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Ways of Translating the Constructions into Russian:
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by a clause where the nominal element becomes the subject of the clause (в именительном падеже) and the gerund – the predicate.
His having made this experiment is a known fact.
То, что он провел этот эксперимент, является известным фактом.
There is no hope of our getting a complete analysis of it within 10 days.
Нет надежды, что мы получим полный анализ в течение 10 дней.
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by a phrase
My explaining was of no use. Моё объяснение не имело никакого смысла.
She was startled by the noise of the door being opened.
Она вздрогнула от звука открывающейся двери.
The Gerund and the Infinitive to be compared
After some verbs it is possible to use either a gerund or an infinitive. In some cases the difference between them is scarcely seen. But there are cases when it is necessary to choose either the gerund or the infinitive to make the utterance clear and careful.
| The Verbs | The Gerund | The Infinitive |
| propose | I proposestarting early. = | I proposeto start early. |
| begin start continue | She begancrying. The predicate indicates an activity or process. | 1. I beganto feel sick. The predicate indicates a state or mental activity. 2. The barometer beganto fall. The subject is lifeless. 3. It is beginingto rain. The verb is used in the continuous form. |
| like / love hate prefer can't bear would like | I preferwalking to cycling. I don't likeinterrupting him. In general statements, always | I preferto walk. I don't liketo interrupt her. In a particular case, this time |
| try | Tryknocking again if nobody hears you. Do it as an experiment. | Tryto get here early. Make an attemp. |
| remember forget regret | He forgotpaying me. I regretsaying that you were mistaken. The gerund denotes a prior action, an action that has already happened. | He forgotto pay me. I regretto say that you were mistaken. The infinitive denotes a posterior action, an action that is supposed to happen. |
| go on | They went onwriting. To continue to do something. | They went onto write. To move on to do something else. |
| stop | They stoppedtalking. The action is over. The gerund is used in the function of a part of a compound verbal aspect predicate. | They stoppedto talk. To stop in order to do something. The infinitive is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose. |
The Gerund and Participle I to be compared
(in the function of an attribute)
| The Gerund | Participle I |
| This is a dancing hall. = a hall for dancing (танцевальный) The gerund does not perform an action. eg. a writing table, a sleeping pill | This is a dancing girl. = a girl who is dancing (танцующая) The participle performs an action. eg. a crying man, a sleeping child |
| ?a washing machine, a hunting dog? | |
The Gerund and the Verbal Noun to be compared
| | The Gerund | The Verbal Noun |
| 1. meaning | emphasizes the process eg.Thank you for helping me. | emphasizes the fact eg. Thank you for your help. |
| 2. nature | has a double nature | has a nominal nature |
| 3. form | has four forms | has one form |
| 4. article | – eg. I like _ brushing my hair. | + eg. I want you to give my hair a good brushing. |
| 5. plural form | – | + eg. Our likings are different. |
| 6. preposition | + | + |
| 8. modifier | can be modified by an adverb | can be modified by an adjective |
| 7. object | The gerund of a transitive verb can take a direct object (DO). eg. I like your reading thetext (DO) artistically (adv). | The noun can only take a prepositional object (PrO). eg. Prepare anartistic (adj) reading of the text (PrO). |
| 8. functions | can be used as a part of a compound verbal predicate eg. I enjoy reading. (CVMP) I finished reading.(CVAP) | - |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences, analyse the form of the gerund.
1. After staring at myself critically in the mirror, I had to admit I didn't look too bad.
2. You remember saying to me once that there wasn't anything in the world you wouldn't do for me.
3. This morning, the old servant Francoise, on descending to start her work, found the front door ajar.
4. On hearing the tragic news, she fell at once into an alarming state of agitation.
5. You remember my speaking of my friend Poirot? He has been a most famous detective.
6. I remember reading about it in one of the historical novels.
7. But to my intense surprise, on getting down early the next morning, and eagerly opening the newspapers, there was not a word about the arrest.
8. I don't remember leaving the club, but I remember being in a taxi and saying: "Tobby, I'll pay for this," and him saying: "This is my party..."
9. After carefully examining the room several times I returned my attention to the mountain.
10. "I don't very much like being touched," she said.
