UNIT IV

THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD - 1

LESSON 1

The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired.

Conditional Sentences

CONDITION		SUBORDINATE CLAUSE			PRINCIPAL CLAUSE				TRANSLATION
Real		1.If it looks like rain, 2.If I have more time 3.If he is working on Friday			we'll stay at home. I'll come over. he won't be able to go with us.
		Present Ind./Cont.			will + Inf.
Unreal	Present/Future	1.If I were you, 2.If I had more time, 3.If you knew him better, 4.If it were not raining,			1 would go there myself. 1 would come over. you wouldn't think so. 1 could go out.				БЫ
					would could might	+ Inf.
		Past Ind./Cont.
	Past	1.If you had gone there, 2.If it hadn't been so hot last summer,			you would have seen him. we could have gone to the South.				БЫ
		Past Perfect			would could might	+ have + Participle II

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A.Form


B. Use

I. Type 1
a) IF-CLAUSE: The verb in the if-clause (e.g. hurry) is in the Present Simple, not the Future: If we hurry / If we miss it / If it doesn't rain / If I don't practise my golf.

The verb in the MAIN-CLAUSE is in the Future: we wiII catch the bus / there wiII be another one / we wiII be having a picnic:

• 
  If we win today, we will go to the top of the league.
  
• 
  If he asks me, I will help him.
  
• 
  If we hurry, we will catch the bus.
  

b) We can use the Present Continuous (e.g. are doing) or the Present Perfect (e.g. have done) in the if-clause:

• 
  If we are expecting visitors, the flat will need a good clean.
  
• 
  If you have finished with the computer, I'll put it away.
  

c) The main clause often has ‘will’. But we can use other modal verbs (e.g. can):

• 
  If you haven't got a television, you can't watch it, can you?
  
• 
  If Henry jogs regularly, he might lose weight.
  
• 
  If Matthew is going to a job interview, he should wear a tie.
  

d) But we can use ‘will’ in the if-clause when we make a request:

• 
  If you will just wait a moment, I will find someone to help you. (- Please wait a moment...)
  

e) The if-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause. We often write a comma after the –if-clause when we begin with this clause:

• 
  If I hear any news, I'll phone you. - I'll phone you if I hear any news.
  

f) We use -if- for things we are not sure will happen. We use –when- for things we are sure will happen:

• 
  If I see Sarah, I’ll invite her to the party. (Perhaps I’ll see her, perhaps I won’t)
  
• 
  When I see Sally, I’ll invite her to the party. (I’m sure I’ll see Sally.)
  

g) We can use type 1 conditionals in offers and suggestions:

• 
  If you need a ticket, I can get you one.
  
• 
  If you feel like seeing the sights, we can take a bus tour.
  

We can also use them in warnings and threats:

• 
  If you go on like this, you'll make yourself ill.
  
• 
  If you don't apologize, I'll never speak to you again.
  

h) We sometimes use the present simple in both clauses. This means that one thing always follows automatically from another:

• 
  If you heat water, it boils.
  
• 
  If Daniel has any money, he spends it.
  
• 
  If you press this switch, the computer comes on.
  

i)We can also use a present-tense verb and an imperative:

• 
  If you need any help, just ask.
  
• 
  If you drink, don't drive.
  

We can use -be going to-:

• 
  If it's going to rain, I'd better take an umbrella.
  
• 
  If they try to cut down the trees, there's going to be a big protest.
  

d)We can also use – should - after – if – when we less sure about a possibility. Such sentences are translated by means of "Если бы случилось так...", "Случись так...":

• 
  If he should come, ask him to wait. (В случае. если он придет, попросите его подождать.)
  

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Compare:

• 
  If I see Maria, I’ll give her your message. (Perhaps I’ll see Maria)
  
• 
  If I should see Maria, I’ll give her your message. (I am less sure that I’ll see Maria)
  
• 
  Should I see Maria, I’ll give her your message. (We can also begin with – should -)
  

II. Conditional clauses without –if –

1. 
   We can use other words instead of –if- in real conditional clauses. ‘In case’ – is not the same as –if – We use – in case – to say why somebody does something. You do something now in case something happens later: in case=should
   

• 
  In case I don't find her at home, I'II leave her a note. (В случае. если я не застану ее дома, я оставлю ей записку.)
  
