ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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CHAPTER 4
Functions of Studio Equipment and Visual
Representations of All Parameters
Section A: Volume Controls
Faders
Compressor/Limiters
Noise Gates
Section B: Equalizers
Frequency (Pitch)
Using Equalizers
Section C: Panpots and Stereo Placement
Section D: Time-Based Effects
Delays
Flangers, Choruses, and Phase Shifters
Reverb
Harmony Processors, Pitch Transposers, Octavers
119
CHAPTER 7
The Relationship of Musical Dynamics Created by
Equipment to the Musical Dynamics Found in Music
and Songs
76
121
CHAPTER 5
Traditions and Common "Musical Dynamics"
Created With Studio Equipment
The Dynamics in Music and Songs
The Dynamics Created by the Equipment
Section A: Volume Control Dynamics
Fader Volume Levels
Compressor/Limiters
Noise Gates
Section B: Equalization Dynamics
Section C: Panning Dynamics
Section D: Time-Based Effects Dynamics
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
116
CHAPTER 6
Styles of Mixes
Using Combinations of Multiple Settings to Create
High-Level Dynamics
Creating a Context or Style of Mix
Changing the Style of Mix in the Middle of the Song
122
APPENDIX A
123
APPENDIX B
126
INDEX
v
Visuals
Visual 1. Sound Imaging (see color Visual)
Visual 2. Structuring Mix (see color Visual)
Visual 3. 11 Aspects of Recorded Piece of Music
(see color Visual)
Visual 4. Sound Waves: Traveling Compressed
and Spaced Out Air
Visual 5. Imaging in Head
Visual 6. Brain in Head
Visual 7. Dynamics Created With Studio
Equipment
Visual 8. Sound to Visuals: X, Y, Z Axes
Visual 9. Panning: Left to Right Placement
Visual 10. Volume: Front to Back Placement
Visual 11. Frequency: Low to High Placement
Visual 12. Frequencies in Us
Visual 13. Song With Highs and Lows High-
lighted
Visual 14. Left and Right Boundaries of Imaging
Visual 15. Imaging Limits Around Boom Box
Visual 16. Imaging Limits Around Large PA
Visual 17. Imaging Front and Back Boundaries
Visual 18. Imaging Top and Bottom Boundaries
Visual 19. Only Place Mix Occurs
Visual 20. Large Orchestra Crowded Between
Speakers (see color Visual)
Visual 21. 3 Violins With Plenty of Space in
Between (see color Visual)
Visual 22. Movement of Sounds With Volume,
Panning, EQ
Visual 23. Solar Eclipse: Natural Masking
Visual 24. Mud City
Visual 25. 10 Bells Playing at Same Time
Visual 26. Loud Bass Guitar Masking Rest of Mix
Visual 27. Delay Longer Than 30ms
Visual 28. Close to 1ms Delay Time Per Foot
Visual 29. Fattening: <30ms Delay Time
(see color Visual)
Visual 30. Fattening Panned 11:00-1:00
Visual 31. Fattening Panned 10:00-2:00
Visual 32. Loud Fattening Right Up Front
Visual 33. Low Volume Fattening in Background
Visual 34. Fattening With High-Frequency EQ
Boost
Visual 35. Fattening With Low-Frequency EQ
Boost
Visual 36. Stereo Reverb on Sound
(see color Visual)
Visual 37. Reverb Panned 11:00-1:00
Visual 38. Reverb Panned 10:00-2:00
Visual 39. Loud Reverb
Visual 40. Reverb With High-Frequency EQ Boost
Visual 41. Reverb With Low-Frequency EQ Boost
Visual 42. Even Volumes (see color Visual)
Visual 43. Uneven Volumes (see color Visual)
Visual 44. Balanced (Symmetrical) Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 45. Lopsided (Asymmetrical) Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 46. Natural EQ (see color Visual)
