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Минобрнауки России
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего образования
«Тульский государственный университет»
Интернет-институт ТулГУ
Кафедра иностранных языков
Контрольная работа №1
по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский язык)»
на тему «History of GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION»
Выполнил:
Филиппов Александр Игоревич
студент гр. ИБ660921
Направление:
Технология транспортных процессов
Проверила:
Исаева Анастасия Юрьевна
канд. филол. наук, доц.
Тула –2022 г.
History of GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
Under the leadership of William C. Durant, the General Motors Company was founded in 1908 to consolidate several motorcar companies producing Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Oakland (later Pontiac), Ewing, Marquette, and other autos as well as Reliance and Rapid trucks. GM introduced the electric self-starter commercially in its 1912 Cadillac, and this invention soon made the hand crank obsolete. GM remained based in Detroit and was reincorporated and named General Motors Corporation in 1916. The Chevrolet auto company and Delco Products joined GM in 1918, and the Fisher Body Company and Frigidaire joined in 1919 (the latter was sold in 1979). Durant was forced out of the company in 1920 and was succeeded by Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., who served as president (1923–37) and then as chairman of the board of directors (1937–56). Sloan reorganized GM from a sprawling, uncoordinated collection of business units into a single enterprise consisting of five main automotive divisions—Cadillac, Buick, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, and Chevrolet—the activities of which were coordinated by a central corporate office equipped with large advisory and financial staffs. The various operating divisions retained a substantial degree of autonomy within a framework of overall policy; this decentralized concept of management became a model for large-scale industrial enterprises in the United States. Sloan also greatly strengthened GM’s sales organization, pioneered annual style changes in car models, and introduced innovations in consumer financing.
Acquisitions
Daewoo is GM's most recent acquisition, having been rescued by the combine shortly after going into receivership towards the end of 2000. The brand has been retained for the home market of South Korea, although since January 2005, the brand's products have been sold as Holdens in Australia and Chevrolets in other markets. Holden is the Australian division of GM while Saab is a prestige marque based in Sweden and sold world-wide. Hummer and Saturn are almost exclusively sold within U.S. and Canada, with both of these brands having being created within the last two decades. The Hummer H3 is now made in South Africa. This car is also now available for sale in Australia. Opel is the key European brand, although high volumes of its products are made in Africa and Asia. Since the early 1980s, Vauxhall has been a Britain-only brand, with virtually all of its models since then being identical to Opels. GM Parts and accessories are sold under GM Performance Parts, GM Goodwrench, and ACDelco brands through GM Service and Parts Operations which supplies GM dealerships and distributors worldwide. GM engines and transmissions are marketed through GM Powertrain. GM's largest national market is the United States, followed by China, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany. GM nearly-half owns (49 percent) a finance company, GMAC Financial Services, which offers automotive, residential, and commercial financing and insurance. GM's OnStar subsidiary is a vehicle safety, security, and information service provider.
Social policies
General Motors was named one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers" in 2004, by Working Mothers magazine. GM has also given millions of dollars in computers to colleges of Engineering through its PACE Awards program.[2] Together with the United Auto Workers, GM created a joint venture dedicated to the quality of life needs of employees in 1985. The UAW-GM Center for Human Resources in Detroit is dedicated to providing GM salaried employees and GM UAW members programs and services related to medical care, diversity issues, education, training, and tuition assistance, as well as programs related to work and family concerns, in addition to the traditional union-employer health and safety partnership.
Marketing
At one time, each of GM's automotive divisions were targeted to specific market segments and despite some shared components, each distinguished itself from its stablemates with unique styling and technology. The shared components and common corporate management created substantial economies of scale, while the distinctions between the divisions created an orderly upgrade path, with an entry-level buyer starting out with a practical and economical Chevrolet and moving through offerings of the different divisions until the purchase of a Buick or Cadillac.
The postwar automobile industry became enamored with the concept of "planned obsolescence," implemented by both technical and styling innovations with a typical 3-year product cycle. In this cycle, a new basic body shell is introduced and then modified for the next two years with minor styling changes. GM, Ford, and Chrysler competed vigorously in this new restyling environment.
