ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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And flanging brings up a floating, underwater-type
feeling.
Visual 209. Underwater Flanging
When you change the parameters of the effect,
you also change the feeling that it creates ever so sub-
tly. The trick to getting to know the intricacies of the
feelings that different effects create is to simply play
with them. As with any instrument, practice makes
perfect. Get to know your tools. Get to know them so
well that you can then create art with them.
Regardless of the type of feeling that an effect
adds to a mix, time-based effects, such as delay, flang-
ing, chorusing, phasing, and reverb, all add more
sounds to the mix, filling out the space between the
speakers. Therefore, they all add a dynamic of full-
ness to a mix. The question is whether more fullness
is appropriate for the style of music or song.
Visual 210. Mix With Lots of Different Delays Filling
Out Mix (see color Visual 210C)
As previously covered, fattening stretches a
sound between the speakers, filling out the mix.
Visual 211. Fattening
Flanging, chorusing, and phasing are also based
on short delay times, so they, too, will tend to make
the mix sound bigger and fuller.
Visual 212. Flanging
And, of course, reverb is really made up of hun-
dreds of delays, so it takes up a lot of space in a mix
and fills out the mix tremendously.
Visual 213. Reverb
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The Art of Mixing
All effects make a mix fuller, bigger, and badder
(depending on your perspective). However, they also
make a mix busier, so watch out.
Level 2 Dynamics: Patterns in Effects Placement
Time-based effects add extra sounds to the mix.
When you add a delay, you now have two sounds. Add
feedback and you could have ten sounds. Add reverb
and you have added hundreds of sounds (delays).
Therefore, when you add multiple effects, you can
very easily and quickly fill out this limited space
between the speakers.
SPARSE MIXES
Sometimes you add very few effects to keep the mix
clear and sparse, with plenty of space between each
sound. For many styles of music, like folk, bluegrass,
and many forms of jazz, it is required that there are
virtually no effects to obscure the pure clarity of the
natural sounds. Also, you shouldn't obscure the nat-
ural beauty of a pure song, if that is what you have.
After all, it is the song that counts.
FULL MIXES
Sometimes it is appropriate to use effects to make a
mix sound fuller and bigger, like a wall of sound.
Many styles of music, such as new age, alternative
rock, and heavy metal, often have a large number of
effects to fill in all the spaces between the sounds, cre-
ating a full mix. In some songs, the entire song is
about effects. This is often the case with rap, hip hop,
techno, and space rock. In this case, it is fine to have
a ton of effects.
The main thing that makes a mix sparse or full
is actually the number of sounds and notes in the
song. Some songs have a busy arrangement in the
first place; while others have a sparse arrangement.
Therefore, when you approach a mix, one of the first
steps is to check out the density of the arrangement.
If there is a lot going on in the arrangement, you nor-
mally use fewer effects, simply because there is not
enough room left between the speakers. This is com-
monly the case with salsa and symphonies where so
much is already going on. The music of the Talking
Heads is another good example of busy arrangements
with clean mixes.
Visual 214. Extremely Busy Mix With No Effects (see
color Visual 214C)
However, there are times when you might want
to make a busy arrangement even bigger. Often big-
ger is better with new age, alternative rock, heavy
metal, and other hard rock. The more powerful, the
more awesome. Therefore, you might consider add-
ing effects to such a mix even if things are already
crowded. Forty-eight guitars may not seem so clean
and clear, but it creates such a massive wall of sound
that it can blow people's minds.
It was Phil Spector who was first known for cre-
ating this style of mix. In fact, he even did it in mono.
For the longest time, everybody was addicted to clar-
ity. Then Phil started adding more and more instru-
ments to the mix and started using reverb to really fill
out the space between the speakers. His mixes were
dubbed "The Wall of Sound." These days we have
taken this concept to the extreme. You might take a
moment to think of the songs you know that have a
busy arrangement with a full mix.
Visual 215. Extremely Busy Mix With Lots of Effects
(see color Visual 215C)
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Chapter Five
On the other hand, if the arrangement is sparse
in the first place, and if the tempo is slower, you have
plenty of room for effects. You could use fattening to
fill out the space between the speakers. This just
might mean the difference between a garage band
sound and something that sounds like a real CD.