Visual 47. Interesting EQ (see color Visual)
Visual 48. Sparse Mix (see color Visual)
Visual 49. Full (Wall of Sound) Mix (see color
Visual)
Visual 50. Virtual Mixer EQ (see color Visual)
Chart 1. All Sound Manipulators
Visual 51. Sound Creators
Visual 52. Sound Routers
Visual 53. Sound Storers
Visual 54. Sound Transducers
Visual 55. Effects Rack
Visual 56. Volume As Front to Back
Visual 57. Actual EQ Curve of Resonance (Silicon
Graphics "AMESH" Spectrum Analysis)
Visual 58. Resonance Flattened Out
Visual 59. Sound Smashing Into Threshold on
Compressor/Limiter (see color Visual)
Visual 60. 2:1 Ratio on Compressor/Limiter
Visual 61. Sound Fading Out Past Threshold on
Noise Gate (see color Visual)
Visual 62. Noise Gate on Guitar Sound
Visual 63. Noise Gate: Threshold Set Between
Sound and Bleed
Visual 64. Noise Gate Cutting Off Attack and
Release of Sound
Visual 65. Envelope (Change in Volume Over
Time) of Gated Reverb
Visual 66. 31-Band Graphic EQ
Visual 67. Wide Bandwidth on Graphic EQ
Visual 68. Virtual Mixer Graphic EQ
Visual 69. l000Hz Boost
Visual 70. Wide and Narrow Bandwidths on
Parametric EQ
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Visual 71. Wide Bandwidth of Frequencies
Boosted
Visual 72. Highpass (Low-Cut) Filter
Visual 73. Things That Rumble
Visual 74. Lowpass (High-Cut) Filter
Chart 2. Frequencies Corresponding to Pitches
Chart 3. 6 Frequency Ranges
Visual 75. Pitches in Harmonic Structure for
Note "A"
Visual 76. Harmonic Structure of Note "A" As on
Guitar
Visual 77. Song With High Frequencies
Highlighted
Visual 78. Song With Midrange Frequencies
Highlighted
Visual 79. Song With Low Frequencies High-
lighted
Visual 80. EQ Knob With Volume Set to "0"
Visual 81. Wide and Thin Bandwidths on 300Hz
Cut
Chart 4. Equalization Chart
Chart 5. Common Quick General EQ
Chart 6. Typical EQ for Typical Instruments
Chart 7. Common Terminology and Slang
Visual 82. Left and Right Placement
Chart 8. Distance vs. Delay Time
Color Visuals
Visual A. Hip Hop Mix
Visual B. Blues Mix
Visual C. Rap Mix
Visual D. Reggae Mix
Visual 167C. Heavy Metal Mix
Visual 203C. New Age Mix
Visual 168C. Alternative Rock Mix
Visual 198C. Acoustic Jazz Mix
Visual 199C. Folk Music Mix
Visual 200C. Bluegrass Mix
Visual 166C. Big Band Mix
Visual 1C. Sound Imaging
Visual 2C. Structuring Mix
Visual 3C. 11 Aspects of Recorded Piece of Music
Visual 20C. Large Orchestra Crowded Between
Speakers
Visual 21C. 3 Violins With Plenty of Space in
Between
Visual 29C. Fattening: <30ms Delay Time
Visual 36C. Stereo Reverb on Sound
Visual 42C. Even Volumes
Visual 43C. Uneven Volumes
Visual 44C. Balanced (Symmetrical) Mix
Visual 45C. Lopsided (Asymmetrical) Mix
Visual 46C. Natural EQ
Visual 47C. Interesting EQ
Visual 48C. Sparse Mix
Visual 49C. Full (Wall of Sound) Mix
Visual 50C. Virtual Mixer EQ
Visual 59C. Sound Smashing Into Threshold on
Compressor/Limiter
Visual 61C. Sound Fading Out Past Threshold on
Noise Gate
Visual 88C. Virtual Mixer Flanging
Visual 109C. Reverb Filling in Space Between
Speakers
Visual 128C. Pyramid of Tools and Dynamics
Visual 129C. 6 Apparent Volume Levels
Visual 136C. Apparent Volume Level 2 Vocals