Distinguishing the brands
By 1958, the divisional distinctions within GM began to blur with the availability of high-performance engines in Chevrolets and Pontiacs. The introduction of higher trim models such as the Chevrolet Impala and Pontiac Bonneville priced in line with some Oldsmobile and Buick offerings was also confusing to consumers. By the time Pontiac, Oldsmobile, and Buick introduced similarly styled and priced compact models in 1961, the old "step-up" structure between the divisions was nearly over.
Compacts arrive
The 1960s saw the creation of compact and intermediate classes. The Chevrolet Corvair was a 6-cylinder answer to the Volkswagen Beetle, the Chevy II was created to match Ford's conventional Falcon and the Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird was GMs counter measure to the Ford Mustang. Among intermediates, the Oldsmobile Cutlass nameplate became so popular during the 1970s that Oldsmobile applied the Cutlass name to most of its products in the 1980s. By the mid 1960s, most of GM's vehicles were built on a few common platforms and in the 1970s GM began to use nearly identical body panel stampings, differing only in internal and external trim items.
The 1971, Chevrolet Vega was GMs launch into the new subcompact class. Problems associated with its innovative aluminum engines would damage GMs reputation more than perhaps any other vehicle in its history. During the late 1970s, GM would initiate a wave of downsizing starting with the Chevrolet Caprice which was reborn into what was the size of the Chevrolet Chevelle, the Malibu would be the size of the Nova, and the Nova was replaced by the troubled front-wheel drive Citation.
Rebadging era
By the 1980s, GM frequently "rebadged" one division's successful vehicle into several models across the divisions, all positioned close to one another in the market place. Thus a new GM model's main competition might be another model spawned off the same platform. This led to market "cannibalization" with the divisions spending time stealing sales from one another. Even today, the company's GMT360 mid-sized light truck platform has spawned the basic Chevrolet Trailblazer, Oldsmobile Bravada, GMC Envoy, Isuzu Ascender, Buick Rainier, and Saab 9-7X. Though each model had a more or less distinct mission, the trucks can hardly be discerned from one another.
GM in China
General Motors is the best selling auto maker in China. The Buick brand is especially strong, led by the Buick Excelle subcompact. Cadillac initiated sales in China in 2004, starting with imports from the United States. GM pushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005, as well, moving the former Buick Sail to that marque. The company manufactures most of its China-market vehicles locally, through its Shanghai GM joint venture. Shanghai GM, a joint venture between the Chinese company SAIC and General Motors, was created on March 25, 1997. The Shanghai GM plant was opened December 15, 1998, when the first Chinese-built Buick came off the assembly line. The SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile joint-venture is also successful selling trucks and vans under the Wuling marque. GM plans to create a research facility in Shanghai for $250 million to develop hybrid cars and alternative energy vehicles.
Global expansion
By 1929 General Motors had surpassed the Ford Motor Company to become the leading American passenger-car manufacturer. It added overseas operations, including Vauxhall of England in 1925, Adam Opel of Germany in 1929, and Holden of Australia in 1931. The Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. (now GMC Truck & Coach Division), organized in 1925, was among the new American divisions and subsidiaries established. In 1931 GM became the world’s largest manufacturer of motor vehicles. By 1941 it was making 44 percent of all the cars in the United States and had become one of the largest industrial corporations in the world.
General Motors grew along with the American economy in the 1950s and ’60s and continued to hold 40–45 percent of total U.S. automotive sales. It bought Electronic Data Systems Corporation, a large data-processing company, in 1984 and acquired the Hughes Aircraft Company, a maker of weapons systems and communications satellites, in 1986.
