Файл: Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 10.10.2020
Просмотров: 2757
Скачиваний: 8
61
F+58A1/
-
*/8-2/,
+ 5@./34+:+9-46/,
@*/21;:
45,/4/C151+;
.
6C+4.-1F+58A1G0
@*/2-1A
45,/4/C
-
151+;
3*-D4.528-1
2 34+:/35./8/=++
2+.58A1/0
.*-2/=/0
+ ./46/0
,
+4.-*+9-46/0
6/12-*4+/11/0
4+,3./,5.+6/0
,
+3/:/1D*+9-46+,+
+D-;,+
+ =588HF+15F+;,+
.
5*51/0;8A1G-
,
1-6/./*G-
35*5
-
1/+D1G-
4+1D*/,G
*543*/4.*51;H.4;
15
24-
.*+
2G<-8-I5?+:
@*/21;
2 43-6.*-
45,/4/C151+;
,
5
9@24.2/
3-*-2/38/?-1+;
,
/285D-1+;
,
34+:+9-46+-
52./,5.+C,G
,
35*5B*-11G0
4+1D*/,
D/8I1G
7G.A
3/
E./0
8/=+6-
/.1-4-1G
6 3-*-I+251+;,
.*5143-*4/158A1/=/
,+B/8/=+9-46/=/
@*/21;
.
/
24-:
.56+:
48@95;:
,G
+,--,
D-8/
4 25*+51.5,+
/3*-D,-9+251+;
2
"
D*@=/,
",
3*+C1511G,+
2
15<-,
4/2*-,-11/,
,+*-
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+,+
.
D-4A
@,-4.1/
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
15
/F-16@
1/*,5.+21/4.+
/7R-6.+25F++
2 /3*-D-8-11/,
"
D*@=/,
"
28+;H.
48/I+2<+-4;
6/12-1F+58A1G-
3*-D4.528-1+;
/ 4@7R-6.+21/,
+ /7R-6.+21/,
.
@7R-6.+2
-
1/-
(
3*-D,-.1/-
)
,/I-.
4.5.A
/7R-6.+21G,
3*+
@48/2++
,
9./
/1/
15:/D+.
2 E64.*52-*.+*/2511G:
+1.-1F+;:
4/C151+;
42/+
3*/4.*514.2-11/
-
2*-,-11G-
6//*D+15.G
,
42/H
/7854.A
3*/-F+*/251+;
,
.
.
-
.
4/C151+-
4/:*51;-.
42/H
+1.-1F+/158A1/4.A
.
56
,
2 /7?-4.2-
4 5*:5+91G,
,+*/2/CC*-1+-,
34+:+9-46+-
52./,5.+C,G
23+4G25H.4;
2 .*5D+F+/11G-
3*-D4.528-1+;
/7
/6*@I5H?-,
,+*-
,
2/43*+1+,5H.4;
656
/7R-6.+215;
*-58A1/4.A
(
*-C@8A.5.
2/CD-04.2+;
D@:/2
,
D-,/1/2
,
/785D5H
-
?+:
D/4./2-*1G,
4@?-4.2/251+-,
).
F+2+8+C/2511/,
/7?-4.2-
34+:+9-46+-
52./,5.+C,G
2/4
-
3*+1+,5H.4;
656
B56.
4@7R-6.+21/0
*-58A1/4.+
.
1+
2 42/-0
3*-D,-.1/4.+
3*/.+2/*-95.
4/F+
-
58A1/
1/*,+*/2511G,
3*-D4.528-1+;,
/7
/6*@I5H?-0
D-04.2+.-8A1/4.+
+ 4//.2-.4.2@H.
8+<A
7/8-C1-11/
+C,-1-11/0
34+:+6-
-
4@7R-6.+21/
3-*-I+25-,/-
15:/D+.
42/-
2G*5I-1+-
2 34+:/35
-
./8/=+9-46+:
/7/C159-1+;:
.
*@=+,+
48/25,+
,
1-6/./*G-
/2-?-4.28-11/
-
3-*4/1+B+F+*/2511G-
34+:+9-46+-
/7*5C/251+;
4@.A
./8A6/
/7R-6.+21G-
3*+C156+
34+:+9-46/=/
*544.*/04.25
.
24-
I-
/1+
*-58A1G
2 4@7R-6.+21/,
3851-
,
3/46/8A6@
4//.2-.4.2@H.
*-58A1/4.+
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
45
-
,/4/C151+;
,
+ ,G
3/
-
3*-I1-,@
7@D-,
3*+D-*I+25.A4;
2GD2+1@./=/
.-C+45
/ ./,
,
9./
3*+15D8-I
-
1/4.A
4/D-*I51+;
34+:+6+
85.-1.1/,@
@*/21H
45,/4/C151+;
-?-
1-
-4.A
34+:+9-46/-
*544.*/0
-
4.2/
4 C52-D/,/
3*-D@4.51/28-11G,
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+,
*5C2+.+-,
.
3*/.+21/,
48@95-
3*+
8/=+9-46+
4.*/=/,
3*/2-D-1++
/7R-6.+21/
-
B-1/,-1/8/=+9-46+:
/F-1/6
,G
D/8I1G
7G8+
7G
3*+
2G;28-1++
.56
15CG25-,G:
35./=1/,/1+91G:
4+,3./,/2
4*5C@
I-
4.5
-
2+.A
D+5=1/C
,
3/43-<1/
3*+9+48;;
<+*/6@H
=*@33@
8+F
6 65.-=/*++
35F+-1./2
34+:+5.*5
.
