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ManezhManezh is a building on the western side of the Kremlin. It is near Alexandrovsky Gardens. Now it is the Central Exhibition Hall. Manezh was built in 1817 for parades and the training of the Moscow cavalry, and as a memorial to the Russian victory in 1812.There is not a single internal support. The roof rests on crosswise timber rafters. Is it the first building of such construction in Moscow. Architect Osipove ornamented the building with strong half columns and decorated the walls. The building was completed in 6 months. Contemporaries wrote that there was ”nothing anywhere in Europe”. Many engineers have made a study or the roof, which has been described in many building textbooks. In the 19 th century Manezh became a major cultural centre in the city. It was used for different exhibitions. In 1908 the building was used for the first international exhibition of cars, bicycles and sports equipment.
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The town of Petersburg was founded on 16 May, 1703. Several generations of talented Russian and foreign architects were engaged in the planning and construction of Petersburg`s downtown. Petersburg is one of the world`s most beautiful cities.
The Summer Garden, the Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the monument to Peter I, the Russian Museum are the city`s remarkable architectural sights. Soon after Petersburg was built , it turned into the main center of Russian science and culture. Outstanding scholars like M. V. Lomonosov, D. I. Mendeleyev, I. P. Pavlov and many others engaged themselves in activities of the Academy of Sciences and the University. A. S. Pushkin, M. Y. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov glorified the city in many of their works.There are many memorial places in the city that relate to life and creative work of the great Russian writers: N. V. Gogol, T. M. Dostoevsky, the composers: M. I. Glinka, P. I. Chaikovskiy, M. P. Musorgskiy, N. A. Rimskiy – Korsakov, the painters: K. P. Bryullov, I. Y. Repin, I. N. Kramskoy, V. I. Surikov, etc.St. Petersburg today is a center of science and culture, well-developed industries including shipbuilding, a large international port on the Baltic Sea.
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Anyone who visits Karelia will always be tempted to come back. Karelia is a country of more than 23 thousand rivers. Almost all of them are less than 10 km long.About half of Karelia`s territory is covered with woods, mostly pine and fir.Let`s start on a voyage by the Neva River and Ladoga and Onega Lakes to the famous islands of Valaam and Kizhy to see the charming nature of the northern land.Kizhy is a small island (7 km long and about one and a half km wide) in lake Onega, Europe`s second largestlake.Kizhy is called “Russian Wonder.”The most precious thing in Kizhy is 22-cupola Cathedral of the Transfiguration built in 1714. Its walls, ceilings and roofs were made of pine trees without any nail, using only an axe. The twenty-two cupolas are of different size which givethe cathedral a fairy-tale look.We don`t know anything about the man of genius who built it. There is a legend inKizhy that this church was built by Master Nestor. Having built, he threw his axe into Lake Onega with the words, “There has never been, there isn`t and there will never be anything like it.”The island Valaam is the biggest on the Ladoga. There is a monastery on the island. It was founded by Novgorod townsfolk and stood to defend Russian land borders, and many times repelled Swedish attacks. The monastery was ruined in the early 17th century, but restored in the 18th century. Along with trees that are common to these latitudes, you can see oak, cedar groves, alleys of silver fir and fruit gardens. The walls of northern structures were always made of pine
. The carpenters always tried to make the building stand as long as possible. 22 domes are reliable protection against the wet. When it rains, water falls from the upper to the lower domes, which throw water far away from the walls. That is why the wooden church has managed to survive so long.
There are also other interesting wooden constructions, small chapels, living houses. People from every corner of the world keep coming here. They speak different languages but all agree on one point: Kizhi is incomparable!
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KremlinLet us travel about our capital. It is difficult to describe Moscow in a few words. And it is very difficult to see all the places of interest. The first place the tourists go to in Moscow is the Kremlin. One can’t imagine Moscow without the Kremlin, which is the heart of the city.The Kremlin is known for its splendid buildings, among which are many wonderful cathedrals. You can also see there the Bell-Tower of Ivan the Great, the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell.Thousands of people from all over the world visit Red Square. Red Square is famous for St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Monument to Minin and Pozharsky. This monument was erected in 1818 in memory of the liberation of the Russian land from foreign invaders. Another famous building is the Historical Museum Building.
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Styles of modern architectureThe styles of modern architecture are similar in most countries today. This is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flatsand offices. Boxes – that’s what a good deal of modern architecture reminds of. The blocks of flats in our big towns are huge boxes, whether the fronts and sides are square or oblong.Architects have done some very good deal work in designing schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used. The parts are taken to a site and put together there. The classrooms are light and big, and children have a fine large assembly hall. There is a dining-hall completed with modern kitchen.Many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, look like big boxes. They do look like boxes from the outside, but when we go inside, we find them very well planned for their purposes. An architect today has to be an engineer too. The best modern buildings help us to live and work in comfort. They save plenty of unnecessary work.You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.
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How did the Norman influence Britain’s civilization?In 1066 came William the Duke of Normandy or William the Conqueror who settled in London which became the capital of Norman Britain. For 500 years the Normans were masters of Britain. They brought with them Latin and French civilization, the laws and the organization of the land. They did their best to make the city beautiful. The Westminster Abbey was finished and William was the first king to be crowned there. Since then, all English kings have been crowned in the Abbey. At that time
the Tower of Londonwas built on the Thames and it stands there still unchanged. Commerce and trade grew very quickly, but the population grew even faster. London became a busy, rich and crowded city. The old city looked very picturesque with its tall houses of wood and plaster and its narrow streets.
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British HomesThe majority of the British population live in small houses built close together. A typical house of this kind is built with two floors. The front door, which faces the street, opens into a hall with two rooms, one on each side of the hall. One of them is the dining – room; the other may be called the sitting – room or the living – room. The most modern name for this room is the lounge.The rooms upstairs are bedrooms; they are often very small. Often the dining – room is the most comfortable room in the house, and the one that is used all the time. The other members of the family bring their hobbies and games to the table. But when the television set is turned on, no one can do anything in the dining – room.Very many houses of this type were built in British cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Today the land on which they stand has become very valuable and the owners either sell it or pull down the old houses and build large blocks of flats. In this way the owners make more money.
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