Along with other U.S. automobile manufacturers, the company faced increasingly severe competition from Japanese automakers in the 1970s and ’80s, and in 1984 GM began a new automotive division, Saturn, that used highly automated plants to produce subcompact cars to compete with Japanese imports. While GM’s modernization efforts showed some success, heavy losses in the early 1990s forced the company to close many plants and reduce its workforce by tens of thousands. Like other American automakers, however, GM made a robust recovery by the middle of the decade and returned its focus to its automotive businesses. It sold Electronic Data Systems in 1996, and in 1997 it sold the defense units of its Hughes Electronics subsidiary to the Raytheon Company, thus leaving the computer-services and defense-aerospace fields in order to concentrate on its automotive businesses. General Motors became the sole owner of Saab Automobile AB in 2000. By the early 21st century GM had equity shares in a number of car companies, including Fiat, Isuzu, Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru), and Suzuki. In 2004, however, it discontinued the Oldsmobile brand. Four years later GM was surpassed by Toyota Motor Corporation as the world’s largest automaker.
During this time GM also sought to decrease its financial service holdings through various deals concerning General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) and its related divisions. GMAC had been founded in 1919 to finance and insure the installment sales of GM products and had later expanded into other businesses. In 2006 GM sold a 51 percent stake in GMAC to Cerberus Capital Management, and GMAC was later renamed Ally Financial. In addition, GMAC’s mortgage and real estate units were subsequently sold.
Rescue and recovery
In December 2008 Pres. George W. Bush announced an emergency financial rescue plan to aid the “Big Three” automakers—Chrysler LLC, General Motors, and Ford—to prevent the collapse of the country’s struggling auto industry. The plan made immediately available $13.4 billion in government loans from the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), a $700 billion fund approved by Congress to aid the financial industry following the subprime mortgage crisis. The loans would allow the auto companies to continue operating through March 2009, by which time the plan required them to demonstrate “financial viability” or return the money within 30 days. An additional stipulation required the companies to undergo restructuring. The money was initially made available to General Motors and Chrysler; Ford claimed to possess adequate funds to continue operations and thus did not apply for government relief. As its financial troubles mounted—the company claimed to be some $173 billion in debt—GM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in June 2009. It emerged from bankruptcy reorganization the following month. In 2010 the company officially discontinued both the Pontiac and Saturn brands and sold Saab. The downsizing left GM with four vehicle divisions: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMC. In November 2010 GM returned to the stock market with one of the largest IPOs in U.S. history. The following year GM regained its title as the largest automaker in the world. However, GM’s strong rebound faced a setback in 2014, when it was revealed that for about a decade the company had covered up the fact that several car models had faulty ignition switches; it was believed that the defective part had caused more than 120 deaths. The company’s handling of the scandal—which was overseen by Mary Barra, GM’s first female CEO—was widely praised, and GM posted strong earnings, with record sales in 2014–16. However, its European division continued to struggle, and in 2017 GM sold Opel and Vauxhall to the PSA Group, the French manufacturer of Peugeot and Citroën automobiles. The move, which was valued at more than $2 billion, was seen as effectively ending GM’s European operations.
История образования GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
Под руководством Уильяма К. Дюранта в 1908 году была основана компания General Motors для объединения нескольких автомобильных компаний, производящих Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Oakland (позже Pontiac), Ewing, Marquette и другие автомобили, а также грузовики Reliance и Rapid. GM представила коммерческий электрический стартер в своем Cadillac 1912 года, и это изобретение вскоре сделало ручную рукоятку устаревшей. GM осталась базироваться в Детройте и была преобразована в General Motors Corporation в 1916 году. Автомобильная компания Chevrolet и Delco Products присоединились к GM в 1918 году, а Fisher Body Company и Frigidaire присоединились к ней в 1919 году (последняя была продана в 1979 году). Дюрант был вынужден покинуть компанию в 1920 году, и его сменил Альфред П. Слоан-младший, который занимал пост президента (1923–37), а затем председателя совета директоров (1937–56). Слоан реорганизовал GM из разросшегося, нескоординированного набора бизнес-подразделений в единое предприятие, состоящее из пяти основных автомобильных подразделений — «Кадиллак», «Бьюик», «Понтиак», «Олдсмобиль» и «Шевроле», деятельность которых координировал центральный корпоративный офис, оснащенный крупными консультативными и финансовые штабы. Различные операционные подразделения сохранили значительную степень автономии в рамках общей политики; эта децентрализованная концепция управления стала моделью для крупных промышленных предприятий в Соединенных Штатах. Слоан также значительно укрепил организацию продаж GM, стал пионером в ежегодном изменении стиля моделей автомобилей и внедрил инновации в потребительском финансировании.