/2*-
-
,-11G-
34+:+5.*+9-46+-
651/1G
,
/.*5I-11G-
2 3/48-D1-,
3-*-4,/.*-
68544+B+65F++
7/8-C1-0
,
6 4954.AH
,
3*-D/4.-*-=5H.
/.
3/D/71G:
3*-ID-2*-,-11G:
C568H9-1+0
.
./7G
3/4.52+.A
D+5=1/C
<+C/B*-1++
,
1-/7:/D+,/
6/14.5.+*/25.A
158+9+-
/3*-D-8-11G:
*544.*/04.2
15
3*/.;I-1++
<-4.+
,-4;F-2
,
./
-4.A
@4.51/2+.A
4.57+8A1/4.A
*544.*/04.2
,
9./
D5-.
/41/251+-
=/2/*+.A
/ 68+
-
1+9-46/0
B/*,-
.
42;C+
4 E.+,
4./+.
243/,1+.A
.-/*-.+9-46+-
3/8/I-1+;
.
;
(
@
, 1975;
3/
:
'.-*17-*=
, 1964,
4
.792-793),
/.,-952<-=/
,
9./
D8;
6/14.5.5F++
34+:+9-46+:
C57/8-251+0
,
2 ./,
9+48-
34+:/C/2
,
1@I1/
3*+1+,5.A
2/
21+,51+-
656
"
+-*5*:+H
48/-2
",
.56
+
"
D+15,+9-46@H
6/14.*@6F+H
8+91/4.+
".
=/
4:-,5
68544+B+65F++
34+:+9-46+:
*544.*/04.2
(
2GD-8-1+-
35./8/=++
4/C151+;
-
/4.*G:
34+
-
:/C/2
+ 35./8/=++
8+91/4.+
-
:*/1+9-46+:
34+:/C/2
)
D5-.
/41/251+;
D@,5.A
,
9./
+,-11/
8+91/4.
-
15;
D+15,+65
+8+
,
8@9<-
,
D+15,+65
45,/4/C151+;
,
;28;-.4;
/3*-D-8;H?+,
B56./*/,
D8;
D+5=
-
1/4.+6+
:*/1+9-46+:
35./8/=+9-46+:
4/4./;1+0
+ *5C2+.+0
(
1-2*/C/2
,
34+:/35.+0
,
:*/1+9-46+:
7*-D/2G:
34+:/C/2
+ <+C/B*-1++
).
-4,/.*;
15
./
,
9./
.-/*+;
.
;
6*+.+6/25854A
C5
51.+1/C/8/
-
=+C,
+ 6/14.*@6.+21/
-
B+8/4/B46+0
:5*56.-*
,
/15
23/81-
4//.1/4+.4;
4 /7?+,+
3*-D4.528-1+;,+
/ :5*56.-*-
35./8/=+9-46/=/
3*/F-445
.
56
3+<-.
4/2*-,-11G0
,-./D/8/=
,-D+F+1G
. .
D/
(1985,
4
.195), "
65ID5;
7/8-C1A
:5*56.-*+C@-.4;
D2@,;
=*@335,+
3*/F-44/2
-
3/2*-ID-1+-,
+ *-56F+-0
15
1-=/
".
/2*-ID-1+-
656
/7?-35./8/=+9-46/-
3/1;.+-
2 15<-,
48@95-
+D-1.+91/
62
D-4.57+8+C5F++
3*+2G91/=/
+ @4./09+2/=/
D+46*-.1/=/
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
,
-4.A
6*+C+4
5@./+D-1
-
.+B+65F++
.
/=8541/
.
*/1
(1995,
4
.21),
.-*,+1
"
6*+C+4
"
3*/+4:/D+.
/.
4//.2-.4.2@H?-=/
=*-9-
-
46/=/
48/25
,
/C1595H?-=/
"
*-<-1+-
".
+2*+.-
4//.2-.4.2@H?--
"
6*+C+4@
"
48/2/
"
,5<7-*
"
/C15
-
95-.
/.6*G.+-
<-06+
,5.6+
,
.
.
-
.
4/7G.+-
,
3*-D<-4.2@H?--
2G:/D@
,85D-1F5
+C
8/15
,5.-*+
2
7/8A</0
,+*
,
2 I+C1A
. "
G
2+D+,
, -
3+<-.
.
*/1
, -
+C15958A1/
6*+C+4
3/1+,584;
656
1-9./
:/.;
+ /3541/-
,
1/
4/D-*I5?--
2 4-7-
2/C,/I1/4.A
*5C2+.+;
".
+4.-,5
5D53.5F++
I+2/.1G:
.56/25
,
9./
@ 1+:
6*+C+4
C56519+25-.4;
2GCD/*/28-1+-,
+8+
4,-*
-
.AH
.
9-8/2-65
I-
/1
954./
+,--.
3*/D/8I-1+-
2 :*/1+9-46/,
C57/8-251++
+8+
2 4/74.2-11/
9-
-
8/2-9-46/,
+1D+2+D@58A1/,
*5C2+.++
.
./
/74./;.-8A4.2/
/7R;41;-.4;
158+9+-,
2 65ID/0
+1D+
-
2+D@58A1/0
34+:+6-
3/.-1F+0
6 3-*-I+251+H
6@8A.@*1/0
+4./*++
24-=/
9-8/2-9-4.25
,
2/C,/I1/
-
4.AH
3-*-I+25.A
6*+C+4
8+7/
2 +4./*+9-46+
*-=*-44+21/,
4/4./;1++
,
8+7/
2/
24-0
3/81/.-
D@:/2
-
1/0
I+C1+
,
+1.-=*+*@H?-0
D58-6/-
3*/<8/-
4 154./;?+,
.