11. The strain of entertaining and being entertained was over, there was no obligation to talk or listen.
12. I have only just discovered that I cannot bear being watched doing anything so badly.
13. I know you dislike being aroused early, but it is nine o'clock. Pagget insists on regarding 9 a.m. as practically the middle of the day.
14. I do apologise for not having changed, but I was terrified of being late.
15. It was not until the crowd had cleared away a bit that we got a chance of having a word together.
16. You denied having asked Langton to get cyanide, or rather you expressed surprise at his having done so.
17. Lancelot stood paralysed. The feeling of being bound hand and foot, of being caught in a snare from which there was no escape, had become more poignant than ever.
18. I felt proud of having been of use to her.
19. We happened then to cross the street and the traffic prevented us from speaking.
20. She gave me the impression of being sure of herself.
Exercise 2. Point out the gerund and comment on its nominal and verbal characteristics. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Talking about ourselves is what we modern authors have a strong objection to doing.
2. He stopped writing and ran out into the bathroom. He started washing with great speed. He was two minutes late already.
3. It's silly of me, but I can't help feeling anxious.
4. I don't like being lied to - and that, I think, is what you are trying to do.
5. I feel a good deal of hesitation about telling you this story of my own.
6. On hearing the sound Nance hurried to the door, and Grand to the window.
7. He left without having paid the bill.
8. Would you mind waiting a moment in the hall?
9. He denied having opened the box.
10. Writing quickly tires my hand.
11. I remember seeing it on the table.
12. He was accused of having entered the country illegally.
13. I disliked my mother's interfering in the affair.
14. The boy spent half the night in writing to his people.
Exercise 3. Use the appropriate form of the gerund of the verbs in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. (to speak) without (to think) is (to shoot) without aim.
2. Do you know what is peculiar about the English rule of (to drive)?
3. He could not recollect ever (see) the man before in his life.
4. I remember (to take) to Paris when I was a very small child.
5. I strongly suspect Gerald of (to know) all about it beforehand, though he swears he didn't.
6. Excuse me for not (to write) more at the moment.
7. She never lost the power of (to form) quick decisions.
8. He had an air of (to be) master of his fate, which was his chief attraction.
9. She denied (to see) me at the concert though I'm sure I saw her in the stalls.
10. I want to thank her for (to look) after the children while I was out.
11. He passed to the front door and out without (to see) us.
12. I enjoy (to read) poetry.
13. I don't mind (to stay) here for a little while.
14. In my experience most people mind (laugh) at more than anything else.
15. They reproached us for (not to come) to the party; they were waiting for us the whole evening.
16. He suspected her of (to give) the police information about him while the workers were on strike.
17. I sat on the doorstep thinking over my chances of (to escape) from home.
18. There is very little hope of the work (to do) in time.
19. The coat showed evident signs of (to wear) on the preceding night.
20. (to avoid) the use of the perfect gerund is quite common if there is no fear of (to misunderstand).
21. "Of course," I said, disappointed at (give) such a trifling commission.
22. Here, they felt, was someone worth (take) a little trouble over.
23. I remember (go) to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment.
24. I was disappointed at (deprive) of my catch.
25. So I got out my Norfolk suit, which already had the appearance of (put) away for a long time.
26. This charming lady is capable of (tell) any lie to her advantage.
27. Women told one another that (photograph) by Mulliner was like (undergo) some wonderful spiritual experience.
28. I can't help (feel) sorry for her.
Exercise 4. Insert prepositions where necessary. Translate the sentences.
