñëåäóþùåé èíòåðêàëèáðîâ-
êå áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé è èíäåêñîâ êà÷åñòâà âîäû.
Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî ýòî ìîæíî îñóùåñòâèòü íà îäíîì ðå÷íîì
áàññåéíå äëÿ ïîäðîáíîé îòðàáîòêè ìåòîäîëîãèè, è â äàëü-
íåéøåì îòðàáîòàííóþ ñõåìó ðåàëèçîâàòü äëÿ äðóãèõ ðå÷-
íûõ áàññåéíîâ.
Àâòîðó ìîíîãðàôèè õîòåëîñü áû íàäåÿòüñÿ, ÷òî åå ñîäåð-
æàíèå ïîìîæåò ðåøèòü óêàçàííûå çàäà÷è.
109
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ðÿçíåíèÿ âîäû //  êí. Ìåòîäû áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà ïðå-
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2. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ãèäðîáèîëîãè÷åñêîìó ìîíèòîðèíãó ïðå-
ñíîâîäíûõ ýêîñèñòåì. ÑÏ.á. Ãèäðîìåòåîçäàò. 1992.
3. Alba-Tercedor J., Sànchez-Ortega A. Un metodo rapido u simple
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5. AFNOR (Association Francaise de Normalisation) Essais des
eaux. Determination de la indice biologique global normalise (IBGN).
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