/3*/7@-,
/4,G48+.A
D511/-
@.2-*
-
ID-1+-
2 42;C+
4 2/3*/45,+
5@./+D-1.+B+65F++
+ *544,/.*-.A
/.8+9+;
D2@:
3-*43-6.+2
(
34+:/35
-
./8/=+9-46/0
+ 3/C+.+21/0
)
2 6/1.-64.-
4.*@6.@*1/
-
D+15,+9-46+:
543-6./2
45,/4/C151+;
.
8;
4/:*51-1+;
34+:+9-46/=/
CD/*/2A;
7/8A<@H
*/8A
+=*5-.
F-8/4.1/4.A
+1.*/2-*.+*/2511G:
+
E64.*52-*.+*/2511G:
+1.-1F+58A1G:
56./2
4/C151+;
.
./
2 42/H
/9-*-DA
3/D*5C@,-25-.
4/:*51
-
1/4.A
D+15,+6+
4.*@6.@*G
45,/4/C151+;
,
2/C,/I1/4.A
+D-1.+B+65F++
4 <+*/6+,
D+535C/1/,
21@.*-11-=/
4/D-*I51+;
7-C
/.9@ID-1+;
.-:
+8+
+1G:
-=/
543-6./2
.
34+:/35./8/=++
4@?-4.2@-.
3/1;.+-
"
D2/015;
/*+-1.+*/265
",
/3*-D-8;H?--
6/16*-.1@H
68+1+9-46@H
4+.@5F+H
.
G
3*-D85
-
=5-,
*54<+*+.A
-=/
C159-1+-
,
3*-D4.52+2
D2/01@H
/*+-1.+*/26@
656
*57/9+0
.-*,+1
,
3*+=/D1G0
D8;
/3+451+;
B-1/,-15
,
1578HD5-,/=/
2 42;C+
4 3-*-I+251+-,
.*-2/=+
.
/D1/0
4./*/1G
,
9-8/
-
2-6
3-*-I+25-.
.*-2/=@
,
3*+*/D5
6/./*/0
21-8+91/4.15
,
.*5144@7R-6.+215
,
4 D*@=/0
-
/1
23/81-
-4.-4.2-11/
+?-.
--
/7R;41-1+;
2 42/-,
3*+2G91/,
/6*@I-1++
,
2 /7GD-11G:
/74./;.-8A4.25:
+
1-3/4*-D4.2-11/,
/7?-1++
.
/D/71G-
@4+8+;
4/2-*<-11/
7-43-*43-6.+21G
.
/D-*I51+-
3/
-
2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21;
45,/4/C151+;
(
4/C151+;
),
3*+2G91G-
45,/+D-1.+B+65F++
,
/.
6/./*G:
.*@D1/
/.28-9A4;
,
1-
D5H.
1-/7:/D+,/=/
,5.-*+585
.
./ID-4.28;;4A
4 56.@58A1G,+
4/F+58A1/
-
*/8-2G,+
@4.51/265,+
,
1-2/C,/I1/
@D/28-.2/*+.-8A1/
3-*-I+.A
.*-2/=@
,
3/46/8A6@
D8;
1--
1-.
,-4.5
2 /7GD-11/0
I+C1+
.
/24-D1-21/4.A
43/4/715
8+<A
/.28-9A
/.
.*-2/=+
,
/=*5D+.A
/.
--
3-
-
*-I+251+;
,
+ ;28;-.4;
,
3/
/3*-D-8-1+H
.
54658;
<+*,/96/0
.
48@95;:
I-
,
6/=D5
.*-2/=5
@I-
3*/;2+854A
,
/7G91G-
D-85
+ 3/24-D1-21/-
/6*@I-1+-
4.51/2;.4;
,58/@.-<+.-8A1G,+
.
/2-*<5-,/-
4@7R-6./,
/3*-D,-9+251+-
.*-2/=+
(
E64.*52-*.+*/2511G0
+1.-1F+58A1G0
56.
)
*54
-
:/D+.4;
4 /7R-6.+21/0
*-58A1/4.AH
,
2 3-*2@H
/9-*-DA
,
4 3/C+.+2+4.46+,
,+*/2/CC*-1+-,
/6*@
-
I5H?+:
,
3/4.*/-11G,
15
3*+/*+.-.-
4/D-*I51+0
+ 4,G48/2
3/2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21;
4/C151+;
.
*-C@8A.5.-
,/I1/
1578HD5.A
E64F-1.*+91/4.A
,
1-,/.+2+*/2511G-
3/4.@36+
,
3/;28-1+-
1/2G:
+1
-
.-*-4/2
,
C52+4+,/4.-0
,
5DD+6F+0
+ 3*/9+:
3*+C156/2
1-2*/.+9-46/=/
8+7/
34+:/35.+9-46/=/
3/2-
-
D-1+;
.
@7R-6.
/.9@ID5-.4;
/.
1/*,5.+21G:
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+0
2 4/F+58A1/
-
*/8-2/,
6/1.-64.-
.
=/
"
D*@=/-
",
4/4.528;H?--
4/F+58A1G0
543-6.
45,/4/C151+;
,
4/:*51;;4A
2 4.*@6.@*-
4/C151+;
,
159+15-.