Visual 138C. Apparent Volume Level 4 Vocals
Visual 139C. Apparent Volume Level 2 Snare
Visual 141C. Apparent Volume Level 4 Snare
Visual 143C. Apparent Volume Level 1 Kick
Visual 146C. Apparent Volume Level 4 Kick
Visual 148C. Apparent Volume Level 1 Bass
Visual 150C. Apparent Volume Level 3 Bass
Visual 152C. Apparent Volume Level 2 Toms
Visual 154C. Apparent Volume Level 4 Toms
Visual 155C. Apparent Volume Level 2 Hi-Hat
Visual 157C. Apparent Volume Level 5 Hi-Hat
Visual 158C. Apparent Volume Level 2 Cymbals
Visual 159C. Apparent Volume Level 4 Cymbals
Visual 160C. Apparent Volume Level 1 Effects
Visual 161C. Apparent Volume Level 2 Effects
Visual 162C. Apparent Volume Level 4 Effects
Visual 163C. Apparent Volume Level 5 Effects
Visual 176C. Hi-Hat Panned Halfway Between
Left Side and Middle
Visual 177C. Toms Panned Completely Left to Right
Visual 178C. Toms Panned Same As on Drum Kit
Visual 180C. Toms Panned Right to Left
Visual 183C. Mix With Drums Panned to One Side
Visual 185C. Lead Vocals Panned at 11:00 and 1:00
Visual 189C. 3 Background Vocals Panned
Separately
Visual 190C. 7 Background Vocals Panned to
7 Different Places Combined With
Variety of Fattening
Visual 191 C. Panning With High End of Piano
on Right and Hi-Hat on Left
Visual 192C. Panning As If Onstage
Visual 193C. Natural Panning of Drum Kit
Visual 196C. Mix Balanced at Each Frequency Range
Visual 197C. Unbalanced Mix at Each Frequency
Range
Visual 204C. Mix With Extremely Wide Panning
Overall
Visual 205C. Mix With Panning Not So Wide Overall
Visual 210C. Mix With Lots of Different Delays
Filling Out Mix
Visual 218C. Clean and Clear Mix
Visual 214C. Extremely Busy Mix With No Effects
Visual 215C. Extremely Busy Mix With Lots of
Effects
Visual 216C. Extremely Sparse Mix With Fattening
and Reverb
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Visual 217C. Extremely Sparse Mix With No
Fattening and Reverb
Visual L. "Blinded Me With Science" on Wireless
by Thomas Dolby
Visual M. The Alarm Clock Section in "Time" on
Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd
Visual N. "Sledgehammer" on So by Peter Gabriel
Visual O. "Babylon Sisters" on Gaucho by
Steely Dan
Visual P. The Four Seasons by Vivaldi
Chart 9. Tempo vs. Delay Time
Chart 10. Quickness of Our Brain
Visual 83. Fattening: Delay <30ms
Visual 84. Two Mics Picking Up Sound in Phase
Visual 85. Volume, Panning, EQ Movement of
Delay >30ms
Visual 86. Volume, Panning, EQ, Movement of
Fattening
Visual 87. Pitch vs. Delay Time of Flanging
Visual 88. Virtual Mixer Flanging
(see color Visual)
Visual 89. Virtual Mixer Chorusing
Visual 90. Virtual Mixer Phasing
Visual 91. Narrow and Wide Sweep on Flange,
Chorus, or Phaser
Visual 92. Flanging Panned Various Ways
Visual 93. Flanging at Different Volumes
Visual 94. Flanging EQ'd Differently
Visual 95. Waves Bouncing Around Room
Visual 96. Wash of Reverb
Visual 97. Virtual Mixer Reverb
Visual 98. Reverb: Hundreds of Delays Panned
Between Speakers
Visual 99. Long and Short Reverb Times
Visual 100. Predelay Time
Visual 101. Low-Diffusion Reverb
Visual 102. High-Diffusion Reverb
Visual 103. Reverb With Low-Frequency EQ Boost
Visual 104. Reverb With High-Frequency EQ Boost
Visual 105. Envelope (Change in Volume Over
Time) of Normal Reverb
