ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 06.04.2021
Просмотров: 180
Скачиваний: 1
ÜìêçÄã éÅôÖâ ÅàéãéÉàà ÚÓÏ 68 ‹ 1 2007
ÑàîîÖêÖçñàêéÇäÄ äãÖíéä êÄÑàÄãúçéâ Éãàà Ç Äëíêéñàíõ
45
èÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂ̇ Óθ êÉ Ë Í‡Í Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌË͇
„ΡθÌ˚ı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË
ÌÂÈÓÌÓ‚ Û ‚˚Ò¯Ëı ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı (Alvarez-Buylla
et al., 2001). î‡ÍÚ˚, ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ ‚ Ó·ÁÓ (Suarez
et al., 1995), ۷‰ËÚÂθÌÓ Ò‚Ë‰ÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Û˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ˝‚Ó-
βˆËfl ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÓ‚ ‚ ÏÓÁ„Û ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı ̇ÔÓÏË̇-
ÂÚ Ëı ÓÌÚÓ„ÂÌÂÁ Û ‚˚Ò¯Ëı ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı: Ô‚˚Â
ÍÎÂÚÍË ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÌÓÈ ÎËÌËË – ˝ÔẨËχθÌ˚ ‡ÒÚ-
ÓˆËÚ˚, Á‡ÚÂÏ ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ êÉ – Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍ
‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÓ‚. îÛÌ͈ËÓ̇θÌÓ êÉ ÌËÁ¯Ëı ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜-
Ì˚ı Óı‚‡Ú˚‚‡ÂÚ ‚Ò ÙÛÌ͈ËË, ÔËÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ ‡ÒÚ-
ÓˆËÚ‡Ï Û ‚˚Ò¯Ëı ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı. çÓ ÂÒÎË Û ÌËÁ¯Ëı
ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı ̇·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl „ËÓ̇θ̇fl ÒÔˆˇ-
ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl ‡‰Ë‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÓÚÓÒÚÍÓ‚ êÉ (Miller, Liuzzi,
1986), ÚÓ Û ‚˚Ò¯Ëı ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ÒÔˆˇ-
ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÓ‚. î‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ú‡ÌÒÙÓχˆËfl
ÍÎÂÚÓÍ êÉ ‚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ˚ Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı – ˝ÚÓ
Û„ÎÛ·ÎÂÌË ÒÔˆˇÎËÁ‡ˆËË êÉ Ò ÔÓÚÂÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË
ÙÛÌ͈ËÈ ÔËÒÛ˘Ëı êÉ, ‚ ÚÓÏ ˜ËÒΠÔÓ‚Ó‰fl˘ÂÈ.
Ç ˝‚ÓβˆËË ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÓ‚ ÒÂ‰Ë ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı
ÂÔÚËÎËË ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡˛ÚÒfl Í‡Í Íβ˜Â‚‡fl „ÛÔÔ‡,
Ú‡Í Í‡Í Û ÌËı ÏÓÊÌÓ Ó·Ì‡ÛÊËÚ¸ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Ë ‡ÒÚÓ-
ˆËÚ˚ (Bodega et al., 1990) ̇fl‰Û Ò ˝ÔẨËχθÌ˚ÏË
‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ‡ÏË Ë êÉ. èÓfl‚ÎÂÌË ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÓ‚ Û ÂÔÚË-
ÎËÈ ÒÓÔÓ‚Óʉ‡ÂÚÒfl ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ-
„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÍÎÂÚÓÍ êÉ, ˜ÚÓ Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÚ ÍÎÂ-
ÚÓ˜ÌÛ˛ Á‡ÏÂÌÛ.
Ç ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛˘ÂÏÒfl ÏÓÁ„Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı êÉ
ÔÓfl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ˝Ï·ËÓ„ÂÌÂÁ‡. äÎÂÚÍË êÉ Ó·-
‡ÁÛ˛Ú ‰ÎËÌÌ˚ ‡‰Ë‡Î¸Ì˚ ÓÚÓÒÚÍË, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛Ú ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌ˛˛ Ë Ì‡ÛÊÌÛ˛ ÏÂÏ·‡Ì˚
Ì‚ÌÓÈ ÚÛ·ÍË, ÙÓÏËÛfl ÔÛÚË ÏË„‡ˆËË ÌÂÈÓ-
ÌÓ‚. Ç ÍÓ̈ ˝Ï·ËÓ„ÂÌÂÁ‡ Ë ‚ ‡ÌÌÂÏ ÔÓÒÚ˝Ï·Ë-
Ó̇θÌÓÏ ÓÌÚÓ„ÂÌÂÁ ̇·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl χÒÒÓ‚‡fl
Ú‡ÌÒÙÓχˆËfl ˝Ï·ËÓ̇θÌÓÈ êÉ ‚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ˚
(Schmechel, Rakic, 1979). ëӄ·ÒÌÓ Í·ÒÒ˘ÂÒÍËÏ
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËflÏ, ˝ÚÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ, ÍÓ„‰‡
ÍÎÂÚÍË êÉ
ÚÂfl˛Ú Ò‚flÁ¸ Ò ÏÂÏ·‡Ì‡ÏË Ì‚ÌÓÈ ÚÛ·ÍË. Ç
‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ˚ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ú ÍÎÂÚÍË êÉ, ÍÓ-
ÚÓ˚ ÚÂfl˛Ú Ò‚flÁ¸ Í‡Í Ò ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌÂÈ, Ú‡Í Ë Ò Ì‡-
ÛÊÌÓÈ ÏÂÏ·‡Ì‡ÏË Ì‚ÌÓÈ ÚÛ·ÍË (ÇÓÓÌÓ‚‡ Ë
‰., 2005).
Ç‚Ë‰Û ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl Ô‡ÎÂÓÌÚÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı
ÚÛ‰ÌÓ ÓÊˉ‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌ˚È ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ „ËÒÚÓ-
ÎÓ„ËË ÏÓÁ„‡ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı ‰‡ÒÚ ÓÚ‚Â-
Ú˚ ̇ ‚Ò ËÌÚË„Û˛˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. çÓ, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ,
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ هÍÚ˚ ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ó ÚÓÏ,
˜ÚÓ ÙÂÌÓÏÂÌ Ú‡ÌÒÙÓχˆËË ÍÎÂÚÓÍ êÉ ‚ ‡ÒÚÓˆË-
Ú˚ ̇˜‡Î ‚ÓÁÌË͇ڸ Ò ÂÔÚËÎËÈÌÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl ˝‚Óβ-
ˆËË ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ˜ÚÓ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ò Ëı ËÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ
ÏÂÎÍÓ‡ÁÏÂÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Ë ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸˛ Ó„‡ÌË-
˜ÂÌËfl ÓÒÚ‡ Ë, ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ Ì‡ Ò‚flÁ¸ ˝ÚËı
ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚, Í‡Í ÚÓ Ë Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ̇fl „Ë-
ÔÓÚÂÁ‡.
î‡ÍÚ˚ ËÁ ӷ·ÒÚË Ú‡ÌÒÔ·ÌÚÓÎÓ„ËË.
àÒ-
ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl, Ôӂ‰ÂÌÌ˚ ̇ Ë̷‰Ì˚ı Ë ÒËÌ„ÂÌ-
Ì˚ı Ï˚¯‡ı, ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔ·ÌÚ‡Ú ÍÓÊË,
‚ÁflÚ˚È Û ÒÚ‡Ó„Ó ıÓÁflË̇, ÔËÊË‚‡ÎÒfl ̇ ÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÏ
ıÓÁflËÌÂ. äÓ„‰‡ ‚ÚÓÓÈ ıÓÁflËÌ ÒÚ‡ÂÎ, Ú‡ÌÒÔ·Ì-
Ú‡Ú ÔÂÂÒ‡ÊË‚‡ÎË ÚÂÚ¸ÂÏÛ ·ÓΠÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÏÛ Ë Ú.‰.
ÜËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë ÔÓÎËÙ‡ÚË‚Ì˚È ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇÎ
ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ÒÓı‡ÌflÎÒfl ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË 7–8 ÎÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ Á̇˜Ë-
ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‚˚¯‡ÂÚ åèÜ Ï˚¯Ë Ë ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÏÓ Ò
åèÜ ÔÚˈ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ‡ÁÏÂÓ‚. íÓ Ê ̇-
·Î˛‰‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ë Ò Ú‡ÌÒÔ·ÌÚ‡ÚÓÏ Ú͇ÌË ˝ÔËÚÂÎËfl ÏÓ-
ÎÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÊÂÎÂÁ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÓı‡ÌflÎ ÊËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·-
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË 6 ÎÂÚ (Daniel, Young, 1971; Daniel et
al., 1975). èË ÔÂÂÒ‡‰Í fl˘ÌËÍÓ‚ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡˚ı Í˚Ò
ÏÓÎÓ‰˚Ï Ó‚‡ËÂÍÚÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚Ï ‚ÓÒ-
Òڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î‡Ò¸ ˝Òڇθ̇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl. ü˘ÌËÍË ÏÓ-
ÎÓ‰˚ı Ò‡ÏÓÍ ÔÂ͇˘‡ÎË ÙÛÌ͈ËÓÌËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ Ó-
„‡ÌËÁÏ ÒÚ‡˚ı (Kushima et al., 1961; Aschheim,
1976).
àÒÍβ˜ËÚÂθÌ˚È ËÌÚÂÂÒ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓÓ·-
˘ÂÌËfl Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔ·ÌÚ‡ˆËfl ÙÂڇθÌ˚ı „ËÔÓ-
ڇ·ÏÛÒÓ‚ ÒÚ‡˚Ï Ï˚¯‡Ï Ë Í˚Ò‡Ï ‚ÓÒÒڇ̇‚ÎË-
‚‡Î‡ Ëı ÔÎÓ‰Ó‚ËÚÓÒÚ¸, ËÏÏÛÌÌ˚È ÒÚ‡ÚÛÒ Ë fl‰ ‰Û-
„Ëı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚, ÔËÒÛ˘Ëı ÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÏÛ Ó„‡ÌËÁÏÛ, Ë
ÔӉ΂‡Î‡ ÊËÁ̸ ÔÓ‰ÓÔ˚ÚÌ˚Ï „˚ÁÛÌ‡Ï (ÄÚ‡-
åÛ‡‰Ó‚‡, ÑÓ̈ӂ, 1987; Huang et al., 1987). ÑÛ„Ë-
ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌË Ú͇ÌË ËÎË Ó„‡Ì‡ ËÁ ÒÚ‡-
Ó„Ó Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ‚ „ÓÏÂÓÒÚ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ÏÓÎÓ-
‰Ó„Ó Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡ÂÚ ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ó„‡ÌÛ ˛‚Â-
ÌËθÌ˚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚‡, ‡ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌË ÛÓ‚Ìfl
„ÓÏÂÓÒÚ‡Á‡ ‚ Òڇ²˘ÂÏ Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ ‰Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl, ı‡-
‡ÍÚÂÌÓ„Ó ‰Îfl ÏÓÎÓ‰Ó„Ó ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ‡, ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡ÂÚ
˛‚ÂÌËθÌ˚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ Ë
Û‰ÎËÌflÂÚ èÜ. é·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ هÍÚ˚ ËÌÚÂ-
ÔÂÚËÛ˛ÚÒfl Ú‡Í, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌÓ„Ë ‰ÂÎfl˘ËÂÒfl ‚ Ó„‡ÌËÁ-
Ï ÍÎÂÚÍË Ì ÛÒÔ‚‡˛Ú Á‡ ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÊËÁ̸
ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ËÒ˜ÂÔ‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓÈ ÎËÏËÚ ïÂÈÙÎË͇
(éÎÓ‚ÌËÍÓ‚, 2003). çÓ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÌÓÈ „ËÔÓÚÂ-
Á˚ ˝ÚË Ù‡ÍÚ˚ Û͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇÎ
‰Ó΄ÓÊËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ ÒÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ú͇-
ÌÂÈ Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı Ò‡‚ÌËÏ Ò Ú‡ÍÓ-
‚˚Ï Û ÔÚˈ, ÌÓ Â„Ó Â‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÂÔflÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÙÛÌÍ-
ˆËÓÌËÓ‚‡ÌË åÇëå. í.Â. ÔÓÒÚÏËÚÓÚ˘Ì˚È ÏÓÁ„ Ò
Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ‡ÁÛ¯‡flÒ¸,
‡ÁÛ¯‡ÂÚ ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌ˛˛ ÒÂ‰Û Ó„‡ÌËÁχ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡-
ıÓ‰ËÚ ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌË ‚ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ‡ı ÓÚ ÛÔÓÏflÌÛÚÓÈ
Ú‡ÌÒÔ·ÌÚ‡ˆËË ÙÂڇθÌ˚ı „ËÔÓڇ·ÏÛÒÓ‚ ÒÚ‡-
˚Ï ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚Ï.
àÌÚÂÔÂÚ‡ˆËfl ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚÓ‚ É.å. ÅÛÚÂÌ-
ÍÓ.
ë ˆÂθ˛ ÔÓ‚ÂÍË Ë‰ÂË ÔÓ„‡ÏÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó
ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl ÒÓ‰ËÌflÎË ÍÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÌ˚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ ÒÚ‡ÓÈ
Ë ÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÈ Ï˚¯Ë, ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡fl ‡ÁÌÓ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÌ˚ı Ô‡‡-
·ËÓÌÚÓ‚. àÒıÓ‰fl ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÁ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÂÒÎË ÒÚ‡Â-
ÌË ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÔÓ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÂ, ÚÓ ‚ ÍÓ‚Ë ÒÚ‡Ó„Ó
ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ„Ó ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ Ù‡ÍÚÓ˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl, Ô‰Û-
ÒÏÓÚÂÌÌ˚ ˝ÚÓÈ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÓÈ, Ë ÔË Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËË
ÍÓ‚ÓÚÓÍÓ‚ ˝ÚË ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÂÂÈÚË ÓÚ ÒÚ‡-
Ó„Ó ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ„Ó Í ÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÏÛ Ë ÓÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚ÒÚÓ
ÔÓÒÚ‡ÂÚ¸. ÑÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ, ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÌÂ-
‰Âθ ÏÓÎÓ‰Ó ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ ÔÓfl‚ÎflÎÓ ÔËÁ̇ÍË ÒÚ‡-
ÂÌËfl. ëÚ‡˜ÂÒÍË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ̇·Î˛‰‡ÎËÒ¸ ‚ ËÏ-
ÏÛÌÌÓÈ Ë ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂχı, ÒÓ‰ËÌËÚÂθ-
46
ÜìêçÄã éÅôÖâ ÅàéãéÉàà ÚÓÏ 68 ‹ 1 2007
·ÓÈÍÓ
ÌÓÈ Ú͇ÌË, ÍÓÊÂ Ë Ô˜ÂÌË Ë ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ Ì‡ ÛÓ‚ÌÂ
Ó„‡ÌËÁχ, ÒÌËʇfl ÊËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏÓÎÓ‰Ó„Ó
Ó„‡ÌËÁχ, ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌÓ„Ó Í ÒÚ‡ÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‚Ó-
‰ËÎÓ Í ÒÓ͇˘ÂÌ˲ Â„Ó èÜ. î‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÚË ËÒ-
ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ‰Ó͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÂÌË ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ì‡
ÒËÒÚÂÏÌÓÏ ÛÓ‚ÌÂ Ë ‚ ÍÓ‚Ë ÒÚ‡Ó„Ó ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ„Ó
ÂÒÚ¸ ÌÂËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚È Ù‡ÍÚÓ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ·ÎÓÍËÛÂÚ ËÎË
‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ Í‡ÍËÂ-ÚÓ „ÂÌ˚, ̇ӷÓÓÚ, ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ, Ëı
˜ÚÓ Ë ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌË (ÅÛÚÂÌÍÓ, 1990; Butenko,
1990). Ç Ò‚ÂÚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚÌÓÈ „ËÔÓÚÂÁ˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl
ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı ÌË˜Â„Ó ËÁ fl‰‡ ‚ÓÌ ‚˚ıÓ‰fl˘Â„Ó ‚
˝ÚËı ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡ı Ì ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎÓ: ÒÚ‡Ó ÊË-
‚ÓÚÌÓÂ Í‡Í ·˚ ‰ÂÎËÎÓÒ¸ Ò‚ÓËÏ ÛÊ ‰ÓÒÚË„ÌÛÚ˚Ï
ÛÓ‚ÌÂÏ „ÓÏÂÓÒÚ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡Ì‡ıËË ËÎË „ÓÏÓ-
̇θÌ˚Ï ÙÓÌÓÏ Ò ·ÓΠÏÓÎÓ‰˚Ï, ˜ÚÓ Ë ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÎÓ
ÒÚ‡˜ÂÒÍË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÒÓ͇˘ÂÌË ÊËÁÌË Û ·ÓÎÂÂ
ÏÓÎÓ‰Ó„Ó ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ„Ó. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÛÓ‚Â̸
„ÓÏÂÓÒÚ‡Á‡, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚È ‰Îfl ÒÚ‡Ó„Ó ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ‡,
Í‡Í ·˚ ‚ÚÓ„‡ÎÒfl ‚ ÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÈ Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ, ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰fl
ÒÚ‡˜ÂÒÍË ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌËfl ‡Ì¸¯Â ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚Â-
ÏÂÌË.