2/43*+1+,5.A4;
4 659-4.2/,
"
1-
- ".
.2-.15;
*-56F+;
4/F+@,5
(
1-=5.+215;
+8+
3*/4./
1-0.*58A15;
)
43/4/715
8+<A
@4@=@7+.A
*5C2+25H?+-4;
3*/F-44G
21@.*+4@7R
-
-6.1/=/
45,//.9@I
-
D-1+;
+ 4/F+58A1/0
D-C5D53.5F++
.
4.57+8+C5F++
35./8/=+9-46+:
35..-*1/2
3/2-D-1+;
3*-D*54
-
3/85=5-.
+ ./.
B56.
,
9./
4/D-*I51+-
@*/21;
45,/4/C151+;
,
2 6/./*/,
/3*-D,-9+251+-
.*-2/=+
,/I-.
4/2354.A
4 --
/7R-6.+25F+;,+
,
/4.5-.4;
1-/4/C1511G,
+
,
1-4,/.*;
15
3*+15D8-I1/4.A
4@7R-6.+21/,@
,+*@
,
2/43*+1+,5-.4;
656
"
1-
- ".
-85-.4;
3/3G.65
/B/*,+.A
.*-2/=@
3*+2G91G,+
+
,
656
65I-.4;
9-8/2-6@
,
15D-I1G,+
4*-D4.25,+
3/2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21;
4/C151+;
,
2 ./
2*-,;
656
5D-625.1/0
D8;
1--
;28;-.4;
,G<8-1+-
85.-1.1/=/
@*/21;
,
6/./*/-
,/I-.
7G.A
/7*5C1G,
,
,-.5
-
63
B/*+91G,
,
,+B/8/=+9-46+,
,
.
.
-
.
.-41/
544/F++*/2511G,
4 5BB-6./,
.
*-2/=5
.*-7@-.
*-B8-6
-
4++
,
1/
3/81/F-11G0
+1.*/2-*.+*/2511G0
+1.-1F+58A1G0
56.
,
15F-8-11G0
15
3/C151+-
4/74.2-1
-
1/=/
4/D-*I51+;
8+7/
/.4@.4.2@-.
(
E64.*53@1+.+21G-
1-2*/.+6+
,
E6438/C+21G-
,
+4.-*/+D1G-
+
D*@=+-
34+:/35.G
4 3*-/785D51+-,
E64.*52-*.1/0
@4.51/26+
4/C151+;
),
8+7/
,
2 4+8@
6/=1+.+21/0
1-*5C2+./4.+
,
/65CG25-.4;
1-3/81/F-11G,
(
D+B-1C+21G-
34+:/35.G
).
/D
+,3-*5.+2/,
.*-2/=+
4@7R-6.
7-44/C15.-8A1/
.;=/.--.
6 4/D-*I51+H
85.-1.1/=/
@*/21;
+
,
/D1/2*-,-11/
,
/F-1+25;
-=/
51/,58A1G,
,
3/8AC@-.4;
3*+2G91G,
(
4/F+58A1/
-
1/*,5.+21G,
)
,G<8-1+-,
3/2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21;
,
1-
43/4/71G,
5D-625.1/
/B/*,+.A
.*-2/=@
.
5.*59+25-,G-
@4+8+;
8+<A
3*+2/D;.
6 43@.511/,@
,G<8-1+H
,
1-
*5C8+95H?-,@
21@.*-11--
+ 21-<1--
,
4@7R-6
-
.+21/-
+ /7R-6.+21/-
.
/3G.6+
/D1/2*-,-11/0
/*+-1.+*/26+
2 4/D-*I51++
*5C1G:
@*/21-0
4/C
-
151+;
,
3*/-6F++
4/D-*I51+;
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
15
/7GD-11G0
@*/2-1A
+ /6*@I5H?@H
D-04.2+
-
.-8A1/4.A
/7/*59+25H.4;
D-C/*+-1.+*/26/0
2 /.9@ID5-,/,
21-<1-,
+ 21@.*-11-,
.
-44,G48-1
-
15;
5,58A=5,5
4/D-*I51+0
85.-1.1/=/
+ 3/2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21-0
45,/4/C151+;
,
1-4,/.*;
15
4/
-
F+58A1/-
1-3*+;.+-
+ 3/*/0
6*+.+9-46/-
/.1/<-1+-
4/
4./*/1G
45,/=/
4@7R-6.5
,
4.51/2+.4;
-D+14.2-11/
D/4.@31G,
,5.-*+58/,
D8;
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+0
.
,-<+25H.4;
"
1-
- "
21@.*-11+:
+ 3/2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21-0
45,/4/C151+;
(
3*/-6F++
+ +1.*/-6F++
4.51/2;.4;
1-*5C8+9+,G
),
5 ./
,
9./
4/4.528;-.
1/2/-
45,/4/C151+-
,
-4.A
157/*
38/:/
@3/*;D/9-11G:
"
D*@=+:
",
1-
+,-H?+0
*-
-
58A1/0
D+15,+6+
,
3/46/8A6@
@I-
4/D-*I+.
2 4-7-
E8-,-1.G
656
1+I-
-,
.56
+ 2G<-8-I5?+:
@*/2
-
1-0
.
-
+,-;
,/.+2/2
3*-/D/8-.A
7/8-C1-11/-
*521/2-4+-
,
4@7R-6.
B+64+*@-.4;
2 1-@D/28-.2/
-
*+.-8A1G:
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+;:
,
1-@D/28-.2/*+.-8A1/
3-*-I+25;
.*-2/=@
.