Level 3 Dynamics: Changing Effects (Types, Levels,
and Parameters)
Visual 217. Extremely Sparse Mix With No Fattening
and Reverb (see color Visual 217C)
A full or sparse mix might be appropriate
depending on the type of person you are working
with, the nature of the song, and of course, the style
of music.
Visual 216. Extremely Sparse Mix With Fattening and
Reverb (see color Visual 216C)
Occasionally, an extremely sparse arrangement
is left that way. In this style of mix, every single sound
is completely separate from every other sound in the
mix. This makes each sound easily distinguishable
from all the other sounds. As mentioned, bluegrass,
acoustic jazz, and some folk music are commonly
mixed this way. Steely Dan is a good example of this
style of mixing: Very few effects are used to create as
clean and clear of a mix as possible.
Changing the levels of effects or the parameters of
effects during the mix is one of the most intense
dynamics you can create. It is such a strong dynamic,
it must certainly be appropriate in every way.
There are a number of ways that you can create
movement with effects. You can turn up a delay on
the end of a word, word, word or add reverb on the
end of a solooooo. You could add flanging to a line in
a song about "floating through life." Or take all the
reverb off a particular line to make it more up front
and personal.
Adding or taking away an effect, or just chang-
ing the level of an effect, is such a strong dynamic
that it often becomes the sole focus of attention for
the moment. Therefore, the effect should be done
skillfully, so that it fits in with the song and the music.
Some performers, like Frank Zappa, Mr. Bungle, and
even Pink Floyd, have actually created songs based
around changing effects.
You can simply turn the amount of effects in the
mix up or down, but you can also change the type of
effect or change the parameters within each effect.
The capabilities of doing this are much simpler now
with MIDI controllable effects. You could actually
have the effects change based on the pitch of the
note being played. Or you could use some sort of
MIDI controller to play the effects like an instrument.
Of course, you can only create such overwhelm-
ing dynamics if the band will let you. You might keep
a lookout for those bands that write songs with chang-
ing effects in mind. This is why rap, hip hop, and
techno can be so much fun to mix.
Even if a song doesn't have completely different
sections where you can use completely different effects,
you can still create subtler variations between the sec-
tions of a song. You might add a little more reverb to
the snare for the chorus section of the song, change
the type of reverb on the snare for a lead break, or
add fattening on the lead vocal during the chorus.
Commonly the reverb on the snare is boosted ever so
slightly at the end of a song when it gets rocking.
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The Art of Mixing
It is extremely cool to create subtle differences in var-
ious sections of a song, so when someone is listening
closely they will hear more detail. When they listen
over and over and over, they will always hear some-
thing new and will never get bored.
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Chapter Five
C H A P T E R 6
Styles of Mixes
We have now covered the levels of dynamics that can
be created with the four tools in the studio—volume,
EQ panning, and effects. You can stack effects, then
use volume, panning, and EQ to place the effects in
various places. But when you use the four tools
together to create a certain style of mix, it's even more
powerful. The most powerful effect is when the four
tools together create a certain style of mix and then are
changed to a different style of mix in a single moment.
USING COMBINATIONS OF MULTIPLE SETTINGS
TO CREATE HIGH-LEVEL DYNAMICS
You can make an instrument more present and out
front by using volume. Compression will make it
more stable so that it seems even more present. If you
brighten it a bit with EQ, it will be clearer, and keep-
ing it clean with no effects makes it more present.
Panning it to the center will also help. And if it's
spread in stereo, it will really seem like it's your face.
Using all of these techniques simultaneously will
make the sound jump right out of the speakers.
To make a sound come even further out front in
a mix, start with a mix that has a good amount of
reverb in it. Then, take the reverb off and the sound
will seem to move forward. This can make a sound
jump so far out front it seems like it could smack you
in the face.
If you want to put a sound in the background,
do just the opposite: turn it down, make it dull with
EQ, pan it to one side, and add long delays and
reverb.
Visual 219. Distant Mix
You can also send a sound out for delay, have it
return on a channel of the console, send the delayed
signal to the reverb, and then pan the reverb sepa-
rately from the delay (both of which might be in a dif-
ferent place from the original dry sound). The
volume of the delay compared to the reverb can be
adjusted to make the nuances fit your taste. You could
even EQ the delay differently from the reverb and
from the original dry sound.
Visual 218. Clean and Clear Mix (see color Visual 218C)
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The Art of Mixing