î‡ÍÚ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ· ‰Ó΄ÓÊËÚÂθ-
ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÚˈ ‚ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËË Ò ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘ËÏË ‡Ì‡-
Îӄ˘Ì˚ı ‡ÁÏÂÓ‚ Ë “˝Ì„ÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚Ë·”
ê۷̇.
àÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ÒıÓ‰flÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÚˈ˚
ÒÚ‡Â˛Ú Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ë (Holmes,
Austad, 1995; Holmes et al., 2001), ÌÓ ÌÂÚ ÔÓ‚ÂÂÌ-
Ì˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ó ÔÚˈ‡ı, ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÛ˛˘Ëı ÔÂÌÂ-
·ÂÊËÏÓ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËÂ. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌ ÒÂ‰Ë ÔÚˈ,
Ó·˚˜Ì˚ ‚ˉ˚ Ò Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓÈ åèÜ,
ÔË ÌÂÁ̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓÏ ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÌÓÏ ÒÌËÊÂÌËË ÂÔÓ-
‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ· ËÎË ‰‡ÊÂ Â„Ó Û‚Â΢ÂÌËË.
Ç ˆÂÎÓÏ, Á‡ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚‡ ÍÛËÌ˚ı Ë
¢ fl‰‡ ‚ˉӂ, ÔÚˈ˚ ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÛ˛Ú ÌÂÁ̇˜Ë-
ÚÂθÌÓ ۂÂ΢ÂÌË ÚÂÏÔ‡ ÒÏÂÚÌÓÒÚË Ò ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÓÏ
(Ottinger, 2001).
ùÚË Ù‡ÍÚ˚ ̇·Î˛‰‡˛ÚÒfl ̇ ÙÓÌ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ
åèÜ ÔÚˈ ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ·Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛-
˘Ëı ÒÓ Ò‡‚ÌËÏ˚Ï ‚ÂÒÓÏ ÏÓÁ„‡ Ë Ú·, ÔË ·ÓÎÂÂ
‚˚ÒÓÍÓÏ ÛÓ‚Ì ÏÂÚ‡·ÓÎËÁχ Ë ÚÂÏÔ‡ÚÛ˚ Ú·,
˜ÚÓ Ï‡ÎÓÔÓÌflÚÌÓ Ò ÚÓ˜ÍË ÁÂÌËfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı
ÚÂÓËÈ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl. ùÚ‡ ÚẨÂ̈Ëfl ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÒÛ˘Â-
ÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl. ç‡ÔËÏÂ, ÒÂ‰Ë ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı Ò Ï‡ÒÒÓÈ ‰Ó
30 „ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ë ËÏÂ˛Ú åèÜ ÓÚ 2 ‰Ó 12 ‡Á
ÏÂ̸¯Û˛, ˜ÂÏ ÔÚˈ˚ ÚÓ„Ó Ê ‚ÂÒ‡ Ú· (Boyko,
2004).
í‡Í Í‡Í Ï‡ÒÒ‡ ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ‡ÂÚ ÔÓÔÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓ ÎË-
ÌÂÈÌ˚Ï ‡ÁχÏ, ‚ÁflÚ˚Ï ‚ ÍÛ·Â, ‡ ÔÎÓ˘‡‰¸ – ‚
Í‚‡‰‡ÚÂ, ÚÓ Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ ÍÛÔÌ˚ı ÚÂÔÎÓÍÓ‚Ì˚ı, ̇-
ÔËÏ ÍËÚ‡, ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËfl ÚÂÏÔ‡ÚÛ˚ Ò ‡Ò-
˜ÂÚ‡ ̇ ‰ËÌËˆÛ Ï‡ÒÒ˚ Ú· Ú·ÛÂÚÒfl ÏÂ̸¯Â
˝Ì„ËË, ˜ÂÏ Ì‡ “Ôӄ‚” Ó„‡ÌËÁχ Ï˚¯Ë, ‚‚ˉÛ
ÌÂÒÓ‡ÁÏÂÌÓÒÚË ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl χÒÒ˚ Ë ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓ-
ÒÚË Ú·. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Û ÍÛÔÌ˚ı ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı „Ó-
‡Á‰Ó ·ÓΠÌËÁÍËÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸ Ó·ÏÂ̇ ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚ ÔÓ
Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò ÏÂÎÍÓ‡ÁÏÂÌ˚ÏË. é͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ
ÍÛÔÌ˚ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ë ÊË‚ÛÚ ‰Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÏÂÎ-
ÍËÂ. ùÚ‡ Á‡ÍÓÌÓÏÂÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÎÓÊÂ̇ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Û
“˝Ì„ÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó” Ô‡‚Ë· ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË – „ËÔÓÚÂ-
Á˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl ê۷̇ (Rubner, 1908). ë‡Ï˚Ï ËÌÚÂ-
ÂÒÌ˚Ï ÂÁÛθڇÚÓÏ ˝ÚËı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸,
˜ÚÓ Á‡ ÌÂÏÌÓ„ËÏË ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËflÏË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË
‡Á΢Ì˚ı ‚ˉӂ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ÊËÁ-
ÌË ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó
˝Ì„ËË Ì‡ ‰ËÌËˆÛ Ï‡ÒÒ˚ – 200 Í͇Î/„. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ
‚˚ÒÓÍËÈ ‡ÒıÓ‰ ˝Ì„ËË Û Ï˚¯Ë ÔË‚Ó‰ËÚ Í ÚÓÏÛ,
˜ÚÓ Ó̇ ·˚ÒÚ ËÒ˜ÂÔ˚‚‡ÂÚ Óڂ‰ÂÌÌ˚ ÂÈ ˝ÌÂ-
„ÂÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÂÒÛÒ˚, ˜ÂÏ ÒÎÓÌ, Ë ÒÓÍ Âfi ÊËÁÌË Ì‡-
ÏÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÓ˜Â. ÄÒÚÓˆËÚ̇fl „ËÔÓÚÂÁ‡ Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡-
ÂÚ Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÛ˛ ÊËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÒÚÏËÚÓÚ˘-
ÌÓ„Ó ÏÓÁ„‡ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı.