1. You haven't thanked me yet _ saving your life.
2. You can't tell how a man is feeling just _ looking at him.
3. I am not in the habit _ letting my judgement be influenced.
4. Don't talk nonsense _ asking my permission for anything you ever decided to do.
5. After a light meal, Poirot suggested _ stepping round to pay an after dinner call on my so-called cousin.
6. She went up to her bedroom _ looking back.
7. She'd mastered the fine art of discipline _ making her children feel unloved.
8. You don't mind _ waiting for half an hour or so...
9. Tom dropped into a chair _ saying anything.
10. He insisted _ coming downstairs with her and putting her into a cab.
Exercise 5. Use the appropriate form of the gerund and insert prepositions where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Newton, the famous scientist, was sometimes engaged (to work out) difficult problems. 2. "There's no question (to forgive) you," he said quickly. 3. Of course, I should insist (to pay) for my work. 4. I wonder if there's any use (to try) to improve him. 5. Excuse me (to come) late. 6. I insist (to go) there at once. 7. We all suspected him (to learn) it before and (to try) to conceal it from us. 8. They were all busy (to unpack) the books and (to put) them on the shelves. 9. (to hear) the news she ran over to the telephone to inform Gerald at once. 10. But (to make) this request Mr. Dennant avoided (to look) in his face. 11. I spent the rest of the time in the hall of the Station Hotel (to write) letters. 12. You can help me (to give) a piece of good advice, you're old enough to know it better. 13. (to discuss) the plan ourselves we decided to consult Mike's eldest brother who in our eyes was an expert. 14. He hesitated a little (to open) the door. He had a feeling that there was somebody waiting for him inside. 15. (to hear) the sound of the door opened downstairs he tiptoed into the corridor and bent over the banister. 16. (to see) three little children dancing in the street to their own music he came up nearer to see them better.
Exercise 6. Use the appropriate form of the gerund. Insert prepositions where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Now I can boast (to see) Rome and London, Paris and Athens. 2. How did you like the English rule (to drive) on the left side of the road instead of the right? 3. I hate (to be) ill and (to stay) in bed. 4. We all kissed Mother (to go) to bed. 5. I'm not used (to receive) Christmas presents. 6. At every school she went to she learned drawing, besides (to teach) by her father at home. 7. My wife and I look forward (to see) you and Rosa. 8. The children had to help (to sweep) and (to clean) the rooms and (to wash up) after meals. 9. The doctor left three different medicines with instructions (to give) them. 10. You can improve your pronunciation (to read) aloud. 11. I went out for a while (to give) the boy the prescribed capsules. 12. You can't act (to feel). 13. I dislike the idea (to spend) a holiday with hundreds of other people. 14. (to ask) about it he said he knew nothing. 15. The silence was broken by the sound of a door (to lock). 16. She walked a little (to leave) her office. 17. I remember (to go) to the British Museum one day.
Exercise 7. Transform the following sentences into sentences with the gerund. Insert prepositions where necessary.
Model: Before we started we sent a telegram to our friends.
Before starting we sent a telegram to our friends.
1. I remember that I saw him only once.
2. When I reached Kiev I found waiting for me an urgent request that I should go to my mother's place.
3. I called on my friends before I left.
4. When I left Moscow I corresponded with him.
5. She was a trifle out of breath when she came to the third landing.
6. When she had turned the last page she decided that she would read the book again.
7. When Eva reached the restaurant she found that she was the last to arrive.
8. When Clare had had a cup of coffee and her bath she began to feel more herself.
9. When she had taken off her theatrical make-up she looked old and tired.
10. I never have been able to stand an idea that I shall grow old.
11. Do you mind if I close the window?
Exercise 8. Translate these sentences into English, using the gerund.
1. Нелли предложила пойти в Исторический музей. 2. Эту проблему стоит обсудить. 3. Я припоминаю, что видела эту же фотографию Британского музея в другом журнале. 4. Хотя мы были в Лондоне всего три дня, я получила большое удовольствие от осмотра достопримечательностей этого огромного города. 5. Она боится одна оставаться с детьми. Она не знает, что с ними делать, как их забавлять. 6. Чтение книг по истории Англии и, в частности, Лондона — приятное и полезное занятие для будущего учителя английского языка. 7. Он избегает встречаться со мной после нашей ссоры. 8. Они не могли не опоздать. Их поезд задержался из-за тумана. 9. Доктор настаивает на том, чтобы всем детям были сделаны прививки. 10. Твое пальто нужно почистить щеткой. 11. Я помню, что видела письмо на столе. 12. Извините, что я вмешиваюсь, но у меня очень важная новость для вас. 13. Я не люблю занимать деньги. Это довольно неприятно. 14. Она предпочитает все делать сама без чьей-либо помощи. 15. Он сказал это громко, не глядя ни на кого, и было неясно, к кому он обращается. 16. Нет никакого другого способа попасть туда до захода солнца. 17. Вы можете улучшить произношение, слушая магнитофонные записи, а также чтением вслух. 18. При виде жареной индейки на подносе он сказал, что это наилучшее угощение, какое только можно себе представить. 19. После того как он просмотрел все фотографии, Джон долго улыбался. 20. Я сожалею, что приходится покидать вас так скоро.