UNIT I. TYPES OF SHIPS

Vocabulary

ship – судно, корабль

vessel [`vesl] – судно

instrument [`instrumәnt] of transport – транспортное средство

means of communication – (множ. число также “means”) – средство сообщения

etc.(et cetera = and so on) - и так далее

to classify [`klæsifai] – клаccифицировать

according to – согласно, в соответствии с …

сriterion [krai`tiәriәn], множ. число criteria[krai`tiәriә] – критерий

expanse [iks`pæns]of water - водоем, водное пространство

motive [`moutiv] power – движущая энергия

propulsive agent [prә`pΛlsiv `eidз(ә)nt] - движитель

cargo [`kα:gou] – груз;

cargo ship – грузовое судно

warship, fighting ship – военное судно

navy [`neivi] – военно-морской флот

passenger vessel – пассажирское судно

auxiliary [פּ:g`ziljəri] – вспомогательный

dry-cargo ship – сухогрузное судно, сухогруз

general cargo – генеральный (смешанный, сборный) груз

general cargo ship – судно для перевозки генерального груза

container ship – контейнерное судно, контейнеровоз

timber – лесоматериалы

timber carrier - лесовоз

bulk cargo – насыпной (навалочный) груз

bulk cargo ship, bulker – балкер (судно для перевозки навалочных грузов)

ore [`פּ:] carrier - рудовоз

coal carrier - углевоз

grain carrier – зерновоз

refrigerator, reefer – рефрижераторное судно

tanker - танкер

frozen - замороженный

liquid [`likwid] – жидкий

fishing vessel – рыболовное судно

to net – ловить сетью

whale – кит

whaling ship – китобойное судно

research ship – научно-исследовательское судно

training ship – учебное судно

shipboard training – плавательная практика

tug – буксировщик

to tow [tou] – буксировать

salvage [`sælvidз] vessel – спасательное судно

icebreaker – ледокол

dredger [`dredзә] – земснаряд

floating crane – плавучий кран

barge [`bα:dз] – баржа

lighter [`laitә] – лихтер

fire vessel – пожарное судно

light-ship – плавучий маяк

river vessel – речное судно

canal-type vessel – канальное судно, судно для плавания в каналах

lake-type vessel – озерное судно

marine [mә`ri:n] vessel – морское судно

deep-sea vessel,

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ocean-going vessel – океанское судно, судно неограниченного морского плавания

inland waterways – внутренние водные пути

inland waterways vessel – судно внутреннего плавания

river-marine vessel – судно смешанного плавания («река-море»)

sailing ship, sailer, tall ship – парусное судно, парусник

steamship, steamer – пароход

paddle [`pædl] (paddle wheel) – гребное колесо

paddle vessel – колесное судно

screw [skru:] (screw propeller) – гребной винт

screw vessel, propeller vessel – винтовое судно

turbine [`tə:bin] – турбина

turbine-driven ship – турбоход

motor vessel, diesel [`di:z(ə)l] vessel – теплоход, дизельное судно

electric ship – электроход

turbo-electric ship – турбоэлектроход

diesel-electric ship – дизель- электроход

atomic[ə`tפּmik] vessel – атомоход

oar [פּ:] – весло

oar vessel – гребное судно

sail-and-oar ship – парусно-гребное судно

wide-spread [`waidspred] – широко распространенный

Text
A ship, or vessel, is an important instrument of transport, or means of communication, which carries goods and people by water (sea, river, lake etc.)

We classify ships according to different criteria - for example, according to their function, the type of the expanse of water where they can serve, the kind of goods which they carry, or the kind of their motive power and propulsive agent.

According to the first criterion, there are cargo ships, which carry different goods, or cargoes; passenger vessels, which carry people; warships (fighting ships), which the navy consists of; special vessels, and auxiliary vessels.

Cargo ships are also different: there are dry-cargo ships (general cargo ships, container ships, timber carriers, and bulk cargo ships, or bulkers – ore carriers, coal carriers, grain carriers etc.), refrigerators and tankers. Refrigerators, or reefers, carry frozen (refrigerated) goods like foodstuffs. Tankers usually carry liquid cargoes such as oil products, spirits, wine, fresh water and the like.

Special vessels do not carry any cargo, but do another kind of service. For example, fishing vessels net fish; whaling ships hunt whales; research ships help scientists to explore the deep sea and the atmosphere; on board training ships cadets and students have their shipboard training.

Auxiliary vessels are tugs which tow large ships, salvage vessels, icebreakers, dredgers, floating cranes, barges and lighters, fire vessels, light-ships and the like.

According to the type of the expanse of water where vessels serve, we classify them as: river vessels, canal-type vessels, lake-type vessels, marine vessels, and deep-sea, or ocean-going vessels. Besides, there are river-canal vessels, inland waterways vessels (which serve on rivers, canals and lakes, but do not go to sea), river-marine vessels (which travel by river and by sea, not far from the shore, but cannot sail across the ocean).

According to the kind of energy that moves them, and their propulsive agent, there are sailing ships (sailers, or tall ships), steamships, or steamers (paddle vessels and screw, or propeller vessels), turbine-driven ships, motor vessels (diesel vessels), electric (turbo-electric

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and diesel-electric) ships and atomic vessels. In the ancient times, large oar vessels and enormous sail-and-oar ships were wide-spread; but now only small boats have oars as their propulsive agents.
Аnswer these questions:
1. What is a ship?

2. According to what criteria do we classify ships?

3. How do we classify ships according to their function?

4. What types of cargo ships do you know?

5. What types of bulkers do you know?

6. What kind of cargo do reefers carry?

7. What cargoes do tankers carry?

8. What do fishing and whaling vessels do?

9. Who uses research vessels and what do they use these vessels for?

10. Have you ever had any shipboard training?

11. What types of auxiliary vessels do you know?

12. How do we classify ships according to the type of the expanse of water where they serve?

13. What are river-marine vessels?

14. How do we classify ships according to the kind of their motive power and propulsive agent?

15. Do large marine vessels still use oars as their propulsive agents?

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