Ç˚¯Â ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÓ‚‡ÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÊËÁÌÂÌ-
Ì˚È ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇΠ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ Ú͇ÌÂÈ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛-
˘Ëı ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó Ô‚˚¯‡ÂÚ åèÜ Ëı Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ‚ ˆÂ-
ÎÓÏ. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÛÏˇfl, ÏÓÁ„ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛-
˘Ëı Û·Ë‚‡ÂÚ ÓÒڇθÌÛ˛ ÒÓÏÛ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ, ‚ˉËÏÓ,
˝ÚË 200 Í͇Î/„ Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡˛Ú ÊËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸
ÚÓθÍÓ ÏÓÁ„‡ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı Ë Û͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ̇
‰ËÌ˚È ÏÂı‡ÌËÁÏ Ëı ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl. é˜Â‚ˉÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÂÒÎË
ÊËÁÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏÓÁ„‡ Ó„‡Ì˘Â̇ Ó·˙ÂÏÓÏ ËÒ-
ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ˝Ì„ËË, ÚÓ ÚÓ„‰‡ ˝‚ÓβˆËÓÌÌÓ ÏÓ-
‰ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ˉӂÓÈ åèÜ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ‰‚Û-
Ïfl ÔÛÚflÏË: ÒÌËÊÂÌË ÏÂÚ‡·Ó΢ÂÒÍÓÈ Ì‡„ÛÁÍË,
Ú.Â. Û‚Â΢ÂÌË χÒÒ˚ Ú·, ËÎË ÏÌÓ„Ó͇ÚÌÓ ‰Û·-
ÎËÓ‚‡ÌË ÍÎÂÚÓÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÌÂÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ˚Â, Ú.Â.
Û‚Â΢ÂÌË ‡ÁÏÂÓ‚ ÏÓÁ„‡. à ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ,
˝Ì„ÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ԇ‚ËÎÓ ê۷̇ ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓ‰Ú‚Â-
ʉÂÌÓ ‚ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËflı á‡ı‡ ̇ 63 ‚ˉ‡ı ÏÎÂÍÓ-
ÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ÌÓ ·ÓΠÒÚÓ„‡fl Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ̇·Î˛-
‰‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË ÔËÌËχÎÒfl ‚Ó ‚ÌËχÌËÂ
Ë̉ÂÍÒ ˆÂÙ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË – ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË χÒÒ˚ ÏÓÁ„‡ Í
χÒÒ Ú· ‚ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË 2/3 (Sacher, 1977, 1978).
뇂ÌÂÌË ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı Ò ÔÚˈ‡ÏË Ó·Ì‡Û-
ÊË‚‡ÂÚ Û‰Ë‚ËÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‡‰ÓÍÒ. ì ÔÚˈ åèÜ, Ú‡Í
ÊÂ Í‡Í Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ÒÓı‡ÌflÂÚ ÚẨÂÌˆË˛
Û‚Â΢˂‡Ú¸Òfl Ò Û‚Â΢ÂÌËÂÏ ‡Áχ. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ
åèÜ ÔÚˈ ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚˚¯Â (ËÌÓ„‰‡ ̇ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ),
˜ÂÏ Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı ÚÓ„Ó Ê ‡Áχ, ‡ ÒÛÏχ-
Ì˚ Á‡Ú‡Ú˚ ˝Ì„ËË Û ÔÚˈ ̇ ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË ÊËÁÌË
̇ ‰ËÌËˆÛ Ï‡ÒÒ˚ ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó Ô‚˚¯‡˛Ú ‡Ò˜ÂÚÌ˚Â
Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ˝Ì„ÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚Ë· ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË,
‰‡ÊÂ Ò Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ÔÓÔ‡‚ÓÍ á‡ı‡. èÓ Ç.Ä. ÉÛÒ‚Û
(2000), ËÁÓÎËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÏËÚÓıÓ̉ËË ÏÓÁ„‡, Ô˜ÂÌË
Ë Ò‰ˆ‡ „ÓÎÛ·fl ÔÓÚ·Îfl˛Ú ‚ 2–3 ‡Á‡ ·Óθ¯Â
ÍËÒÎÓÓ‰‡, ˜ÂÏ Û Í˚Ò, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÏËÚÓıÓ̉ËË
„ÓÎÛ·fl ÔÓ‰ÛˆËÛ˛Ú ÚÓθÍÓ 1/3 ËÎË ˜ÛÚ¸ ·Óθ¯Â
ÚÓ„Ó Ó·˙Âχ H
2
O
2
, ˜ÚÓ „ÂÌÂËÛ˛Ú ÏËÚÓıÓ̉ËË
Í˚Ò. àÒıÓ‰fl ËÁ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ù‡ÍÚ‡, Ç.Ä. ÉÛÒ‚ (2000)
·Óθ¯Û˛ åèÜ ÔÚˈ Ó·˙flÒÌflÂÚ Ëı ·ÓΠÒÓ‚Â-
¯ÂÌÌ˚ÏË, ˜ÂÏ Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ÏËÚÓıÓ̉ˇθ-
Ì˚ÏË ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ÏË. çÓ Ì‡ ÙÓÌ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ åèÜ ÍÓ-
ÎË·Ë (‚ÂÒ ÓÚ 1.5 „), ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÛ˛˘Ëı ̇˂˚Ò¯ËÈ
ÛÓ‚Â̸ ÏÂÚ‡·ÓÎËÁχ ÒÂ‰Ë ÚÂÔÎÓÍÓ‚Ì˚ı ÔÓÁ‚Ó-
ÌÓ˜Ì˚ı, ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÚ Û fl‰‡ Ëı ‚ˉӂ ‰Ó 15 ÎÂÚ (Calder,
1989), ڇ͇fl ËÌÚÂÔÂÚ‡ˆËfl ÌÂ۷‰ËÚÂθ̇fl. àÌ˚-
ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó ‚ˉӂ ÍÓÎË·Ë ÔÓÚ·-
ÎflÂÚ ‚ ‰Â̸ ˝Ì„ËË ·Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Ò‰ÌÂÒÚ‡ÚËÒÚË-
ÜìêçÄã éÅôÖâ ÅàéãéÉàà ÚÓÏ 68 ‹ 1 2007
ÑàîîÖêÖçñàêéÇäÄ äãÖíéä êÄÑàÄãúçéâ Éãàà Ç Äëíêéñàíõ
47
˜ÂÒÍËÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ (Best, 2006). é˜Â̸ ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ‡Ò˜ÂÚ:
‚ ‰Â̸ ÍÓÎË·Ë ÔÓÚ·ÎflÂÚ ˝Ì„ËË ÒÚÓθÍÓ,
ÒÍÓθÍÓ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ‚ÂÒÓÏ 70–90 Í„, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓ‰Û-
ˆËÛÂÚÒfl ‚ 10 ‡Á ÏÂ̸¯Â êîä Ë H
2
O
2
, ÌÓ ÍÓÎË·Ë
ËÏÂÂÚ Ï‡ÒÒÛ 1.5–3 „! í‡ÍÓÈ ÚÂÏÔ ÏÂÚ‡·ÓÎËÁχ ÏÓÊ-
ÌÓ Ò‡‚ÌËÚ¸ ‡Á‚ ˜ÚÓ Ò „ÓÂÌËÂÏ. é˜Â‚ˉÌÓ, ÂÒÎË
·˚ ÍÓÎË·Ë (‚ÔÓ˜ÂÏ, Í‡Í Ë ÓÒڇθÌ˚ ÔÚˈ˚)
ËÏÂÎË Ú‡ÍÓÈ Ê ÚÂÏÔ ÔÓ‰ÛˆËÓ‚‡ÌËfl êîä Ë H
2
O
2
,
Í‡Í ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘ËÂ, ÚÓ ÓÌË ÓÚ‡‚ËÎËÒ¸ ·˚ ËÏË.