Visual 106. Envelope of Gated Reverb
Visual 107. Envelope of Reverse Gate Reverb
Visual 108. Preverb
Visual 109. Reverb Filling in Space Between
Speakers (see color Visual)
Visual 110. Reverb Panned to Left
Visual 111. Reverb Panned From Left to 1:00
Visual 112. Reverb Panned From 11:00 to 1:00
Visual 113. Reverb Panned From 10:00 to 2:00
Visual 114. Reverb Turned Up in Mix
Visual 115. Reverb Turned Down in Mix
Visual 116. Reverb With High-Frequency EQ Boost
Visual 117. Reverb With Low-Frequency EQ Boost
Visual 118. Mix as Center of 11 Aspects
(see color Visual)
Visual 119. Some People Get Feelings and
Emotions Out of Music
Visual 120. Some People See Structure and Form
in Music
Visual 121. Some People See Thought Forms and
the Mind
Visual 122. Some People See Music Theory
Visual 123. Some People Move When They Hear
Music
Visual 124. Where in Body Would You Put Sounds
in Mix?
Visual 125. Some Get Imagination Out of Music
Visual 126. Some See Bubbles
Visual 127. Some See Spirituality in Music
Visual 128. Pyramid of Tools and Dynamics
(and Outline of This Chapter)
(see color Visual)
Visual 129. 6 Apparent Volume Levels
(see color Visual)
Chart 11. 6 Ranges of Apparent Volume Levels
With Typical Instruments in Each Level
Visual 130. Apparent Volume Level 1 Highlighted
Visual 131. Apparent Volume Level 2 Highlighted
Visual 132. Apparent Volume Level 3 Highlighted
Visual 133. Apparent Volume Level 4 Highlighted
Visual 134. Apparent Volume Level 5 Highlighted
Visual 135. Apparent Volume Level 6 Highlighted
Visual 136. Apparent Volume Level 2 Vocals
(see color Visual)
Visual 137. Apparent Volume Level 3 Vocals
Visual 138. Apparent Volume Level 4 Vocals
(see color Visual)
Visual 139. Apparent Volume Level 2 Snare
(see color Visual)
Visual 140. Apparent Volume Level 3 Snare
Visual 141. Apparent Volume Level 4 Snare
(see color Visual)
Visual 142. Apparent Volume Level 5 Snare
Visual 143. Apparent Volume Level 1 Kick
(see color Visual)
Visual 144. Apparent Volume Level 2 Kick
Visual 145. Apparent Volume Level 3 Kick
Visual 146. Apparent Volume Level 4 Kick
(see color Visual)
Visual 147. Apparent Volume Level 5 Kick
Visual 148. Apparent Volume Level 1 Bass
(see color Visual)
Visual 149. Apparent Volume Level 2 Bass
Visual 150. Apparent Volume Level 3 Bass
(see color Visual)
Visual 151. Apparent Volume Level 4 Bass
Visual 152. Apparent Volume Level 2 Toms
(see color Visual)
Visual 153. Apparent Volume Level 3 Toms
Visual 154. Apparent Volume Level 4 Toms
(see color Visual)
Visual 155. Apparent Volume Level 2 Hi-Hat
(see color Visual)
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Visual 156. Apparent Volume Level 4 Hi-Hat
Visual 157. Apparent Volume Level 5 Hi-Hat
(see color Visual)
Visual 158. Apparent Volume Level 2 Cymbals
(see color Visual)
Visual 159. Apparent Volume Level 4 Cymbals
(see color Visual)
Visual 160. Apparent Volume Level 1 Effects
(see color Visual)
Visual 161. Apparent Volume Level 2 Effects
(see color Visual)
Visual 162. Apparent Volume Level 4 Effects
(see color Visual)
Visual 163. Apparent Volume Level 5 Effects
(see color Visual)
Visual 164. Song With Even Volumes
(see color Visual)
Visual 165. Song With Uneven Volumes
(see color Visual)