• 
  Take a sandwich with you in case you get hungry.
  
• 
  I'd better reserve a seat today in case the train is full tomorrow.
  
• 
  Laura took two photos in case one of them didn't come out.
  

We use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later on:
Compare:

• 
  We’ll buy some more food in case Tom comes. (Perhaps Tom will come; we’ll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not. )
  
• 
  We’ll buy some more food if Tom comes. (Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes, we’ll buy some more food; if he doesn’t come , we won’t buy any more food.)
  

b) – In case of – is not the same as – in case -. In case of = if there is…:

• 
  In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible.
  

c)Unless (ЕСЛИ НЕ) has a negative meaning. If... not means the same as unless. But – unless – is used to mean ‘except if’. We often use – unless – in threats:

• 
  I 'II come in time unless I am detained at the Institute. (Я приду вовремя, если меня не задержат в институте.)
  
• 
  I won’t go to the party unless you go too.
  
• 
  You’ll be hungry later unless you eat now.
  
• 
  The doctor will be here if she isn't called to an emergency.
  
• 
  The doctor will be here unless she's called to an emergency.
  
• 
  My wife will be upset if I don’t get back tomorrow. ( NO! My wife will be upset unless I don’t get back tomorrow)
  

d)We use –as – so long as – provided – providing (that)- to mean “if”- “but only if”’:

• 
  You can borrow my camera as long as you are careful with it. (…if but only if you are careful with it.)
  
• 
  I’ll go to the party provided you go too. (…if but only if you go too.)
  

PRACTICE

Exercise 1 – ORAL. Read the conversation and then use the correct forms.

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Rachel: Have you heard about the pop festival?

Vicky: Yes, it……………good if Express………….playing. They're a great band.

Rachel: Will you be able to go, Nick?

Nick: If I…………. ask my boss, he………………give me some time off work, I expect.

Vicky: How are we going to get there?

Rachel: Well, if there……………enough people, we can hire a minibus.

Vicky: I won't be going if it…………….too expensive.

Rachel: It ………………….cost much if we all…………share the cost.

Nick: If .I…………… see the others later on tonight, I …………..ask them if they want to go.
Exercise 2 – ORAL. Present simple in both clauses.Match the sentences and join them with ‘ if ’

1. 
   You lose your credit card. You have to ring the bank…………………………………….
   
2. 
   I can't sleep. I drink coffee late at night. …………………………………………………..
   
3. 
   You get promoted. Your salary goes up………………………………………………….....
   
4. 
   You don't pay the bill. You get a warning letter……………………………………………
   
5. 
   I try to run fast. I get out of breath………………………………………………………….
   

6. 
   The alarm goes off. Someone enters the building. ………………………………………..
   

Exercise 3 – ORAL. Look at the information in brackets and complete the sentences using ‘if’ or ‘when’ and a verb in the present simple.

• 
  (I may see Tom tonight.) If I see Tom, I'll tell him the news.
  
• 
  (Melanie is coming soon.) When Melanie comes, can you let her in, please?
  

1. 
   When the alarm rings, we will all have to leave the building.
   
2. 
   If I feel better, I'll probably go back to work.
   
3. 
   When this film finishes, I'll stop the video.
   
4. 
   If the plan may not work, we'll have to think of something else.
   

Exercise 4. – If- or – When –

1. 
   If I become President.
   
2. 
   When it gets dark.
   
3. 
   When the film finishes.
   
4. 
   If she passes her exam.
   
5. 
   If it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
   
6. 
   When I wake up tomorrow.
   
7. 
   If you change your mind.
   
8. 
   When his parents die.
   
9. 
   If/when the bus stops.
   

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using ‘unless’ and the information in brackets.

• 
  You won't get there in time unless you hurry. (if you don't hurry)
  

1 We won't have a picnic unless it is a nice day.

2 Don't leave the TV on unless you are watching it.

3 We won't do the job unless we get help.

4 I wouldn't have bought the picture unless I liked it.
Exercise 6.Which word makes more sense? Put in ‘if’ or ‘unless’.

• 
  Rachel will be pleased if she passes her driving test.
  