é˜Â‚ˉÌÓ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ë ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ Ó·˙ÂÏ ÔÓ‰ÛˆË-
ÛÂÏ˚ı êîä Ë H
2
O
2
̇ ‰ËÌËˆÛ Ï‡ÒÒ˚ Û ÍÓÎË·Ë
̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ·Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı. éÚÒ˛‰‡
‚˚‚Ó‰: ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍËı ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÈ Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Û
ÔÚˈ „Â̇ˆËfl ÓÍÒˉ‡ÌÚÓ‚ ÏËÚÓıÓ̉ËflÏË ÊÂÒÚ-
ÍÓ Ë Ì‡ÔflÏÛ˛ Ò‚flÁ‡Ì‡ Ò èÜ. ÇˉËÏÓ, Òӂ¯ÂÌ-
ÒÚ‚Ó ÏËÚÓıÓ̉ˇθÌ˚ı ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚ – Ì Ô˘Ë̇
‰Ó΄ÓÊË‚Û˜ÂÒÚË ÔÚˈ, ‡ ‡‰‡ÔÚ‡ˆËfl Í ÂÍÓ‰Ì˚Ï
ÛÓ‚ÌflÏ ÏÂÚ‡·ÓÎËÁχ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ˝ÚÓÚ ÙÂÌÓÏÂÌ,
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È ‚ Ó·ÁÓ Ç.Ä. ÉÛÒ‚‡ (2000), ·ÓÎÂÂ
۷‰ËÚÂθÌÓ ËÌÚÂÔÂÚËÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ò‚ÂÚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ-
ÌÓÈ „ËÔÓÚÂÁ˚: ÔÚˈ˚ ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó„ÓÏÌ˚È ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇÎ
‰Ó΄ÓÊË‚Û˜ÂÒÚË ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ËÏÂ˛Ú ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸
Á‡ÏÂÌ˚ ËÒ˜ÂÔ‡‚¯Ëı Ò‚ÓÈ ÂÒÛÒ ÌÂÈÓÌÓ‚.
ÇõÇéÑõ
ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ̇fl „ËÔÓÚÂÁ‡ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl
ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ÒÚ‡ÌÂÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡„ÛÏÂÌ-
ÚÓÏ ‚ ÔÓθÁÛ Ë‰ÂË ÔÓ„‡ÏÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl,
ÔÓ Í‡ÈÌÂÈ Ï ‰Îfl ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, Ú‡Í Í‡Í
Ú‡ÌÒÙÓχˆËfl êÉ ‚ Á‚ÂÁ‰˜‡Ú˚ ‡ÒÚÓˆËÚ˚ – ÔÓ-
ˆÂÒÒ ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏËÛÂÏ˚È. çÓ ÌÂθÁfl ËÒ-
Íβ˜‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÂÌË ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı ‚ÓÁÌËÍ-
ÎÓ Í‡Í ÔÓ·Ó˜Ì˚È ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚ ˝‚ÓβˆËË ËÌ˚ı ÏÂı‡-
ÌËÁÏÓ‚.
èÓ„‡ÏÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ҇ÏÓÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌË ÏÎÂÍÓ-
ÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ‚ˉËÏÓ, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ Ó·˘Â„Ó
˝‚ÓβˆËÓÌÌÓ„Ó ÔË̈ËÔ‡ – Á‡ÏÂÌ˚ ‚̯ÌËı Ù‡Í-
ÚÓÓ‚ ÒÏÂÚË ÌÂÒڇ²˘Ëı ÏÌÓ„ÓÍÎÂÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ó„‡-
ÌËÁÏÓ‚ ̇ ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌËÂ. àÁ “ÏÂÚÂÓÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó”
ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌÓ ·ÂÒÒÏÂÚÌÓÈ „ˉ˚ flÒÌÓ,
˜ÚÓ ‚‡¸ËÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ‚̯ÌËı ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ÏÓÊÌÓ ‰Ó-
·ËÚ¸Òfl ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl  ӄ‡ÌËÁχ, ̇ۯ‡fl ÔÓˆÂÒÒ Á‡-
ÏÂÌ˚ ÓÚ‡·ÓÚ‡‚¯Ëı Ò‚ÓÈ ÂÒÛÒ ÒÔˆˇÎËÁËÓ‚‡Ì-
Ì˚ı ÒÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÛÚ‡-
Ú‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ Û Ó„‡ÌËÁχ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó
ËÁ ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌÓ ·ÂÒÒÏÂÚÌ˚ı ëä Ë Òڇ²˘Ëı
ÒÔˆˇÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÒÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ, Ë̉Û-
ˆËÛÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËÂ Ë ÔÓÚ² ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌÓ„Ó ·ÂÒ-
ÒÏÂÚËfl. Ä̇Îӄ˘ÌÓ, ÛÚ‡Ú‡ ÚÓ„Ó Ê ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ ËÌ-
‰ÛˆËÛÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËÂ Ë Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı, ÌÓ ‡ÁÌˈ‡
‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ˝Ú‡ ÛÚ‡Ú‡ Û ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı „ÂÌÂÚ˘Â-
ÒÍË Á‡ÔÓ„‡ÏÏËÓ‚‡Ì‡ Ë Ì Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ‚̯ÌËı
Ù‡ÍÚÓÓ‚. ë fl‰ÓÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ó„Ó‚ÓÓÍ ÏÓÊÌÓ
ÔËÁ̇ڸ, ˜ÚÓ Ë Û Ú‡‚flÌËÒÚ˚ı ÒÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ
ÒÚ‡ÂÌË ‡ÎËÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÂÏ Ê ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÓÏ – ‰Û͈Ë-
ÂÈ ‚ ÙËÎÓ„ÂÌÂÁ “·ÂÒÒÏÂÚÌÓÈ” ˜‡ÒÚË ÒÚ‚Ó·, ÍÓÚÓ-
˚È Ó·ÂÒÔ˜˂‡ÂÚ ÔÂÌ·ÂÊËÏÓ ÒÚ‡ÂÌË ‰Â-
‚ÂÒÌ˚ı ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ.
ëèàëéä ãàíÖêÄíìêõ
ÄÚ‡-åÛ‡‰Ó‚‡ î.Ä., ÑÓ̈ӂ Ç.à.,
1987. ÇÎËflÌË ÔÂ-
ÂÒ‡‰ÍË ˝Ï·ËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó „ËÔÓڇ·ÏÛÒ‡ ̇ ÎËÏÙÓ-
ˉÌ˚ Ú͇ÌË Û ÒÚ‡˚ı Ï˚¯ÂÈ // ÑÓÍÎ. Äç ëëëê. í.
297. ë. 237–240.
ÅÓÈÍÓ Ä.É.,
2000. ÉËÔÓÚÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÏÂÚÓ‰ ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎÂÌËfl
·‡¸Â‡ χÍÒËχθÌÓÈ ‚ˉӂÓÈ ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓ-
ÒÚË ÊËÁÌË ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı Ë ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ // 3-È
燈iÓ̇θÌËÈ ÍÓÌ„ÂÒ „ÂÓÌÚÓÎÓ„i‚ i „Âi‡Úi‚
ì͇
ï
ÌË. 26–28 ‚ÂÂÒÌfl 2000 . ‚ Ï. äË
ï
‚i: íÂÁË ‰Ó-
ÔÓ‚i‰ÂÈ. C. 170.