"
544,/.*-11G,
34+:/D+15,+9-46+,
,-:51+C,/,
23/81-
/7R;41;H.4;
.56+-
21-2*-,-11G-
,/
-
.+2G
<+C/B*-1+9-46+:
3-*-I+251+0
656
"
7/*A75
3*/.+2/3/8/I-11G:
4+8
,
D-04.2+-
15
*544./;
-
1++
,
/7,519+25;
2+D+,/4.A
21-<1-=/
,+*5
" (
-,3+146+0
, 1998,
4
.136).
*5C2+.++
:*/1+9-46+:
34+:/C/2
,
656
3*-D4.528;-.4;
,
4./8A
I-
25I1G
15*@<-1+;
4.*@6.@*1/
-
D+15,+9-46+:
543-6./2
45
-
,/4/C151+;
,
./
-4.A
2/28-9-11/4.A
8+91/4.+
( .
0
)."
5C8+9+-
C568H95-.4;
2 +D-1.+B+65F++
(
/3;.A
I-
,
7-44/C15.-8A1/0
)
4 4/D-*I51+-,
-?-
7/8--
=8@7/6+:
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
-
2+.58A1G,
(
E6C+4.-1F+58A1G,
)
+ ,+B/8/=+9-46+,
. "
D58-11/4.A
"
4/D-*I51+;
E.+:
@*/21-0
/.
/7G91/=/
,5
-
.-*+585
D8;
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+0
/3*-D-8;-.
-?-
7/8--
C159+.-8A1G-
*54:/ID-1+;
43/4/7/2
*5C2-*.G251+;
4@7R-6.+21/4.+
(
/3*-D,-9+251+;
.*-2/=+
)
2 3/2-D-1++
+ ,G<8-1++
4 /7?-3*+1;
-
.G,+
1/*,5.+21G,+
.
-44/C15.-8A15;
+D-1.+B+65F+;
4 4/D-*I51+-,
E.+:
@*/21-0
+ /.9@ID-1+-
-?-
7/8A<-=/
21@.*+4@7R-6.1/=/
4/D-*I51+;
4.51/2;.4;
3*+9+15,+
2G*5I-11/0
D-C+1.-=*5F++
8+91/4.+
.
/81/-
+8+
954.+91/-
/.9@ID-1+-
+D-1.+B+65F+0
4 4/D-*I51+-,
4/F+58A1/
-
*/8-2/=/
,
5@./34+:+9-46/=/
+ 2+.58A1/=/
@*/21-0
,
1-/7*5.+,5;
.*514B/*,5F+;
3*+2G91G:
"
D*@=+:
"
2
"
1-
-
"
4/4.528;-.
4@.A
34+:/.+9-46/=/
4:+C+45
8+91/4.+
.
*-I1;;
21@.*-11;;
*5CD2/-11/4.A
7+
-
D/,+151.15;
4.*@6.@*5
45,/4/C151+;
)
4.51/2+.4;
<+C/B*-1+9-46+,
4:+C+4/,
.
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
3*/F-44
/.9@ID-1+;
3*-I1+:
=*51-0
8+91/4.+
/7@48/28-1
,
4 /D1/0
4./*/1G
,
.-,
,
9./
45,//./ID-4.28-1+;
15
85.-1.1/,
@*/21-
,
4/D-*I51+-
6/./*/=/
43/4/71/
/7R-6.+2+*/25.A
.*-2/=@
,
3*+C15H.4;
1-@D/28-.2/*+.-8A1G,+
(
1-1/*,5.+21G,+
)
4/
4./*/1G
4/F+@,5
+ 2 2/43/,+
-
151+;:
4@7R-6.5
/ 42/+:
3*-I1+:
1/*,5.+21G:
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+;:
.
D*@=/0
4./*/1G
,
3*-,/*
-
7+D1G-
45,/+D-1.+B+65F++
/65CG25H.4;
1-@D/28-.2/*+.-8A1G
D8;
3-*-I+251+;
+ /B/*,8-1+;
.*-2/=+
.
.57+8+C5F+;
E./=/
D2/04.2-11/=/
3/8/I-1+;
/7@48/28-15
/.4@.4.2+-,
3-*43-6.+2G
*5C2+.+;
.
/2G-
35./8/=+9-46+-
45,/+D-1.+B+65F++
@I-
268H95H.
2 4-7;
/D1/2*-,-11/
4/D-*
-
I51+-
+ 85.-1.1/=/
@*/21;
,
+ @*/21;
,
3*-D/3*-D-8-11/=/
56.@58A1G,
4/F+@,/,
@7R-6.+21/
153*;I-11/-
+ .*@D1/
3-*-1/4+,/-
3/
3*+9+1-
1-+CI+./0
.*-2/=+
4/4./;1+-
D2/01/0
/*+-1.+
-
*/26+
15
/3*-D-8-11/,
E.53-
,/I-.
3*+2/D+.A
6 3/81/0
+D-1.+B+65F++
4 +D-5./*1G,
4/D-*I5
-
64
1+-,
85.-1.1/=/
@*/21;
,
9./
2 34+:/35./8/=++
4//.1/4+.4;
4 3/81/0
5@.+C5F+-0
,
4
"
6*+4.588+C5
-
F+-0
7*-D5
".
./,
,
9./
4/D-*I51+-
85.-1.1/=/
@*/21;
5D-625.1/
3-*-I+251+H
.*-2/=+
,
42+D-
-
.-8A4.2@-.