• 
  The bus won't stop unless you ring the bell.
  

1. 
   I can't read your letters ............................... you type them.
   
2. 
   Emma will be upset .....................................she doesn't get the job.
   
3. 
   You can't go into the reception………………. you've got a ticket.
   
4. 
   Don't bother to ring me ...................................... it's important.
   

Exercise 7 – ORAL. Which of these sentences can be rewritten with – unless -?

1. 
   I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t have an accident soon.
   
2. 
   It will be better if we don’t tell her anything.
   
3. 
   You can have the car tonight if Harriet doesn’t need it.
   
4. 
   I’ll tell you if I can’t come.
   
5. 
   I’m going to dig the garden this afternoon if it doesn’t rain.
   

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Exercise 8 – ORAL.What could you say in these situations? Use ‘in case’.

• 
  You think Vicky had better take a coat. It might get cold.
  
• 
  You to Vicky: You'd better take a coat in case it gets cold.
  

1. 
   You think you and Mark had better book a table. The restaurant might be busy.
   

You to Mark: ..........................................................................................................................................

2. 
   You think Claire ought to insure her jewellery. It might get stolen.
   

You to Claire: ...........................................................................................................................................

3. 
   You'll leave David your phone number. He might want to contact you.
   

You to David:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 9 – ORAL. A woman is packing to go on holiday in Austria. Make sentences using – in case – НА ВСЯКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ
She is packing: a German phrase book, a thick sweater, her address book, a pack of cards, a racket, a swimsuit, some books, aspirins, walking boots, binoculars.

In case:

1. 
   she decides to send postcards
   
2. 
   she has time to read
   
3. 
   she meets people who play bridge
   
4. 
   the hotel has a heated pool
   
5. 
   the sun gives her a headache
   
6. 
   there is a tennis court
   
7. 
   she wants to go walking
   
8. 
   the hotel staff don’t speak English
   
9. 
   the weather is cold
   
10. 
    she wants to go bird-watching
    

Exercise 10 - ORAL. Read the following sentences with – should – after – if - Comment on and translate them. правило d

1.If by any reason you should not come, there may be trouble. 2. If you should want me tonight by any chance, send a note to me. 3. If such a thing should happen again, Mrs Winter will tell me personally. 4. If they should learn the truth about it, what will happen then? 5. You won’t recognize me if we should meet again. 6. If anything should happen to you, I will kill myself. 7. If he should come back, don’t let him enter.
Exercise 11 - ORAL. Change the following sentences to show that the situation is unlikely. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

• 
  If he comes too early, ask him to wait.
  
• 
  If he should come too early, ask him to wait.
  

1. 
   If you want to see me, I’ll be at home till ten. …………………………………………….
   
2. 
   If you are late, I won’t wait for you. ……………………………………………………….
   
3. 
   If she learns the truth, she won’t believe a word of it. …………………………………..
   
4. 
   If you get that job, I’ll be too glad. ………………………………………………………..
   
5. 
   If the door is locked, John will supply the key. …………………………………………..
   
6. 
   Don’t go in if the dog is unleashed. ……………………………………………………….
   
7. 
   Where will they go if the hotel is overcrowded? ………………………………………….
   

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. 
   Случись так, что ты увидишь его в библиотеке, скажи ему, что завтра у нас будет контрольная.
   

If you should see him in a library tell him that the test will be tomorrow.

2. 
   Если ты всё-таки не сможешь уснуть, прими одну из этих таблеток.
   
3. 
   Если уж случится так, что снова пойдёт снег, машины не смогут проехать по долине.
   
4. 
   Сообщи мне тут же, если вдруг тебе станет хуже.
   
5. 
   Если всё же этот план не сработает, придётся всё начать снова.
   
6. 
   Если уж вдруг тебе понадобится увидеть меня сегодня вечером, позвони.
   
7. 
   Если он всё же когда-нибудь вернётся в наши края, мы с радостью его примем.
   

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