ÅÛÚÂÌÍÓ É.å.,
1990. ÄÍÚË‚Ì˚ ÏÂı‡ÌËÁÏ˚ ‰ËÒÙÛÌÍ-
ˆËË ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl // ÇÂÒÚÌ. Ä͇‰. å‰. ç‡ÛÍ
ëëëê. ‹ 1. ë. 20–23.
LJ„‡ÌÓ‚ Ö.Ä., ç‡ÛÁ·‡Â‚ å.å., ï¸˛Ò å.ä.,
2000. ë‚Ë-
‰ÂÚÂÎË Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚Ó„Ó ÔÓÚÂÔÎÂÌËfl ÍÎËχڇ // èË-
Ó‰‡. ‹ 12. ë. 54–57.
Ç‡Ì˛¯ËÌ Å.î.,
2001. ÄÔÓÔÚÓÁ Û ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ // ìÒÔÂıË
·ËÓÎ. ıËÏËË. í. 41. ë. 3–38.
ÇËÍÚÓÓ‚ à.Ç.,
2001. ëÚ‚ÓÎÓ‚˚ ÍÎÂÚÍË ÏÓÁ„‡ ÏÎÂÍÓ-
ÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı: ·ËÓÎÓ„Ëfl ÒÚ‚ÓÎÓ‚˚ı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ in vivo Ë in
vitro // àÁ‚. êÄç. ëÂ. ·ËÓÎ. ‹ 6. ë. 646–655
ÇÓÓÌÓ‚‡ ç.Ç., äÎËÏÓ‚‡ ç.å., åẨÊÂˈÍËÈ Ä.å.,
2005. Ä̇ÚÓÏËfl ˆÂÌڇθÌÓÈ Ì‚ÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚: ì˜.
ÔÓÒÓ·Ë ‰Îfl ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ÛÁÓ‚. å.: ÄÒÔÂÍÚ èÂÒÒ. 128
Ò.
ÉÛÒ‚ Ç.Ä.,
2000. ë‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ‡‰Ë͇θ̇fl ÚÂÓËfl ÒÚ‡Â-
ÌËfl ‚ Ô‡‡‰Ë„Ï „ÂÓÌÚÓÎÓ„ËË // ìÒÔÂıË „ÂÓÌÚÓÎÓ-
„ËË. Ç˚Ô. 4. C. 271–272.
ÑËÎ¸Ï‡Ì Ç.å.,
1958. é ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÌÓÏ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËË ‰Âfl-
ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „ËÔÓڇ·Ï˘ÂÒÍËı ˆÂÌÚÓ‚ //
í. àÌ-Ú‡ ÙËÁËÓÎÓ„ËË ËÏ. à.Ä.臂ÎÓ‚‡ Äç ëëëê.
í 7. ë. 326–336.
ÑËÎ¸Ï‡Ì Ç.å.,
1987. óÂÚ˚ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË Ï‰ˈËÌ˚. ã.:
å‰ˈË̇. 288 Ò.
ä‡ÎÛ‚ Ä.Ç.,
2003. îÂÌÓÔÚÓÁ Ë ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ (ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û ÍÓÌ-
ˆÂÔˆËË ‡Í‡‰. Ç.è. ëÍÛ·˜Â‚‡) // ëÓ‚ÂÏÂÌ̇fl ÌÂÈ-
Ó·ËÓÎÓ„Ëfl Ë ÌÂÈÓ̇ÛÍË / ç‡Û˜ÌÓ-Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθ-
Ì˚È Ò‚Â. URL: http://www.neuroscience.ru / content
/ view / 18 / 26/
ãËÚÓ¯ÂÌÍÓ Ä.ü., ï‡Ú‚Ë„ å.,
1998. åËÚÓıÓ̉ËË Ë
ÒÚ‡ÂÌË // èÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl Ë ‰Ó΄ÓÎÂÚËfl. í. 7.
‹ 3. C. 241–250.
ã˝Ï· å.,
1980. ÅËÓÎÓ„Ëfl ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl. å.: åË. 206 Ò.
éÎÓ‚ÌËÍÓ‚ Ä.å.,
1971. èË̈ËÔ Ï‡„ËÌÓÚÓÏËË ‚ χÚ-
˘ÌÓÏ ÒËÌÚÂÁ ÔÓÎËÌÛÍÎÂÓÚˉӂ // ÑÓÍÎ. Äç
ëëëê. í. 201. ë. 1496–1499.
éÎÓ‚ÌËÍÓ‚ Ä.å.,
1992. ëÚ‡ÂÌË ÂÒÚ¸ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ÛÍÓ-
Ó˜ÂÌËfl “‰ËÙÙÂÓÚÂÌ˚” ‚ ÚÂÎÓÏ ËÁ-Á‡ ÍÓ̈Â-
‚ÓÈ Ì‰ÓÂÔÎË͇ˆËË Ë Ì‰ÓÂÔ‡‡ˆËË Ñçä // àÁ‚.
Äç ëëëê. ëÂ. ·ËÓÎ. í. 4. ë. 641–643.
éÎÓ‚ÌËÍÓ‚ Ä.å.,
2003. ëÚ‡ÂÌËÂ Í‡Í ÛÌË‚Â҇θ̇fl
ıÓÌ˘ÂÒ͇fl “·ÓÎÂÁ̸ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇-
ÍÓ‚”: ÍÎÂÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËÂ Ë êçä-Á‡‚ËÒËχfl ËÓÌ̇fl
ÏÓ‰ÛÎflˆËfl ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË „ÂÌÓ‚ // 剷ÈÌ êì. í.
4. ë. 31.
èÓÎÂʇ‚ ã.Ç.,
1968. ìÚ‡Ú‡ Ë ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌË „ÂÌÂ-
‡ˆËÓÌÌÓÈ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË Û ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı. å.: ç‡Û͇.
248 Ò.
48
ÜìêçÄã éÅôÖâ ÅàéãéÉàà ÚÓÏ 68 ‹ 1 2007
·ÓÈÍÓ
èÓÚ‡ÔÂÌÍÓ Ä.à., ÄÍËٸ‚ Ä.è.,
2003. ç‡ ÔÛÚË ÔÓËÒ͇
ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ Ë ËÌˈˇθÌÓ„Ó ÒÛ·ÒÚ‡Ú‡ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl //
剷ÈÌ êì. í. 4. ë. 103–107.
뇂Âθ‚ ë.Ç.,
2005. èÓËÒıÓʉÂÌË ÏÓÁ„‡. å.: ljË.
368 Ò.
ëÍÛ·˜Â‚ Ç.è.,
1997. ëÚ‡ÂÌË ӄ‡ÌËÁχ – ÓÒÓ·‡fl
·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl, ‡ Ì ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ÔÓÎÓÏÍË
ÒÎÓÊÌÓÈ ·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚: ·ËÓıËÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ
Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË „ËÔÓÚÂÁ˚ ÇÂÈÒχ̇ // ÅËÓıËÏËfl. í. 62.
ë. 1191–1195.
ëÍÛ·˜Â‚ Ç.è.,
1999. îÂÌÓÔÚÓÁ: Á‡ÔÓ„‡ÏÏËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl
ÒÏÂÚ¸ Ó„‡ÌËÁχ // ÅËÓıËÏËfl. í. 64. ‹ 12. ë. 1418–
1426.
ëÍÛ·˜Â‚ Ç.è.,
2001. ëÚ‡ÂÌË ӄ‡ÌËÁχ – ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚È
ÒÎÛ˜‡È ÙÂÌÓÔÚÓÁ‡ // ëÓÓÒÓ‚ÒÍËÈ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚È
ÊÛÌ. í. 7. ‹ 10. ë. 7–11.
í‡ıÚ‡‰ÊflÌ Ä.ã.,
1964. éÒÌÓ‚˚ ˝‚ÓβˆËÓÌÌÓÈ ÏÓÙÓ-
ÎÓ„ËË ÔÓÍ˚ÚÓÒÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı. å.; ã. : ç‡Û͇ ãé. 236 Ò.