--
1+2-8+*/251+-
+ 154.@35H?--
4/4./;1+-
3*/;41-1+;
,
+1450.5
.
1/
4//.2-.4.2@-.
1/2/0
@3/*;D/9-11/4.+
45,/4/C151+;
+ 35./8/=+9-46/0
4.57+8+C5F++
1/2/0
/.9-.8+2/0
D+:/./
-
,++
"
D*@=/-
" -"
1-
- ".
15*@<-1+-,
D+15,+6+
45,/4/C151+;
C56519+25-.4;
56.+215;
B5C5
<+
-
C/B*-1++
.
56
3+<-.
.
-*F-
(1934), "
15
,-4./
35./8/=+9-46/0
B8H6.@5F++
+ 1-@2-*-11/4.+
3*+:/D+.
35./8/=+9-46/-
/F-3-1-1+-
+ /3*-D-8-11/4.A
2 1-56.+21/0
4.5D++
<+C/B*-1++
.
.
85
-
7+8A1/4.+
56.@58A1/0
8+91/4.+
,
/.
3/4./;11/0
3-*-,-1G
--
45,/0
1-
/4.5-.4;
+ 48-D5
.
5/7/
-
*/.
,
56.@58A15;
8+91/4.A
3*-D4.528;-.4;
656
7G
C56/4.-1-8/0
,
1-D/4.@31/0
3-*-,-1-
42/+:
4/
-
D-*I51+0
.
./
2*-,;
656
3*+
1/*,58A1G:
@48/2+;:
56.@58A15;
8+91/4.A
3*+1/*528+25-.4;
6
D511/0
/7?-0
4+.@5F++
,
5 6 --
4/D-*I51+H
3*+4/-D+1;H.4;
.-1D-1F++
,
4/CD5H?+-4;
785=/D5*;
21-<1+,
+ 21@.*-11+,
3/7@D+.-8A1G,
3*+9+15,
,
3*+
3/4.3*/F-44@58A1/0
4:+C/B*-1+9-46/0
D-
-
B-6.1/4.+
/15
/4.5-.4;
4/2-*<-11/
+8+
3/9.+
1-+C,-11/0
".
/D2/D;
+./=
15<-,@
D58-6/
1-
3/81/,@
*544,/.*-1+H
2C5+,/42;C-0
68+1+9-46+:
3*/;28-1+0
4
2/3*/45,+
+C,-1-1+;
45,/4/C151+;
1@I1/
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
34+:+9-46+-
C57/8-251+;
2 E./,
6/1.-6
-
4.-
B56.+9-46+
/./ID-4.28;H.4;
4 15*@<-1+-,
45,/+D-1.+B+65F+0
,
2GC251G
C54./-,
D+15,+9-
-
46/0
3/
42/-0
4@.+
4.*@6.@*G
45,/4/C151+;
+ 15*@<-1+-,
1-3*-*G21/4.+
3/./65
4/C151+;
.
*-
-
C@8A.5.-
3*+43/4/7+.-8A1G-
+ 6/,3-145./*1G-
3*/F-44G
,/=@.
.*514B/*,+*/25.A4;
2 35./8/=+H
-
1-/4/C1511G-
85.-1.1G-
@*/21+
45,/4/C151+;
4.51/2;.4;
*-=*-44+21G,+
.
D156/
,G
49+.5-,
3*+1F+3+58A1/
25I1G,
659-4.2-11/-
*5C8+9+-
,-ID@
F-8-4//7*5C1G,+
D8;
3-*-I+251+;
.*-2/
-
=+
+C,-1-1+;,+
45,/4/C151+;
(
4/C151+;
)
+ 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+,+
3/48-D4.2+;,+
E.+:
+C,-1-
-
1+0
18.
1+
2/C,/I1G
3/
3*+9+1-
1-4/=854/2511/4.+
+1.-1F+58A1G:
56./2
4/C151+;
+ 1-3/81/
-
F-11/4.+
6/=1+.+21/=/
543-6.5
45,/4/C151+;
.
25
3/48-D1+:
3@16.5
15*;D@
4 D*@=+,+
21@.*-11+,+
@48/2+;,+
*5C2+.+;
7/8-C1+
(
=-1-.+9-46/-
3*-D*543/8/I-1+-
,
35./8/=+9-465;
6/14.+.@F+;
,
/*=51+9-46/-
1-785=/3/8@9+-
)
D/8I1G
7G.A
15
-
C251G
/41/21G,+
35./=-1-.+9-46+,+
C2-1A;,+
,
@954.2@H?+,+
2 15*@<-1++
21@.*-11-0
D+15,+6+
45,/4/C151+;
+ 2 *5C2+.++
C57/8-251+;
.
21@.*-11+:
@48/2+;:
,
3*-3;.4.2@H?+:
*5C2+.+H
7/
-
8-C1+
,
,G
,/I-,
=/2/*+.A
./8A6/
2 45,G:
/7?+:
9-*.5:
656
/ 21@.*-11+:
*-C-*25:
+1.-=*5F++
4/D-*I51+;
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
45,/4/C151+;
.
+D+,/
,
1-
3/48-D1HH
*/8A
2 E./,
+=*5-.
@4./0
-
9+25;
4+4.-,5
3*-D4.528-1+0
,
@4.51/2/6
,
D/3@465H?+:
2/C,/I1/4.A
.2/*9-46/=/
(
1-
6/1B/*,1/
-
=/
)
*-5=+*/251+;
+ =+76/0
4/F+58A1/0
6/,,@1+65F++
.
