Файл: Занятие 2 Тема Изучение политической карты мира, названия стран и народов их.docx
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some nations govern no territory at all. For example, the Sindhi, Yoruba, Rohingya, and Igbo people share histories, cultures, and languages but have no territory. Some states have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium.
When a nation of people has a sovereign state of its own, it is called a nation-state. Populations living in nation-states share history, language, ethnicity, and culture. Iceland and Japan are excellent examples of nation-states: The vast majority of people born in these nation-states share the same ancestry and culture.
Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state. What these rights and duties are varies from state to state. This relationship generally enables intervention by a State to provide help and protection to its nationals when they are harmed by other States.
By custom and international conventions, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are. Such determinations are part of national law. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law – for example, by treaties on statelessness and the European Convention on Nationalities.
Nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election. However, in most modern countries all nationals are citizens of the state, and full citizens are always nationals of the state.
In older texts the word nationality, rather than ethnicity, is often used to refer to an ethnic group (a group of people who share a common ethnic identity, language, culture, lineage, history, and so forth). This older meaning of nationality is not defined by political borders or passport ownership and includes nations that lack an independent state.
Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with autonomous status that have ceded some power to a larger government.
Nationality is the status that allows a nation to grant rights
to the subject and to impose obligations upon the subject. In most cases, no rights or obligations are automatically attached to this status, although the status is a necessary precondition for any rights and obligations created by the state.
In European law, nationality is the status or relationship that gives a nation the right to protect a person from other nations. Diplomatic and consular protection are dependent upon this relationship between the person and the state. A person's status as being the national of a country is used to resolve the conflict of laws.
Conceptually, citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is a matter of international dealings.
Nationality is sometimes used simply as an alternative word for ethnicity or national origin, just as some people assume that citizenship and nationality are identical. In some countries, the cognate word for nationality in local language may be understood as a synonym of ethnicity or as an identifier of cultural and family-based self-determination, rather than on relations with a state or current
government. For example, some Kurds say that they have Kurdish nationality, even though there is no Kurdish sovereign state at this time in history.
In the context of former Soviet Union and former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, nationality is often used as translation of the Russian word «nacional'nost'» and Serbo-Croatian «narodnost», which were the terms used in those countries for ethnic groups and local affiliations within the member states of the federation.
In the Soviet Union, more than 100 such groups were formally recognized. Membership in these groups was identified on Soviet internal passports, and recorded in censuses in both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the early years of the Soviet Union's existence, ethnicity was usually determined by the person's native language, and sometimes through religion or cultural factors, such as clothing. Children born after the revolution were categorized according to their parents' recorded ethnicities. Many of these ethnic groups are still recognized by modern Russia and other countries.
Similarly, the term nationalities of China refers to ethnic and cultural groups in China. Spain is one nation, made up of nationalities, which are not politically recognized as nations (state), but can be considered smaller nations within the Spanish nation. Spanish law recognizes the autonomous communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, Valencia, Galicia, Aragon, and the Basque Country as nationalities.
Dual nationality is when a single person has a formal relationship with two
separate, sovereign states. This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country claims all offspring of the mother's as their own nationals, but the father's country claims all offspring of the father's.
Dual nationality was considered a problem that caused conflict between states and sometimes imposed mutually exclusive requirements on affected people, such as simultaneously serving in two countries' military forces.
Through the middle of the 20th century, many international agreements were focused on reducing the possibility of dual nationality. Since then, many accords recognizing and regulating dual nationality have been formed.
text:
c. – ISBN 978-5-374-00384-0. – Текст: электронный // Электронно- библиотечная система IPR BOOKS: [сайт]. – URL: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/11075.html
When a nation of people has a sovereign state of its own, it is called a nation-state. Populations living in nation-states share history, language, ethnicity, and culture. Iceland and Japan are excellent examples of nation-states: The vast majority of people born in these nation-states share the same ancestry and culture.
Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state. What these rights and duties are varies from state to state. This relationship generally enables intervention by a State to provide help and protection to its nationals when they are harmed by other States.
By custom and international conventions, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are. Such determinations are part of national law. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law – for example, by treaties on statelessness and the European Convention on Nationalities.
Nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election. However, in most modern countries all nationals are citizens of the state, and full citizens are always nationals of the state.
In older texts the word nationality, rather than ethnicity, is often used to refer to an ethnic group (a group of people who share a common ethnic identity, language, culture, lineage, history, and so forth). This older meaning of nationality is not defined by political borders or passport ownership and includes nations that lack an independent state.
Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with autonomous status that have ceded some power to a larger government.
Nationality is the status that allows a nation to grant rights
to the subject and to impose obligations upon the subject. In most cases, no rights or obligations are automatically attached to this status, although the status is a necessary precondition for any rights and obligations created by the state.
In European law, nationality is the status or relationship that gives a nation the right to protect a person from other nations. Diplomatic and consular protection are dependent upon this relationship between the person and the state. A person's status as being the national of a country is used to resolve the conflict of laws.
Conceptually, citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is a matter of international dealings.
Nationality is sometimes used simply as an alternative word for ethnicity or national origin, just as some people assume that citizenship and nationality are identical. In some countries, the cognate word for nationality in local language may be understood as a synonym of ethnicity or as an identifier of cultural and family-based self-determination, rather than on relations with a state or current
government. For example, some Kurds say that they have Kurdish nationality, even though there is no Kurdish sovereign state at this time in history.
In the context of former Soviet Union and former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, nationality is often used as translation of the Russian word «nacional'nost'» and Serbo-Croatian «narodnost», which were the terms used in those countries for ethnic groups and local affiliations within the member states of the federation.
In the Soviet Union, more than 100 such groups were formally recognized. Membership in these groups was identified on Soviet internal passports, and recorded in censuses in both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the early years of the Soviet Union's existence, ethnicity was usually determined by the person's native language, and sometimes through religion or cultural factors, such as clothing. Children born after the revolution were categorized according to their parents' recorded ethnicities. Many of these ethnic groups are still recognized by modern Russia and other countries.
Similarly, the term nationalities of China refers to ethnic and cultural groups in China. Spain is one nation, made up of nationalities, which are not politically recognized as nations (state), but can be considered smaller nations within the Spanish nation. Spanish law recognizes the autonomous communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, Valencia, Galicia, Aragon, and the Basque Country as nationalities.
Dual nationality is when a single person has a formal relationship with two
separate, sovereign states. This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country claims all offspring of the mother's as their own nationals, but the father's country claims all offspring of the father's.
Dual nationality was considered a problem that caused conflict between states and sometimes imposed mutually exclusive requirements on affected people, such as simultaneously serving in two countries' military forces.
Through the middle of the 20th century, many international agreements were focused on reducing the possibility of dual nationality. Since then, many accords recognizing and regulating dual nationality have been formed.
- Decide if the following statements about the text are true or false:
-
A nation is a large group of people having a common origin, language, and tradition and usually constituting a political entity. -
In the early years of the Soviet Union's existence, ethnicity was usually determined by the person's colour of the skin. -
The word «nation» is sometimes used as synonym for a state or a country. -
When a nation has a sovereign state of its own, it is called a nation-state. -
Nationality is the stratum that allows to grant rights to the subject and to impose obligations upon the subject.
-
Answer the following questions:
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What is the difference between a «nation» and a «nationality»? -
Are all the nations sovereign states? -
What is an ethnic group? -
What is the most common distinguishing feature of citizenship? -
What is dual nationality?
-
Complete the following statements using information from the
text:
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Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people who … -
The word «nation» is sometimes used as synonym … -
Nationality is a legal relationship between … -
Some Kurds say that they have Kurdish nationality, even though … -
Dual nationality was considered a problem that … 2.6.Summarize the key points of the text and retell it. 2.7.Translate the text in a written form.
Список рекомендуемой литературы:
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Апальков В.Г. Практикум по культуре речевого общения: учебно- практическое пособие. – М.: Евразийский открытый институт, 2010. – 280
c. – ISBN 978-5-374-00384-0. – Текст: электронный // Электронно- библиотечная система IPR BOOKS: [сайт]. – URL: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/11075.html
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Крючкова Л.А. Практикум по культуре речевого общения: искусство. Часть 1: практикум. – Пермь: Пермский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет, 2016. – 112 c. – ISBN 2227-8397.
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Текст: электронный // Электронно-библиотечная система IPR BOOKS: [сайт]. – URL: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/70648.html
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Крючкова Л.А. Практикум по культуре речевого общения: искусство. Часть 2: практикум. – Пермь: Пермский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет, 2016. – 93 c. – ISBN 2227-8397.
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Текст: электронный // Электронно-библиотечная система IPR BOOKS: [сайт]. – URL: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/70649.html