difference was mainly in size-the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.
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History of the HousesHistory of the houses can be divided into some stages, such as primitive houses, Egypt period, Greek period, Roman period, etc.First people lived in caves, tents, huts or earthen houses. Basic building materials were wood and stone.An important peculiarity of Egyptian houses was a flat roof. Egyptians built many monuments, sphinxes, pyramids and columns. Construction required many workers, large expenses and a lot of time.Greek improved Egypt’s architecture. The roofs of their houses were slanting.Romans made architecture more various and beautiful. They decorated their houses improving columns and arches.In the Middle Ages in Europe many castled and fortresses were built. They defended population from enemy.
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Egyptian pyramidsThere were many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in various parts of the world.The older monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6000 years ago.The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kinds. The pyramids tell us about the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days.It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52000 square meters were used only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».
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RomeThe Romans took nearly all the architectural ideas and decorative motifs of Greek buildings.As builders and creators of great arches and domes, the Romans developed their own distinctive style. As constructional engineers they surpassed the Greeks.Greek domestic architecture was based on the simples: a square room with a fireplace in the middle, a smaller undecorated structure in front, a colonnaded courtyard leading off to rooms without windows.Roman architects had a considerable range of building types to erect: temples, huge meeting halls, theatres, palaces, aqueducts and baths. The arch was the universal motif used for the most insignificant doorway and for great triumphal arches commemorating major political events alike.In Roman times, any large-scale public building – public concourse, covered market or warehouse was called a basilica. Today the work is used only for a certain kind of church, the interior of which is split into three of five naves with rows of supporting columns. The side naves are always lower than the main central ones.
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Ancient Wonders of the WorldThe temple of Artemis is one of the most famous temples of the ancient world. It stood for 600 years in Ephesus, a great city of Syria. The temple was sacred to Artemis, also called Diana, goddess of the moon. The finest sculptors and painters
of Greece decorated this beautiful building, which was destroyed by the barbaric Goths. Only a few pieces of statues and columns remained. They were dug up by modern scientists.
Few remember the tiny kingdom of Caria, which once flourished in what is now southwestern Turkey. But the name of its king, Mausolus, is known because of the word "mausoleum" - a massive tomb. The original Mausoleum, built in memory of this king by his widow, Queen Artemisia, was so magnificent that it was one of the Wonders of the Ancient World.
Rhodes, an island near Greece, was one of the richest and busiest towns of the ancient world. Standing across the entrance to its big harbour, was a huge statue of the sun god Helios, famous as the Colossus of Rhodes. Although ships sailed beneath these giant feet, the Colossus was not as large as the American Statue of Liberty.
The most famous lighthouse in ancient times was the Pharos of Alexandria built by Alexander the Great. It guarded the harbour of Alexandria, in Egypt, and light from a high tower could be seen for sixty miles. To keep the beacon shining, the light-house keepers had to feed a bright fire unceasingly, for the powerful electric lamps behind glass lenses used in our lighthouses were not yet invented.
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The origins of towns and cities differ according to race and place. Man, in the early days of history, lived his life with his family, he protected his wife and children, he hunted for food, and attacked the enemy. When a young man got married, he carried his wife away to another cave or shelter, and there established a home. As people become more civilized and understood the art of living better, collections of houses grew up in one spot and the communal life of a town began.To the Greek the city was his homeland; he spoke with pride of the town which was his birthplace. He built house and temples there, which were full of grace and beauty.The Romans, too, more than any other people, prized their city, and to be a citizen of Rome was to be honored amongst men. When the Romans came to Britain, they found it a land of forests and swamps. In order to move their troops about rapidly, they made roads and camps for soldiers constructed them at road junctions. These sites of old Roman camps became centers of trade, and today still exist as towns and cities.After the Romans’ departure (in 410 B. C.), the Anglo – Saxons swept over the country and destroyed almost all the civilization which Romans established. They disliked to live in towns; they lived in small agricultural villages and built houses mainly of wood.When the English became Christians, they built monasteries and abbeys in different parts of the country. In time these holy buildings became centers of trade, and towns grew up around them. Then the English had to fight the Danes who came over to harry the English. Alfred the Great ordered each county of England to fortify one place as a city of refuge and a center against attack. The English borough of today has its origin in these old
fortified places.Round the large manor houses, however, many towns began to flourish. The Normans built castles inside old boroughs. Towns sprang up round other Norman castles.
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CitiesTowns VillagesHouses are buildings. Schools and clubs are buildings, too. A shop is a building or a part of a building. When there are many houses and other buildings together, they make a town. A city is a very big town. When there are few houses and other buildings together, they make a village.Cities, towns and villages have names. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk, London, Cambridge, Oxford, etc. are the names of cities. Cities, towns and villages have streets between their buildings, that is, the buildings are on each side of streets. On each side of the street, in front of the buildings there is a pavement. Between the pavements there is the road. People walk on the pavements, buses and cars drive on the roads.We can get from one place to another by different means of communication. We can go by train, by airplane (or plane), by ship, by bus, by car, etc.How can we get from Moscow to Vladivostok? We can get there either by train or by airplane. If we go by train it takes us about seven days. If we go by airplane it takes us about 12 hours only.How can we get to the nearest town? We can get there either by bus or train.How can we get from one village to another? We usually use a bicycle, a motor – cycle or a bus to get from one village to another.
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