-/7:/D+,/
3/,1+.A
,
9./
*-9A
+D-.
1-
/ 3*+9+15:
34+:+9-46/0
7/8-C1+
,
5 /7
@48/2+;:
--
*5C2+
-
.+;
.
1/=//7*5C+-
E.+:
@48/2+0
;28;-.4;
D/4.5./91G,
/41/251+-,
D8;
4@?-4.2/251+;
*5C
-
8+91G:
1/C/8/=+9-46+:
B/*,
,
+,-H?+:
,
,-ID@
.-,
,
/7?+-
35./=-1-.+9-46+-
C2-1A;
.
58+9+-,
3*+2:/D;?+:
+ 2C5+,/D-04.2@H?+:
,-ID@
4/7/0
@48/2+0
/7R;41;-.4;
/.954.+
+ ./.
B56.
,
9./
2/C1+65H?+0
15
+1+F+58A1/,
E.53-
6*+C+4
5@./+D-1.+B+65F++
(
2 ./,
9+48-
3*/.-65H?+0
4 158+
-
9+-,
34+:/.+9-46/0
4+,3./,5.+6+
)
1-
24-=D5
3*+2/D+.
6 :*/1+9-46/,@
34+:+9-46/,@
C57/8-25
-
1+H
.
G8/
7G
@,-4.1/
4B/*,@8+*/25.A
+ 4//.2-.4.2@H?--
3*-D8/I-11/,@
43/4/7@
*544,/.*-1+;
3/
-
8/I-1+-
/ 3*+9+1-
2/C1+65H?+:
1-2*/.+9-46+:
+ 34+:/.+9-46+:
21@.*+8+91/4.1G:
D+4=5*,/1+0
.
D156/
.56/0
3*+9+1G
,
6/./*5;
,
656
2 48@95-
4/,5.+9-46+:
C57/8-251+0
,
D-.-*,+1+*@-.
2-4A
:/D
35./8/=+9-46/=/
*5C2+.+;
+ -=/
*-C@8A.5.
,G
@65C5.A
1-
,/I-,
.
D-8+2
4@?-4.2-11/-
,-4./
2
15<-,
*544,/.*-1++
B-1/,-1@
.*-2/=+
,
,G
,
.-,
1-
,-1--
,
D58-6+
/.
./=/
,
9./7G
3*-D4.52+.A
.*-2/=@
2 659-4.2-
3*+9+1G
34+:+9-46+:
*544.*/04.2
.
*-2/=5
/7@48/28-15
45,+,
43/4/7/,
9-8/
-
65
2-9-46/=/
4@?-4.2/251+;
2 ,+*-
,
-=/
45,/4/C151+-,
,
1-3/4*-D4.2-11/
@954.2@-.
2 3/4.*/-1++
2C5+,//.1/<-1+0
9-8/2-65
2 4/F+@,-
+ 9-8/2-9-46/=/
4/F+@,5
2 ,+*-
,
+1+F++*@-.
D+15,+9-46+-
3*/F-44G
+C,-1-1+;
45,/4/C151+;
(
4/C151+;
).
D156/
15C25.A
.*-2/=@
3*+9+1/0
34+:/35./8/=++
7G8/
7G
1-2-*1/
.
1.*/3/.+3+9-465;
.*-2/=5
;28;-.4;
1-/7:/D+,G,
,
1/
1-D/4.5./91G,
@48/2+
-
-,
*5C2+.+;
34+:+9-46+:
*544.*/04.2
.
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
,G
3/85=5-,
,
9./
4@?-4.2@H.
51.*/3/8/=+9-46+
1/*,5.+21G-
+C,-1-11G-
4/
-
4./;1+;
4/C151+;
+ 45,/4/C151+;
,
1/*,5.+21G-
@*/21+
2 +-*5*:+9-46/0
6@8A.@*1/
D-.-*,+1+*/
-
2511/0
4.*@6.@*-
4/C151+;
+ 45,/4/C151+;
+,-H.4;
34+:+9-46+-
*544.*/04.25
+
,
2 /3*-
-
D-8-11/,
4,G48-
,
1/C/8/=+9-46+-
=*@33G
E.+:
*544.*/04.2
,
4//.1/4+,G-
4/
4.*@6.@*/0
4@7R-6
-
.+21/0
*-58A1/4.+
+ 3*/F-445,+
,
3*/.-65H?+,+
2 45,/4/C151++
.
*-2/=5
2 7/8A<+14.2-
48@95-2
(
-48+
1-
2/
24-:
)
3*-D/3*-D-8;-.
3*/F-44G
+C,-1-1+;
45,/4/C151+;
(
4/C151+;
)
+ @954.2@-.
2
*5C2+.++
34+:/35./8/=++
,
/4.525;4A
3*+
E./,
/7?-9-8/2-9-46+,
35.+9-46+,
B-1/,-1/,
.
54
-
6*G25;
.-,@
+C,-1-11G:
4/4./;1+0
45,/4/C151+;
+ 4/C151+;
D58--
,
,G
15,-*-1G
/7*5.+.A4;
6
2/3*/45,
B+8/4/B46/=/
(
/1./8/=+9-46/=/
,
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/=/
)
+ 6@8A.@*1/
-
+4./*+9-46/=/
3/*;D65
,
7-C
5158+C5
6/./*G:
1-2/C,/I1/
+1.-*3*-.+*/25.A
+1.*54@7R-6.+21G-
543-6.G
+C,-1-1+0
4/C
-
151+;
+ /F-1+25.A
B-1/,-1/8/=+H
=8@7/6+:
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
4 ./96+
C*-1+;
+:
F-8-4//7*5C1/
-
4.+
+ 4,G485
.