Visual 166. Uneven Volumes: Big Band Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 167. Even Volumes: Heavy Metal Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 168. Even Volumes: Alternative Rock Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 169. Spectrum Analysis of Sound With
Excessive Frequency Peaks
Visual 170. General Overall EQ for Heavy Metal
Visual 171. General Overall EQ for Jazz
Visual 172. General Overall EQ for Country
Visual 173. General Overall EQ for Rap and Hip
Hop
Visual 174. Kick Drum Panned to Center
Visual 175. Snare Drum Panned to Center
Visual 176. Hi-Hat Panned Halfway Between Left
Side and Middle (see color Visual)
Visual 177. Toms Panned Completely Left to Right
(see color Visual)
Visual 178. Toms Panned Same As on Drum Kit
(see color Visual)
Visual 179. Toms Panned Left to Right
Visual 180. Toms Panned Right to Left
(see color Visual)
Visual 181. Overheads Panned Completely Left to
Right
Visual 182. Overhead Panning When Using "X"
Technique
Visual 183. Mix With Drums Panned to One Side
(see color Visual)
Visual 184. Mix With Bass Guitar Panned to Center
Visual 185. Lead Vocals Panned at 11:00 and 1:00
(see color Visual)
Visual 186. Vocals Panned Completely Left and
Right
Visual 187. 1 Stereo Background Vocal Panned
From 11:00 to 1:00 With Fattening
Visual 188. 2 Background Vocals "Pulling
Together"
Visual 189. 3 Background Vocals Panned Sepa-
rately (see color Visual)
Visual 190. 7 Background Vocals Panned to 7
Different Places Combined With
Variety of Fattening (see color Visual)
Visual 191. Panning With High End of Piano on
Right and Hi-Hat on Left
(see color Visual)
Visual 192. Panning As If Onstage
(see color Visual)
Visual 193. Natural Panning of Drum Kit
(see color Visual)
Visual 194. Balanced (Symmetrical) Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 195. Lopsided (Asymmetrical) Mix
(see color Visual)
Visual 196. Mix Balanced at Each Frequency Range
(see color Visual)
Visual 197. Unbalanced Mix at Each Frequency
Range (see color Visual)
Visual 198. Clarity Style of Mix: Acoustic Jazz
(see color Visual)
Visual 199. Clarity Style of Mix: Folk Music
(see color Visual)
Visual 200. Clarity Style of Mix: Bluegrass
(see color Visual)
Visual 201. Wall of Sound Style of Mix: Heavy
Metal (see color Visual)
Visual 202. Wall of Sound Style of Mix: Alternative
Rock (see color Visual)
Visual 203. Wall of Sound Style of Mix: New Age
(see color Visual)
Visual 204. Mix With Extremely Wide Panning
Overall (see color Visual)
Visual 205. Mix With Panning Not So Wide Overall
(see color Visual)
Visual 206. Wide vs. Narrow Sweeping Panning
Visual 207. Spacious Reverb
Visual 208. Dreamy Delay
Visual 209. Underwater Flanging
Visual 210. Mix With Lots of Different Delays Fill-
ing Out Mix (see color Visual)
Visual 211. Fattening
Visual 212. Flanging
Visual 213. Reverb
Visual 214. Extremely Busy Mix With No Effects
(see color Visual)
Visual 215. Extremely Busy Mix With Lots of
Effects (see color Visual)
Visual 216. Extremely Sparse Mix With Fattening
and Reverb (see color Visual)
Visual 217. Extremely Sparse Mix With No
Fattening and Reverb (see color Visual)
Visual 218. Clean and Clear Mix (see color Visual)
Visual 219. Distant Mix
Visual 220. Making Mix Fuller
Visual 221. Dynamic Ranges Using 4 Mixing Tools
ix