ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 19.10.2020
Просмотров: 1735
Скачиваний: 1
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
Рекомендации гРажданского
общества лидеРам стРан бРикс
21
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
B R I C S
в мире насчитывается 1 млрд мигрантов. Люди вынуждены покидать свои
дома из-за конфликтов, гонений, катастроф, нищеты. Последствиями между
-
народной миграции является уязвимость людей. Проблемы миграции являют
-
ся актуальными для всех стран БРИКС. В условиях отсутствия традиционной
системы поддержки, мигранты зачастую не имеют доступа к службам здраво
-
охранения, убежищу, образованию, социальным службам. Особенно уязви
-
мыми являются вовлеченные в процесс миграции женщины и дети, лица не
достигшие 18-летнего возраста, незаконные мигранты, лица с физическими
и умственными ограничениями, люди старших возрастных групп. Уязвимость
нелегальных мигрантов усугубляется их стигматизацией. Доступ к системе
здравоохранения для мигрантов может быть недостаточным из-за правовых,
социальных и культурных барьеров.
14.
Призываем БРИКС добиваться устойчивого сотрудничества между го
-
сударствами и гуманитарными агентствами, региональными и мест
-
ными организациями для максимального увеличения положительного
эффекта миграции, сокращения рисков и негативных гуманитарных по
-
следствий международной миграции, реализации процедур, обеспечи
-
вающих соблюдение прав мигрантов и обеспечение их доступа к полу
-
чению услуг здравоохранения.
15.
Отмечаем важность развития трансграничного сотрудничества меди
-
цинских служб для обеспечения преемственности лечения мигрантов,
прежде всего в лечении туберкулеза, ВИЧ-инфекции.
16.
Считаем необходимым развивать в странах пребывания мигрантов про
-
граммы их доступа к диагностике и лечению заболеваний из бюджет
-
ных источников.
Старение населения
стран
БРИКС сопровождается
ростом хронических
неинфекционных заболеваний (ХНИЗ), зависимостью, повышенной уязви
-
мости пожилых и росту бремени для систем здравоохранения и социальной
защиты населения и опекунов. Глобальное бремя ХНИЗ — один из основ
-
ных вызовов развитию в XXI веке, угроза для экономики многих государств
источник неравенства между странами и среди отдельных групп населения.
ХНИЗ
,
такие как рак, диабет, заболевания сердца и сосудов, легких, суставов,
нервной системы, включая паркинсонизм и слабоумие, и желудочно-кишечно
-
го тракта требуют пожизненного контроля и лечения.
17.
Необходимо способствовать предотвращению или замедлению прогрес
-
сирования этих болезней через снижение и исключения таких факторов
риска, как табакокурение, контакт с полютантами и канцерогенами, не
-
здоровое питание, отсутствие физической активности и чрезмерное упо
-
требление алкоголя, развивая ответственное самолечение и биометри
-
ческий мониторинг, в том числе с использованием IT- и телекоммуника
-
тивных технологий, обеспечив доступность к основным лекарствам.
18.
Странам БРИКС следует развивать межгосударственное сотрудниче
-
ство в области здравоохранения и защиты окружающей среды, соци
-
альных программ по ограничению табакокурения и чрезмерного упо
-
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
Рекомендации гРажданского
общества лидеРам стРан бРикс
22
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
B R I C S
требление алкоголя, контакта с полютантами и канцерогенами на про
-
изводстве и в быту, ограничение нездорового питания, стимулирование
физической активности для профилактики и борьбы с ХНИЗ.
19.
Необходимо разработать и утвердить долгосрочные комплексные наци
-
ональные и межгосударственные программы по обеспечению доступно
-
сти медицинских услуг и основных лекарств для предупреждения про
-
грессирования ХНИЗ, развития их осложнений, социальной и медицин
-
ской реабилитации граждан.
20.
Важно консолидировать усилия общественных объединений пациен
-
тов с ХНИЗ, научной и медицинской общественности, государственных
структур и фармацевтической промышленности в борьбе с ростом за
-
болеваемости ХНИЗ.
Финансовая нестабильность и некачественное управление бюджета-
ми здравоохранения сокращает доступность государственного здраво-
охранения.
Приватизация медицинских ресурсов заставляет уязвимые слои
населения вкладывать непропорционально больше финансовых средств
в свое здоровье и благополучие, чем обеспеченные граждане. Неравномер
-
ное и несправедливое обеспечение доступности медицинских услуг и лекарств
усугубляет социальное неравенство, способствует разжиганию насилия и кон
-
фликтов. Социальные факторы ухудшения здоровья формируются несбалан
-
сированным распределением денежных средств, сил и ресурсов на междуна
-
родном, национальном и региональном уровнях, а также неравными возмож
-
ностями доступа к услугам частных провайдеров медицинской помощи.
