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Rule 1. Modal verbs
После модальных глаголовcan, may, must инфинитив употребляется без частицыto.
e.g. to play – He can play tennis.
Can
Can выражает:
1. физическую и умственную способность совершения действия(physicalormentalability)
e.g. I can dig the garden.
He can speak French.
2. возможность, зависящую от обстоятельств(possibility depending oncircumstances)
e.g. I can come on Sunday.
'There’s the door bell. Who can it be?' – 'That can be John. He's in London'.
3. разрешение (permission)
e.g. You can stay as long as you want.
You can sit here.
Can I come too?
4. запрещение(prohibition)
e.g. You can’tkeep this book, it doesn’tbelong to you.
You can’t ride my bike.
You can’t smoke here.
You can’t use that printer with that computer.
You can’tcome in here.
Вопросительная форма:
e.g. Can he speak German? – Yes, he can. No, he cannot ['kxnot].
No, I'm sorry he can't [ka:nt].
He can speak French, can’the?
When can I call for it?
Can I give you a hand? (Могу ли я вам помочь?) – Please.
Отрицательная форма:
e.g. Hecan’tswim.
I cannot go back
You can’tlearn a language in six weeks.
Вопросительно-отрицательная форма:
Can’tIgo? (
В прошедшем времени употребляетсяcould [kud]
e.g. He could understand it.
В будущем времени употребляется эквивалентtobeableto.
e g We shall be ableto do it at once.
He will be able to come on Sunday.
Exercises
110. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.
Model: You can answer my question.
− Can I answer your question?
− You cannot/can’t answer my question.
| 1. She can sing English songs very well. | 3. You can tell me the truth. |
| 2. We can write the word in | 4. He can speak French fluently. |
| transcription. | |
111. Answer the questions.
Model 1: − Can you play football?
– Yes, I can. − No, I cannot/can’t.
| 1. Can you skate? | 3. Can you play chess? | 5. Can you swim? |
| 2. Can you ski? | 4. Can you play hockey? | |
Model 2:
| You can ski, can’t you? | John can’t do the exercise, can he? | |
| – Yes, I can. − No, I cannot/can’t. | – Yes, he can. – No, he can’t. | |
| 1. You can dance, can’t you? | 4. Your friend cannot/can’t swim, can she? | |
| 2. You can sing, can’t you? | 5. Your father cannot/can’t play football, can he? | |
| 3. You can skate, can’t you? | 6. Your mother cannot/can’t play basket-ball, can | |
| | she? | |
May
Модальный глаголmay выражает:
1. разрешение, исходящее от второго лица(permission, request)
e.g. 'May I take this newspaper?' – 'Do.'
You may go. (It is slightly more formal than “can”)
2. предположение (supposition, possibility/probability) – можетбыть, возможно
e.g. I may spill some.
The train may be late.
It may be so.
Who may that be?
It may be typhoid.
3. запрещение(prohibition)
e.g. Candidates may not bring textbooks into the examination room.
Books may not be taken out of the library.
Вопросительная форма:
e.g. May I borrow your pen?
May I come too? – Yes. you may.
(Yes), please.
Do, (please).
Please do (a rather formal answer)
I'm afraid not.
No, don't please.
No, you may not.
No, you needn’t.
No, you mustn’t.
I may come in, may I not?
Отрицательная форма:
e.g. I may not go.
В прошедшем времени употребляетсяmight.
e.g. She might come.
In those days, a man might be hanged for stealing a sheep.
В будущем времени употребляется эквивалентtobeallowedto.
e.g. She will be allowed to leave before the holiday.
Exercises
112. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.
Model: Theymay readit in the tabloid.
– Maytheyreadit in the tabloid?
– Theymay not readit in the tabloid.
| 1.You may take those ear-phones. | 3. She may use my notebook. |
| 2. They may go to the market later. | 4. He may down-load this text. |
113. Answer the questions.
Model: May I open the window?
– Yes, you may. − No, you may not.
| 1. May I close the door? | 3. May I use your cell phone? |
| 2. May I smoke in this room? | 4. May I take you umbrella? |
| | 5. May I switch on the light? |
Model 2: She may returnin the afternoon, mayshe not?
– Yes, she may. − No, she may not.
| 1. They may go to the party. | 3. You may leave earlier. |
| 2. I may call him. | 4. We may speak to the dean. |
Model 3: We may not smoke here, may we?
– Yes, you may. – No, you may not.
| 1. I may not use the self-phone. | 4. Pete and Nick may not miss this |
| 2. Mary may not stay away from classes | lecture. |
| 3. John may not go in | 5. You may not look through the E-mail |
| | now. |
Must
Глагол выражает:
1. обязанность, необходимость(obligation, necessity)
e.g. You must learn history.