í‡ıÚ‡‰ÊflÌ Ä.ã.,
1966. ëËÒÚÂχ Ë ÙËÎÓ„ÂÌËfl ˆ‚ÂÚÍÓ-
‚˚ı ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ, å.; ã.: ç‡Û͇. 612 Ò.
í‡ıÚ‡‰ÊflÌ Ä.ã.,
1970. èÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËÂ Ë ‡ÒÒÂÎÂÌËÂ
ˆ‚ÂÚÍÓ‚˚ı ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ. ã.: ç‡Û͇. 147 Ò.
îÓθÍËÒ Ç.Ç., ÅÂÁÛÍÓ‚ Ç.Ç., ÅÓ„‡ˆÍ‡fl ã.ç., ÅÛ˜ËÌ-
ÒÍËÈ ë.É., ÇÂı‡ÚÒÍËÈ ç.ë., ÉÓ·‡Ì¸ Ö.ç., ä‚ËÚ-
Ìˈ͇fl-ê˚ÊÓ‚‡ í.û., äÛÁ̈ӂ‡ ë.å., å‡Ì¸ÍÓ‚-
ÒÍËÈ ç.Å., å‡Ú˚ÌÂÌÍÓ ç.Ä., åÂÊË·ÓÒ͇fl ç.Ä.,
èÓβıÓ‚ Ä.å., èÓÚ‡ÔÂÌÍÓ ê.à., èÛ„‡˜ Å.Ç., êÛ¯-
Í‚˘ û.Ö., ëÚÛÔË̇ Ä.ë., í‡ÌËÌ ë.Ä.,
1991. ëÚ‡Â-
ÌË ÏÓÁ„‡. ã.: ç‡Û͇. ë. 223–225.
ï‡Îfl‚ÍËÌ Ä.Ç.,
1998. ÇÁ‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë “Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ-ÒÂ-
‰‡” Ë Ô˘ËÌ˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl // ìÒÔÂıË „ÂÓÌÚÓÎÓ„ËË.
Ç˚Ô. 2. ë. 43–48.
ï‡Îfl‚ÍËÌ Ä.Ç., ü¯ËÌ Ä.à.,
2003. ë‰ӂ‡fl Ë „ÂÌÂÚ˘Â-
Ò͇fl ÏÓ‰ËÙË͇ˆËfl ͇ÚËÌ˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl. ɇÌˈ˚
Ô·ÒÚ˘ÌÓÒÚË // èÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl Ë ‰Ó΄ÓÎÂÚËfl.
í. 12. ‹ 4. ë. 417–425.
ò‚‡ˆ ë.ë.,
1976. ùÍÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰˚ Í ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÛ
ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl Ë ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÊËÁÌË //
ÉÂÓÌÚÓÎÓ„Ëfl Ë „¡ÚËfl. ÖÊ„ӉÌËÍ. 1975. ÅËÓ-
Îӄ˘ÂÒÍË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Û‚Â΢ÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊË-
ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÊËÁÌË. äËÓ‚. ë. 19 – 29.
Alvarez-Buylla A., Kirn J.R.,
1997. Birth, migration, incor-
poration, and death of vocal control neurons in adult
songbirds // J. Neurobiol. V. 33. P. 585–601.
Alvarez-Buylla A., Buskirk D.R., Nottebohm F.,
1987. Mon-
oclonal antibody reveals radial glia in adult avian brain//
J. Comp. Neurol. V. 264. P.159–170.
Alvarez-Buylla A., Theelen M., Nottebohm F.,
1990. Prolif-
eration 'hot spots' in adult avian ventricular zone reveal
radial cell division // Neuron. V. 5. P. 101–109.
Alvarez-Buylla A., Garcia-Verdugo J.M. Tramontin A.D.,
2001. A unified hypothesis on the lineage of neural stem
cells // Nat. Rev. Neurosci. V. 2. P. 287 – 293.
Aschheim P.,
1976. Aging in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-
ovarian axis in the rat // Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Ag-
ing / Eds Everitt A., Burges J.A. Springfield: Ch. C. Th-
omas. P. 376–418.
Barres B.A.,
1999. A new role for glia: generation of neu-
rons! // Cell. V. 97. P. 667–670.
Benjelloun-Touimi S., Jacque C.M., Derer P., De Vitry F.,
Maunory R., Dupouey P.,
1985. Evidence that mouse as-
trocytes may be derived from the radial glia. An immuno-
histochemical study of the cerebellum in the normal and
reeler mouse // J. Neuroimmunol. V. 9. P. 87–97.
Best B.,
2006. Mechanisms of Aging / URL http://www.ben-
best.com / lifeext / aging.html
Bidder G.P.,
1932. Senescence // Brit. Med. J. V. 2. P. 583–
585.
Bodega G., Suirez I., Rubio M., Fernandez B.,
1990. Distri-
bution and characteristics of the different astroglial cell
types in the adult lizard (Lacerta lepida) spinal cord //
Anat. Embryol. V. 181. P. 567–575.
Boyko O.G.,
2004. Do mammals die young!? An age-depen-
dent mechanism of mammals self-destruction // Ukr.
Bioorg. Acta. V.1–2. P. 3–12.
Bowles J.T.,
1998. The evolution of aging: a new approach to
an old problem of biology // Med. Hypotheses. V. 51. ‹
3. P. 179–221.
Bowles J.,
2000. Shattered: Medawar’s test tubes and their
enduring legacy of chaos // Med. Hypotheses. V. 54. ‹
2. P. 326–339.
Brien P.,
1953. La pe?rennite? somatique // Biol. Rev. Cam-
br. Philos. Soc. V. 28. P. 308–349.
Butenko G.M.,
1990. Heterochronic chimeras as a model in
gerontological research // The Theoretical Basis of Age-
ing Research / Eds Robert L., Hofecker G. Wien: Univer-
sitatsverlag. P. 65–67.
Cailliet G.M., Andrews A.H., Burton E.J., Watters D.L.,
Kline D.E., Ferry-Graham L.A.,
2001. Age determina-
tion and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-
dwellers live longer? // Exp. Gerontol. V. 36. P. 739–764.
Calder W.A.I.,
1989. Avian longevity and aging // Genetic
Effects on Aging II / Ed. Harrison D.E. Caldwell: Telford
Press. P. 187–204.
Cameron H.A., Woolley C.S., McEwen B.S., Gould E.,
1993.
Differentiation of newly born neurons and glia in the den-
tate gyrus of the adult rat // Neuroscience. V. 56. P. 337–
344.
Campbell R.D.,
1965. Cell proliferation in hydra: An autora-
diographic approach // Science. V. 148. P. 1231–1232.
Campbell R.D.,
1967a. Tissue dynamics of steady state
growth in Hydra littoralis. I. Patterns of cell division //
Dev. Biol. V. 15. P. 487–502.
Campbell R.D.,
1967b. Tissue dynamics of steady state
growth in Hydra littoralis. II. Patterns of tissue movement //
J. Morphol. V. 121. V. 19–28.
Comfort A.,
1979. The Biology of senescence. Edinburgh;
London: Churchill Livins. 414p.
Corwin J.T.,
1981. Postembryonic production and aging of
inner ear hair cells in sharks // J. Comp. Neurol. V. 201.
P. 541–553.
Crapon de Caprona M.D., Fritzsch B.,
1983. The develop-
ment of the retinopetal nucleus olfacto-retinalis of two
cichlid fish as revealed by horseradish peroxidase // Dev.
Brain Res. V. 11. P. 281–301.
Daftary S.S., Gore A.C.,
2005. IGF–1 in the brain as a regu-
lator of reproductive neuroendocrine function // Exp. Bi-
ol. Med. V. 230. P.292–306.
