INFLUENZA

Words:

1. influenza – грипп вирусный, инфлюэнца

2. mild – легкий

3. depressed – подавленный

4. joints – сустав

5. to be hoarse – охрипнуть

6. to sneeze- чихать

7. to stay- оставаться

Influenza is a very infectious disease. The disease can be mild or severe.

The symptoms of influenza are: high temperature, headache, general pains.

In most cases the patient must stay in bed, be warm, drink much water. The patient must stay in bed until the temperature is normal and for the next two or three days he may be up for only short periods. After influenza patients feel weak and often depressed.

As influenza is very infectious you must remember:

Never shake hands when you have a cold. Colds pass through (через) the hands. But don't say: "I cannot shake hands. I have a cold." Let it be as if you forgot (забыли) to shake hands. But you must be very polite (вежливый) in speech.

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia begins suddenly. In most cases the temperature rises quickly. The pulse and breathing are fast. Cough begins early and at first is dry and painful2. The patient feels ill, has a flushed3 face and dry tongue. In severe cases there may be delirium4. A patient in delirium is very restless and the nurse must pay special attention to such patients.

Patients with pneumonia need rest and sleep. The best position for a patient is half-sitting. Fresh air is very important. Give such patients much drink. The diet must be light.

Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory condition of the lung caused by bacteria and marked by formation of an exudate in the lung tissue. In recent years the introduction of specific means of therapy for the majority of cases of pneumonia has brought about a profound change in thought concerning the acute pulmonary infections.

A few years ago primary emphasis was plased upon the pathologic changes which developed in the lung. Today these changes are considered much less important than the accurate determination of the etiologic agent.

Except in acute lobar pneumonia, clinical findings rarely permit an etiologic diagnosis to be made at the bedside. Even in lobar pneumonia when the pneumococcus may logically be suspected in most cases, any one of forty- one different types of pneumococci may be responsible.

Thus, the bacteriologic examination of the sputum must be considered an integral part of the study of patients with pneumonia.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Affect - поражать (болезнью); производить действие, воздействовать

Causative agent - возбудитель

Stage - стадия, ступень

Malaise - недомогание

Fatigue - усталость, утомление

Loss - потеря, утрата

Pus - гной

Involve - поражать, вовлекать (в патологический процесс)

Profuse - обильный, чрезмерный

Permanent - постоянный, неизменный

Benign - доброкачественный, излечимый; неопасный

Elevation - повышение; поднятие

Perspiration - потение, потоотделение; пот; испарина

Evidence - Очевидность; основание; доказательство; показание; признак(и)

Переведите текст "Клиническая картина легочного туберкулеза" самостоятельно.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Clinical Picture.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which produces characteristic tuberculosis changes in the lung. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys, etc. The causative agent of tuberculosis was discovered by Koch in 1882.

In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient usually complains of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and body weight. Cough may be dry or productive, i. e. with sputum discharge. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning. In patients with cavities in the lungs coughing is accompanied by a considerable discharge of sputum.

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Sputum is mucopurulent. Its microscopic examination reveals a large number of pus corpuscles, erythrocytes, and tuberculosis organisms. Blood in the sputum is sometimes the first sign of tuberculosis. If large blood vessels are involved the discharge of blood may become profuse.

Fever is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. In benign processes the body temperature is often subfebrile. In active forms it may range from 3 to 39°C.

A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms, when fever persists at a level of 38°Cand higher for several months.

Cold profuse perspiration at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is caused by tuberculosis intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and of appetite. Loss of body weight is particularly marked loss in progressive forms of the disease.

Influenza. Tuberculosis. Pneumonia

Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Заразная болезнь, симптомы гриппа, головная боль, чувствовать слабость, передается при рукопожатии, вызвать врача, осмотреть мужчину, жаловаться на головную боль, охрипнуть, сильно кашлять, прописывать лекарство, принимать лекарство, чихать, выздоравливать.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.

A very infectious disease, the symptoms of influenza, general pains, high temperature, head-ache, to stay in bed, to feel weak, to have a cold, to call a doctor, the symptoms of influenza, a bad cough, to take the medicine, pain in the limbs and joints,

Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы .

1. Do you know the symptoms of influenza?

2. How long must the patient stay in bed?

3. How does the patient fill after influenza?

4. When did the man feel a had headache and cold?

5. Who called a doctor?

6. What did the man complain of?
Ex.4 Guess what the statements mean. Догадайтесь, о каком слове идет речь.

1. 
   It is a serious infections disease affecting your lungs.
   
2. 
   It is a medical condition in which the temperature of your body is very high and you fell ill.
   
3. 
   It is one of the hard parts that form a frame inside the body of a human or animal. This frame is called a skeleton.
   
4. 
   It is a thick unpleasant substance that is produced in your throat and lungs when you have an infection.
   
5. 
   It is the red liquid that flows around inside your body.
   
6. 
   It is one of the two organs in your chest that fill with air when you breathe.
   
7. 
   It is one of the two organs in your body that clean your blood and remove waste.
   

Ex.5 Translate. Переведите следующие словосочетания.
-туберкулёзная палочка

-эта болезнь

-может поражать

-другие органы

-лимфатические железы

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-возбудитель

-был открыт

-ранняя стадия

-общее недомогание

-потеря аппетита

-потеря веса

-выделение мокроты

-первый признак туберкулёза

-постоянный симптом

-излечимый процесс

-значительное повышение

-холодное обильное потоотделение

-сложная форма

-скорость обмена веществ

-резкое увеличение
Ex.6 Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы .

1. 
   What is pulmonary tuberculosis caused by?
   
2. 
   What organs may this disease affect?
   
3. 
   Who discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis?
   
4. 
   What does the patient complain of in the early stage of tuberculosis?
   
5. 
   What can you say about "cough"?
   
6. 
   What is the first sign of tuberculosis?
   
7. 
   What is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis?
   
8. 
   What is the evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis?
   
9. 
   What is the typical sign of pulmonary tuberculosis?
   

10) Where is loss of body weight particularly marked in?

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