Финансовая нестабильность и некачественное управление снижает воз
-
можности для неправительственных (некоммерческих) организаций участво
-
вать в деятельности в сфере здравоохранения. Отсутствие системы контроля
за бюджетной, экономической и эпидемиологической эффективностью, а так
-
же несовершенство механизмов финансирования неправительственных (не
-
коммерческих) организаций в условиях сокращения международного финан
-
сирования не способствует устойчивости и преемственности их деятельности
при переходе на бюджетное финансирование внутри страны.
21.
Необходимо и далее укреплять политическую приверженность в реше
-
нии проблем здравоохранения, повышение эффективности финансиро
-
вания сферы здравоохранения.
22.
Важно обеспечить справедливый доступ к основным технологиям и ле
-
карствам, включая стандартизацию, управление качеством, рациональ
-
ное ценообразование, физическую доступность и покрытие затрат на
них за счет бюджета здравоохранения, государственная поддержка раз
-
вития новых технологий в области здравоохранения, борьба с фальси
-
фикатами и теневыми поставками лекарств.
23.
Признание и повышение роли гражданского общества в решении проб лем
здравоохранения, в том числе разработке системы индивидуального ме
-
дико-социального сопровождения страдающих социально-значимыми за
-
болеваниями лиц, возвращающихся в общество из мест лишения свободы.
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
CiviC BRiCS GReen PaPeR:
MeSSaGe foR the BRiCS LeadeRS
23
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
B R I C S
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
While there is no linear connection between economic growth and higher enroll-
ment
29
, to a great extent future and prosperity of a country depends on its educa-
tional system. In recent years BRICS have dramatically transformed the world map
of education. Today one out of three students lives in a BRICS country .
Increasing the student enrollment rate is only one side of the challenge. Im-
proving education quality is also of critical importance for BRICS countries. In this
aspect there are many similarities and differences shared between member states.
Contemporary state modernization has meant that governments have a new role to
play in developing the education sector.
Current
Brazilian
education system is based on the 1988 Constitution, which
highlighted education as a universal right that should be promoted and protected
by the government.
30
Education is supervised by a system of ministries and gov-
ernment offices that work together at all levels. Municipalities are responsible for
providing and regulating early childhood education. The states and federal districts
are responsible for provision and regulation of primary and secondary education.
The federal government is responsible for the provision of education in its institu-
tions and the regulation of private institutions.
31
Among BRICS countries Brazil
provides the longest period of mandatory educa-
tion (14 years from primary to upper secondary), in which pre-primary and primary
education are of municipal responsibility and secondary education is of regional
state responsibility.
32
Primary education
is compulsory and state funded. . Secondary levels aren’t
compulsory, and are reliant on personal will and capability.
Options exist for
Vocational Secondary Education
and also for adults (second
-
ary school diploma for non-traditional students who will be able to enter a university
through examination.
Higher education
is divided in two levels: graduação (undergraduate) and pos
-
graduação (graduate). Admission to universities in Brazil is based on the comple
-
tion of secondary school as well as mandatory testing variable from one institu-
tion to another.(this entrance exam is called vestibular). To successfully pass this
exam students take extra courses. Another entrance exam is the Exame Nacional
29
See Ricardo Hausmann, The Education Myth. Project Syndicate. http://www.project-syndicate.
org/commentary/education-economic-growth-by-ricardo-hausmann-2015-05, May 31, 2015
30
http://www.nafsa.org/uploadedFiles/Chez_NAFSA/Resource_Library_Assets/Networks/ACE/
EDU%20Systems%20Brazil.pdf
31
http://www.nafsa.org/uploadedFiles/Chez_NAFSA/Resource_Library_Assets/Networks/ACE/
EDU%20Systems%20Brazil.pdf
32
Educational Systems of the BRICS countries: preliminary findings of a comparative, present and
future time, adequacy analysis, P.2
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
CiviC BRiCS GReen PaPeR:
MeSSaGe foR the BRiCS LeadeRS
24
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
B R I C S
do Ensino Médio (ENEM) which became an official variant of an entrance exam
in 2009.
The country has an interesting funding structure, in which subnational units are
meant to contribute 2/3rds of their revenue to a national fund (the remaining 1/3rd
is provided by Central Government) which is then redistributed evenly among the
municipalities and states. Tertiary education is provided and funded almost evenly
by central and subnational units.