Daniel C.W., Young J.T.,
1971. Influence of cell division on
an aging process // Expl. Cell Res. V. 65. P. 27–32.
Daniel C.W., Aidells B.D., Medina D., Faulkin L.J., Jr.,
1975. Unlimited division potential of precancerous
ÜìêçÄã éÅôÖâ ÅàéãéÉàà ÚÓÏ 68 ‹ 1 2007
ÑàîîÖêÖçñàêéÇäÄ äãÖíéä êÄÑàÄãúçéâ Éãàà Ç Äëíêéñàíõ
49
mouse mammary cells after spontaneous or carcinogen-
induced transformation // Proc. F.A.S.E.B. V. 34. P. 64–
67.
Dilman V.M.,
1971. Age-associated elevation of hypotha-
lamic, threshold to feedback control, and its role in devel-
opment, ageine, and disease // Lancet. ‹ 1 (7711). P.
1211–1219.
Dilman V.M.,
1981. The law of deviation of homeostasis and
disease of aging. Boston: J. Wright PSG Inc. 380 p.
Dilman V.M.,
1986. Ontogenetic model of aging and disease
formation and mechanisms of natural selection // J. The-
or. Biol. V. 118. ‹ 1. P. 73–81.
Doetsch F., Caille I., Lim D.A., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., Alva-
rez-Buylla A.,
1999. Subventricular zone astrocytes are
neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain // Cell. V.
97. P. 703–716.
Ebert T.A., Southon J.R.,
2003. Red sea urchins (Strongylo-
centrotus franciscanus) can live over 100 years: confir-
mation with A-bomb 14carbon // Fish Bull. V. 101 ‹ 4.
P. 915–922.
Eriksson P.S., Perfilieva E., Bjork-Eriksson T., Alborn A.M.,
Nordborg C., Peterson D.A., Gage F.H.,
1998. Neuro-
genesis in the adult human hippocampus // Nat. Med. V.
4. P. 1313–1317.
Finch C.E.,
1990. Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome.
Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 922 p.
Finch C.E., Austad S.N.,
2001. History and prospects: sym-
posium on organisms with slow aging // Exp. Gerontol.
V. 36. ‹ 4–6. P. 593–597.
Fine M.L.,
1989. Embryonic, larval and adult development
of the sonic neuromuscular system in the oyster toadfish //
Brain Behav. Evol. V. 34. P. 13–24.
Font E., Desfilis E., Perez-Canellas M.M., Garcia-Ver-
dugo J.M.,
2001. Neurogenesis and neuronal regenera-
tion in the adult reptilian brain // Brain Behav. Evol.
V. 58. P. 276–295.
Fox G.Q., Richardson G.P.,
1982. The developmental mor-
phology of Torpedo marmorata: electric lobeelectromo-
toneuron proliferation and cell death // J. Comp. Neurol.
V. 207. P. 183–190.
Gavrilov L.A., Gavrilova N.S.,
2002. Evolutionary Theories
of Aging and Longevity // Sci. World J. V. 2. P. 339–356.
George J.C., Bada J.,
1999. Age and growth estimates of
bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) via aspartic acid
racemization // Can. J. Zool. V. 77. P. 571–580.
Goldman S.A.,
1998. Adult neurogenesis: from canaries to
the clinic / J. Neurobiol. V. 36. ‹ 2. P. 267–286.
Goldman S., Nottebohm F.,
1983. Neuronal production, mi-
gration, and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of
the adult female canary brain // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA. V. 80. P. 2390–2394.
Gould E., Vail N., Wagers M., Gross C.G.,
2001. Adult-gen-
erated hippocampal and neocortical neurons in macaques
have a transient existence // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
V. 98. P. 10910–10917.
Gracy R.W., Talent J.M., Kong Y., Conrad C.C.,
1999. Reac-
tive oxygen species: the unavoidable environmental in-
sult? //Mutat. Res. V. 428. P.17–22.
Guerin J. C.,
2004. Emerging Area of Aging Research:
Long-lived Animals with “Negligible Senescence” //
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. V. 1019. P. 518 – 520.
Gupta A, Tsai L.H., Wynshaw-Boris A.,
2002. Life is a jour-
ney: a genetic look at neocortical development // Nat.
Rev. Genet. V. 3. P. 342 – 355.
Holmes D.J., Austad S.N.,
1995. Birds as animal models for
the comparative biology of aging: a prospectus // J. Ger-
ontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. V. 50. ‹ 2. P. 59–66.
Holmes D.J., Fluckiger R., Austad S.N.,
2001. Comparative
biology of aging in birds: an update // Exp. Gerontol. V.
36. ‹ 4–6. P. 869–883.
Huang H.H., Kissane J.Q., Hawrylewicz E.J.,
1987. Restora-
tion of sexual function and fertility by fetal hypothalamus
transplant in impotent aged male rats // Neurobiol. Aging.
V. 8. P. 465–472.
Johns P.R., Easter S.S.Jr.,
1977. Growth of the adult goldfish
eye. II. Increase in retinal cell number // J. Comp. Neurol.
V. 176. P. 331–342.
Johnson F.B., Sinclar, D.A., Guarente L.,
1999. Molecular
biology of aging // Cell. V. 96. P. 291–302.
Kalman M., Szekely A.D., Csillag A.,
1993. Distribution of
glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunopositive structures
in the brain of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus) //
J. Comp. Neurol. V. 330. P. 221–237.
Kara T.C.,
1994. Ageing in amphibians //Gerontology.
V. 40. ‹ 2–4. P. 161–173.
Kerr J.F.R., Gobe G.C., Winterford C. M., Harmon B.V.,
1995. Anatomical methods in cell death // Cell Death /
Eds Schwartz L.M., Osborne B.A. San Diego: Acad.
Press. P. 1–27.
King J.S.,
1966. A comparative investigation of neuroglia in
representative vertebrates: a silver carbonate study //
J. Morphol. V. 119. P. 435–466.
Kishi S., Uchiyama J., Baughman A.M., Goto T, Lin M.C.,
Tsai S.B.,
2003. The zebrafish as a vertebrate model of
functional aging and very gradual senescence // Exp.
Gerontol. V. 38. ‹. 7. P. 777–786.
Klapper W, Heidorn K, Kuhne K, Parwaresch R, Krupp G.,
1998. Telomerase in “immortal fish” // FEBS Lett.
V. 434. P. 409–412.
Koumans J.T.M., Akster H.A.,
1995. Myogenic cells in de-
velopment and growth of fish // Comp. Biochem. Physi-
ol. V. 110A. P. 3–20.
Kushima K., Kamio K., Okuda V.,
1961. Climacterium, cli-
macteric disturbances on rejuvenation of sex center // To-
hoku J. Exp. Med. V. 74. P. 113–129.
Lamberts S.W.J., Beld A.W., Lely A.J.,
1997. The endocrinol-
ogy of aging // Science. V. 278. P. 419–425.
Leaman B.M., Beamish R.J.,
1984. Ecological and manage-
ment implications of longevity in some northeast Pacific
groundfishes // Bull. Int. North Pacific Commn. V. 42. P.
85–97.
Lennington J.B., Yang Z., Conover J.C.,
2003. Neural stem
cells and the regulation of adult neurogenesis // Reprod.
Biol. Endocrinol. V. 1. P. 99–106.
Levitt P., Rakic P.,
1980. Immunoperoxidase localization of
glial fibrrllary acidic protein in radial glial cells and as-
trocytes of the developing Rhesus monkey brain // J.
Comp. Neurol. V. 193. P. 815–840.
Lynch A.J.J., Barnes, R.W., Cambecedes J., Vaillancourt R.E.,
1998. Genetic Evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Pro-
teaceae) Is an Ancient Clone // Austr. J. Bot. V. 46. P. 25–
33.