I must pay what I owe you.
I really must be off.
2. предположение, граничащее с уверенностью(suppositionborderingonassurance) – должно быть.
e.g. He must be tired.
John must be out.
Вопросительная форма:
e g Must we write it down? – Yes, you must.
No, youneedn’t. (не стоит это делать/не надо)
No, youmustn’t. (запрещение)
Отрицательная форма:
e.g. You must not drink cold water.
You mustn’ttalk about politics.
В прошедшем и будущем времени употребляется эквивалентhaveto.
e.g. She had to catch the six о'clock train.
He’llhavetogo.
В значении долженствованияhaveto
(вынужден) употребляется и в настоящем времени.
e.g. I have to make a speech.
I’ve got to make a report.
Exercises
114. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.
Model: You must take turns.
– Mustyoutaketurns?
− Youmustn’t take turns.
| 1. We must work with English films. | 3. He must send an E-mail. |
| 2. I must repeat the sentence two times. | 4. You must check the E-mail. |
115. Answer the questions.
Model 1: Mustyouspeak English in your spare time?
– Yes, I must. − No, I mustn’t (запрещение). No, I needn’t.
| 1. Must you go to the laboratory? | 3. Must you go to school now? |
| 2. Must you go to the University on | 4. Must you read newspapers every day? |
| Saturday? | |
Model 2: You must leave the town today, must you not/mustn’t you?
− Yes, I must. − No, I mustn’t.
| 1. Your friend must help you, must he | 3. You must read English books, must |
| not/mustn’t he? | you not/ mustn’t you? |
| 2. Your mother must come home at 5, | 4. You mustn’t drink cold water, must |
| must she not/mustn’t she? | you? |
Model 3: When must you do your morning exercises? (in the morning)
– I must do my morning exercises in the morning.
| 1. What time must you get up? (at 7) | my mother) |
| 2. What time must your father go to | 5. What must your mother do in the |
| his work? (at 8) | afternoon? (cook dinner/do shopping/go |
| 3. Where must you go after breakfast? | to work) |
| (go to school) | 6. Where must you work at your |
| 4. What must you do in the afternoon? | pronunciation? (at home with my CD) |
| (have dinner /dine/go to school/help | |
Mixed Exercises
116. Form disjunctive questions.
| 1. You can play the piano, ……? | 7. You can’t buy a fur coat at this |
| 2. You may stay a little longer, …….? | price, ….? |
| 3. He must learn this poem by heart, .? | 8. You may come half an hour later, …? |
| 4. I cannot believe that, …….? | 9. They may not ask you questions, …? |
| 5. I must finish the exercise, ……..? | 10. We must not use our self-phones |
| 6. I can do the work myself, ……..? | during classes, …..? |
117. Put special questions to the following statements.
Model 1: You may play in the garden.
– Where may I play?
| 1. He can come to the University. | 4. You may go to the classroom. |
| 2. I must be in the lecture-room. | 5. They may play chess in that room. |
| 3. We must go to the library. | |
Model 2: He must come back in winter.
– When must he come back?
| 1. I can get up at 5 o’clock. | 4. You may return the book in 3 days. |
| 2. You must return in the afternoon. | 5. They must speak to him today. |
| 3. He can come in the evening. | 6. We may call on him at 3 o’clock. |
Model 3: He cannot/can’t come because he is busy.
– Why cannot/can’t he come?
| 1. I must call on him because he is ill. | 4. He may get an excellent mark |
| 2. You must help him because his | because he can speak English well. |
| pronunciation is bad. | 5. She may get the first place because |
| 3. She must sing at the party because | she can skate very well. |
| she can sing well. | 6. He cannot/can’t come home early |
| | because he is on duty today. |
Model 4: I must see my brother.
– Who(m) must you see?
| 1. I can see our teacher over there. | 4. She cannot/can’t speak to your father |
| 2. You must listen to him. | today. |
| 3. You may speak to the dean. | 5. You may return the book to my sister. |
118. Use the appropriate modal verb.
| 1. We ……. speak to the Dean this | 5. …… you hear me well? – No, you |
| morning. He’s not busy. | are speaking so softly. |
| 2. Who …….. pronounce the word | 6. You ……. work hard if you’re eager |
| correctly? | to enter the University. |
| 3. … we translate the text by Monday? – | 7. …….. Bill speak French? – Yes, he’s |
| No, you needn’t. | been living in France long enough. |
| 4. … I have a talk with your class | 8. ……. I have another try and read the |
| teacher? – No, she is having a class | text again? – Yes, you ……. |
| now. | |