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Unit 1. “What Technosphere is”
Цель: развивать навыки работы с информацией; научиться читать, понимать, анализировать тексты, вести беседу по теме «What Technosphere is».
Задачи: развитие умений изучающего чтения; расширение объёма продуктивного словарного запаса за счёт освоения новых лексических единиц по теме; развитие умений передавать содержание прочитанного.
1. What is the topic “What Technosphere is” associated with in your mind? Put your ideas into separate words. Then make up a logical abstract on the subject using the words from your lists. Discuss it with your group mates.
2. Make sure that you know how to pronounce the words and word-combinations below (use a dictionary if it is necessary). Read and try to remember them.
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to define – определять, давать определение -
transition – переход -
to evolve – развиваться, эволюционировать -
condition – условие -
mental envelope – интеллектуальная оболочка -
jointly – вместе взятые, совместно -
to describe – описывать -
unity – единство -
due to – благодаря -
disorder – беспорядок -
to accompany – сопровождать -
environment – окружение, окружающая среда -
living being – живое существо -
relationship – взаимоотношение, отношение, взаимосвязь -
to modify – изменять, модифицировать -
by means of – при помощи -
to invent – изобретать, придумывать -
application – приложение, применение -
variety – разнообразие -
advent – наступление, прибытие, приход -
to expand – расширяться -
web – сеть, паутина -
to scatter – разбрасывать, рассыпать -
to reach – достигать -
crowded – переполненный, насыщенный, забитый битком, густонаселенный
3. Read and translate the text. Summarize the ideas of the text and represent them in oral way.
What Technosphere Is.
The term technosphere is just the middle term of a larger process defined as the biosphere–noosphere transition. According to the Russian academician V. I. Vernadsky, the biosphere, as an evolving structure, is transformed into a new geological and evolutionary condition, the noosphere – Earth’s mental envelope.
Briefly Vernadsky’s idea is as follows. All the biospheric processes jointly can be described as a single biogeochemical unity. Due to man’s transformation of nature since the industrial revolution, this biogeochemical unity has entered a state of ‘disorder’ – an accelerated process of industrialization which accompanies an evolutionary transition of the biosphere into the noosphere and creates a new environment called technosphere.
While the term biosphere defines the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, technosphere defines natural environment modified by man by means of industrial technology. This technological envelope is the sum of the processes invented by humans resulting from the application of certain scientific and economic principles, especially during the last half century, although it is not only made up of the factories, dams and irrigated fields, but also a variety of technological facts and features of a physical, chemical or biological nature
Particularly, with the advent of digital technology, the technosphere has been expanded, giving rise to a global web of infrastructure for information management and communication scattered throughout the biosphere and even reaching out to the atmosphere into the already crowded geostationary orbits around the earth.
4. Look through the text one more time and answer the following questions.
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What does the term technosphere according to V. I. Vernadsky mean? -
What is the phenomenon that is called as the Earth’s mental envelope? -
What are the processes that can influence upon the creation of a new environment called technosphere? -
What does the term biosphere define? -
Are there any advantages or/and disadvantages of technosphere creation? Name them.
5. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary on the topic.
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На самом деле, понятие техносфера – это лишь часть более масштабного процесса, обусловленного переходом от состояния биосферы к ноосфере. -
По словам Вернадского, биосфера, как развивающаяся структура, трансформируется в новые геологические и эволюцтонные состояния. -
Ноосферу мы можем назвать «интеллектуальной оболочкой Земли». -
Идеи Вернадского заключаются в том, что все биосферные процессы могут быть описаны как одно биогеохимическое единство. -
Из-за влияния человечества на природу биогеохимическое единство вошло в состояние «беспорядка». -
Техносфера определяет природную среду, измененную человеком посредством промышленных технологий. -
С изобретением цифровых технологий, пространство техносферы расширилось благодаря глобальным сетям, которые проникают не только в биосферу, но и достигают атмосферы.
6. Here is represented some additional information on the topic “What Technosphere is”. Read this abstract and translate it using a dictionary. It will help you to enlarge your knowledge in this sphere.
TECHNOSPHERE OBJECTIVE
In the frames of technosphere the global web of infrastructure for information management and communication has grown through the expansion of structures that include a great variety of artifacts, hardware, software, networks of monitoring and communication satellites, remote-sensing techniques, data acquisition, artificial intelligence and decision making technology, etc.
Nevertheless we must not forget that the objective of the technosphere is to replace the organic processes of the biosphere with totally industrialized ones, which may result in a severe disbalance in the biosphere. This disbalance refers to the disruption of the relationship between the inanimate and biological structures and processes which form the delicate mechanisms and interactive cycles of the biosphere. The phenomena such as global warming and over-population are symptomatic of the technospheric disruption of the natural order of the biosphere.
Useful words and word-combinations:
communication – передача
remote-sensing – телеметрия
data acquisition – сбор данных
artificial intelligence – искусственный интеллект
7. Grammar box. Revise the theoretical material about the Tenses System of the English Language of the Active Voice. The table below will help you to summarize your ideas.
Таблица времен английского языка активного залога.
The Tenses of the Active Voice
| Indefinite (простое) | Continuous (длительное) | Perfect (совершенное) | Perfect Continuous (совершенное длительное) |
Present (настоящее) | V/ Vs (3 лицо ед.число) DO / Does | Am Is + Ving are | Have Has (3 лицо ед.число) + Ved/V3 | Have/has + being +Ved/V3 |
Past (прошедшее) | Ved/V2 Did | Was Were + Ving | Had+Ved /V3 | Had +being+ Ved/V3 |
Future (будущее) | Will/Shall (1 лица ед. и мн. числа) + V | Will/shall +be +Ving | Will/shall +have +Ved/V3 | Will/shall +have +being +Ved/V3 |