Приобретения
Daewoo - самое недавнее приобретение GM, которое было спасено комбинатом вскоре после того, как в конце 2000 года он был объявлен конкурсным управляющим. Бренд был сохранен для внутреннего рынка Южной Кореи, хотя с января 2005 года продукция бренда продавалась как Holdens. в Австралии и Chevrolet на других рынках. Holden является австралийским подразделением GM, а Saab — престижной маркой, базирующейся в Швеции и продаваемой по всему миру. Hummer и Saturn почти исключительно продаются в США и Канаде, причем оба этих бренда были созданы в течение последних двух десятилетий. Hummer H3 теперь производится в Южной Африке. Этот автомобиль также теперь доступен для продажи в Австралии. Opel является ключевым европейским брендом, хотя большие объемы его продукции производятся в Африке и Азии. С начала 1980-х годов Vauxhall был брендом только для Великобритании, и с тех пор практически все его модели были идентичны Opel. Запчасти и аксессуары GM продаются под брендами GM Performance Parts, GM Goodwrench и ACDelco через GM Service and Parts Operations, которая снабжает дилерские центры и дистрибьюторов GM по всему миру. Двигатели и трансмиссии GM продаются через GM Powertrain. Крупнейшим национальным рынком GM являются Соединенные Штаты, за которыми следуют Китай, Канада, Великобритания и Германия. GM почти наполовину (49 процентов) владеет финансовой компанией GMAC Financial Services, которая предлагает автомобильное, жилое и коммерческое финансирование и страхование. Дочерняя компания GM OnStar занимается обеспечением безопасности транспортных средств и предоставлением информационных услуг.
Социальная политика
General Motors была названа одной из «100 лучших компаний для работающих матерей» в 2004 году по версии журнала Working Mothers. GM также предоставила инженерным колледжам компьютеры на миллионы долларов в рамках своей программы PACE Awards. Вместе с United Auto Workers в 1985 году GM создала совместное предприятие, занимающееся потребностями сотрудников в обеспечении качества жизни. Центр управления персоналом UAW-GM в Детройте занимается предоставлением программ и услуг для наемных работников GM и членов GM UAW, связанных с медицинское обслуживание, вопросы разнообразия, образование, обучение и помощь в обучении, а также программы, связанные с работой и семейными проблемами, в дополнение к традиционному партнерству профсоюза и работодателя в области охраны труда и техники безопасности.
Маркетинг
В свое время каждое из автомобильных подразделений GM было нацелено на определенные сегменты рынка, и, несмотря на некоторые общие компоненты, каждое отличалось от своих коллег уникальным стилем и технологиями. Общие компоненты и общее корпоративное управление обеспечили существенную экономию за счет масштаба, в то время как различия между подразделениями создали упорядоченный путь обновления, при котором покупатель начального уровня начал с практичного и экономичного Chevrolet и переходил к предложениям различных подразделений до момента покупки. Бьюика или Кадиллака.
Послевоенная автомобильная промышленность увлеклась концепцией «запланированного устаревания», реализуемой как техническими, так и стилистическими инновациями с типичным трехлетним производственным циклом. В этом цикле вводится новая базовая оболочка кузова, которая затем модифицируется в течение следующих двух лет с небольшими изменениями стиля. GM, Ford и Chrysler энергично конкурировали в этой новой среде рестайлинга.
Различение брендов
К 1958 году различия в подразделениях GM начали стираться с появлением высокопроизводительных двигателей для автомобилей Chevrolet и Pontiac. Внедрение более дорогих моделей отделки салона, таких как Chevrolet Impala и Pontiac Bonneville по цене, соответствующей некоторым предложениям Oldsmobile и Buick, также сбивало с толку потребителей. К тому времени, когда в 1961 году Pontiac, Oldsmobile и Buick представили компактные модели аналогичного стиля и цены, старая «ступенчатая» структура между подразделениями была почти исчерпана.