[1]
.@
./96@
C*-1+;
*5CD-8;H.
,1/=+-
B+8/4/BG
,
34+:/8/=+
+ 34+:+5.*G
.
@I1/
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
C5
2+D+,/0
/7?1/4.AH
2G2/D/2
46*G25H.4;
3/8;*1G-
,/1+4.+9-46+-
,+*/2/CC*-1
-
9-46+-
4+4.-,G
.
53*+,-*
,
4/C151+-
@ -=-8;
656
+1.-1F+;
74/8H.1/=/
@:5
1-
+,--.
1+9-=/
/7?-=/
4 ,5.-*+58+4.+9-46/0
.*56./26/0
4/C151+;
656
3*/D@6.5
D-;.-8A1/4.+
,/C=5
2 /*./D/6
-
458A1/0
34+:/B+C+/8/=+9-46/0
<6/8-
.
./
1-
,-<5-.
2 /7/+:
48@95;:
D-85.A
/D+156/2G-
C568H
-
9-1+;
+ /.2/D+.A
45,/4/C151+H
46*/,1@H
*/8A
9-=/
-
./
2./*+91/=/
+ 3/D9+1-11/=/
.
[2]
)56
5*+.-1
(1882-1973) -
B*51F@C46+0
*-8+=+/C1G0
B+8/4/B
,
52./*
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
2-*
-
4++
1-/./,+C,5
.
[3]
1*+
-*=4/1
(1859-1941) -
B*51F@C46+0
B+8/4/B
,
/D+1
+C
/41/25.-8-0
=@,51+.5*1/
-
51.*/3/8/=+9-46/=/
153*528-1+;
.
[4]
.
'3+8A*-01
(1994)
3*+2/D+.
48@950
,
6/=D5
7/8A1/0
2/
2*-,;
.*-3515F++
3/D
15*6/C/,
2/4
-
3*+1+,58
4/74.2-11/-
.-8/
2 B/*,-
/7R-6.5
,
/.D-8-11/=/
/.
,
+ 3*+
D/878-1++
9-*-35
2/468+6
-
1@8
:
"
/0D+.-
!".
[5]
56
3+<-.
5,-*+65146+0
+448-D/25.-8A
.2/*9-46/=/
1548-D+;
. .
G=/.46/=/
+
. .
5:.+15
I
.
-*9
(1996,
4
.16), "
4@?-4.2@H.
656
@1+2-*458A1G-
,
.56
+ 43-F+B+9-46+
4/F+/6@8A.@*1G-
9-*.G
9-8/2-9-46/0
34+:+6+
,
+ E./
1-
3*/4./
2G7/*
,-ID@
CD*52G,+
+ /<+7/91G,+
D/3@?-1+;,+
, -
46/
-
*--
E./
2G7/*
,-ID@
D2@,;
*5C8+91G,+
3*/=*5,,5,+
+448-D/251+0
,
+ /7*5?5.A4;
15D/
6 1+,
/7-+,
,
5
3/
2/C,/I1/4.+
+
/7R-D+1;.A
+:
".
[6]
*5146@8A.@*1G0
:5*56.-*
6*+.-*+-2
34+:+9-46/=/
CD/*/2A;
2
DSM-4
,/I-.
7G.A
D-685*+*/
-
251
2 4+8@
268H9-1+;
2 *@6/2/D4.2/
34+:+9-46+:
*544.*/04.2
E.1+9-46/=/
:5*56.-*5
,
*544,5.*+
-
25-,G:
656
35./8/=+;
+ 2 .*5D+F+/11/0
+ 2 -2*/3-046/0
6@8A.@*5:
.
//.2-.4.2-11/
,
+ 6*+.-*++
34+:+9-46/=/
CD/*/2A;
CD-4A
,/=@.
*544,5.*+25.A4;
656
1-C52+4+,G-
/.
6/16*-.1/0
6@8A.@*G
.
[7]
*/,-
./=/
,
3/8@9-11G0
,5.-*+58
,/I-.
7G.A
*544,/.*-1
+ 2 6@8A.@*1/
-
+4./*+9-46/,
6/1.-6
-
4.-
(
4,
.
D58--
).
[8]
4.-4.2-11/
,
9./
2 4.*-,8-1++
3*-/D/8-.A
,1/=//7*5C+-
+ 4+4.-,5.+C+*/25.A
C5B+64+*/251
-
1G-
B-1/,-1G
,G
1-
4,/=8+
+C7-I5.A
@3*/?-1+;
.
-,
1-
,-1--
,
3*-D4.528-11G-
@*/21+
(
9-.G*-
4.-3-1+
"
D*@=+:
")
D5H.
,
15
15<
2C=8;D
,
/3*-D-8-11/-
3/1+,51+-
4.*@6.@*G
4@7R-6.+21/4.+
.
[9]
25
@65C511G:
,/,-1.5
45,/*-=@8;F++
/7R-D+1-1G
50D-==-*/,
/7?+,
3/1;.+-,
"
E6C+4.+*/
-
251+-
",
/C1595H?+,
7G.A
21-
4-7;
+ 15:/D+.A
4-7;
21-
42/+:
3*+2G91G:
*5,/6
.