33
However, there is a big problem concerning higher education. Brazil spends
5.7% of GDP on education
34
but only students with the means to afford private pri-
mary and secondary education can pass exams successfully. As a result in 2012
Brazil passed one of the most comprehensive affirmative action laws in higher
education history requiring half of the annual incoming class at each federal univer-
sity matriculate from public secondary schools. Affected universities will have four
years to implement the change.
35
Russia
provides the second longest period of mandatory education (11 years),
encompassing primary to upper secondary.
36
It probably has also one of the best
mass-education systems in the world producing a literacy rate (98%) exceeding
most Western European countries. Education is split into a compulsory
Basic Edu-
cation
, and ongoing
Higher Education
. Basic Education is provided and funded
by regional governments (provinces) and there is a balanced (central and states)
provision of tertiary education.
Basic general education
lasts nine years. Graduates of this level may continue
their education at senior high school to receive secondary general education for
two more years or enter an initial vocational school or non-university level higher
education institutions.
37
Postgraduate education in Russia is reminiscent of the Western system where
there is a transformative “specialist” degree, retained by few universities. Doctoral
degree of “Kandidat Nauk”, equivalent to the Western Ph.D., and the “Doktor Nauk”
degree being equivalent of highest level of Professor).
38
The system of entrance exams was replaced by a system of Unified State Ex
-
amination (ЕГЭ) a compulsory state entrance exam uniting all classical fields of
study, taken at the end of the 11
th
year Despite this, some Russian universities
are still allowed to hold their own entrance exams. Among such universities are
MGIMO, MSU, MSLU, etc.
The main challenges faced by Russia’s educational system include: funding,
33
Ibid.
34
http://gtmarket.ru/ratings/expenditure-on-education/info
35
http://www.nafsa.org/uploadedFiles/Chez_NAFSA/Resource_Library_Assets/Networks/ACE/
EDU%20Systems%20Brazil.pdf
36
Educational Systems of the BRICS countries: preliminary findings of a comparative, present and
future time, adequacy analysis, P.2
37
http://www.studyrussian.com/russian-course/study-university-moscow/russian-education-system.html
38
Ibid.
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
UFA
RUSSIA 2015
CiviC BRiCS GReen PaPeR:
MeSSaGe foR the BRiCS LeadeRS
25
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
B R I C S
corruption, preliminary theoretical trend. According to many specialists the intro-
duction of reforms in 2010 further exacerbated the problem. More worrisome is the
fact that Russia spend a mere 4.1% of GDP on education.
39
India
is the BRICS country that provides the shortest period of time of manda-
tory education (8 years), which does not include upper secondary education (avail
-
able but not mandatory).
40
With more than 740.000 schools, India operates the
biggest education system in the world. Literacy rates have increased within the last
decades, up to 65 per cent in 2001
41
and 74.05 in 2015
42
.
Primary and secondary education is provided by regional authorities with the
backing of the central government while maintaining provisional territorial integrity.
Children attend pre-primary schools as early as at the age of five. At the age
of eleven students leave primary school and attend middle school. At the age of
14 years compulsory education is finished with state examination. Those students
that want to continue their education have to go to a higher secondary school after
middle school which lasts two years and prepares them for vocational colleges.
Their programs take three years and are more related to practice than universities.
However, students can also apply for university programs after college.
However, there still remains a great number of challenges in this educational
system. According to
Ramanuj Mukherjee, a famous corporate lawyer in India, the
educational system in India is failing and people don’t feel that they get education
they can successfully continue their life with. He says that creating more institutions
won’t solve the problems and that is why he offers a plan to improve the system.
It is necessary to:
• Focus on skill based education;
• Reward creativity, original thinking, research and innovation;
• Have higher qualified specialists teaching;
• Implement massive technology infrastructure for education;
• Re-define the purpose of the education system;
• Effective deregulation;
• Take mediocrity out of the system;
•
Allow private capital in education.
43
India’s contribution into the education sector is a mere 3.1% of GDP as of 2012.
44
39
http://gtmarket.ru/ratings/expenditure-on-education/info
40
Educational Systems of the BRICS countries: preliminary findings of a comparative, present and
future time, adequacy analysis
41
https://www.justlanded.com/english/India/India-Guide/Education/The-Indian-school-system
42
http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/literacy-rate-in-india.html
43
http://startup.nujs.edu/blog/indian-education-system-what-needs-to-change/
44
http://gtmarket.ru/ratings/expenditure-on-education/info