Файл: тексты на семестр.doc

Text 11 - hr management

For any manager, regardless of the size of the business that he runs, or by which he is employed, or its range of activities, a capable, loyal team of staff is of the utmost importance if his department or section or business is to operate smoothly and efficiently. No matter how automated the business or part of it under his control may be, the output of it will ultimately be achieved through the efforts of his subordinates. Machines, materials and even premises can be replaced, but it is not at all easy to replace reliable and hard-working staff. It is therefore vital that considerable attention is paid to the selection and recruitment of the right staff. Equal consideration must be paid to the training of those staff members, and to their welfare and to their motivation, so that they will work well and willing and, will be sufficiently content in the employ of the business to stay with it. The last point is emphasized because the time, effort and expense involved in recruiting and training good staff are considerable.

Large businesses usually have a Personnel Department - headed by a Personnel (or Human Resource (HR)) Manager - separate from the line or operating departments, which is responsible for dealing with most, if not all, matters and problems relating to personnel throughout the organization: their conditions of work, welfare, recruitment, training, promotion, etc., and the maintenance of personnel records. In most cases the Personnel Department - and its manager - acts in advisory and service-providing capacities only. However, the personnel function has become so complex and special in many large companies that the HR Manager will often be at least a senior executive, if not a director, and may have the authority to negotiate on behalf of the organization with trade unions and staff representatives.

The term ‘recruitment’ refers to the first stage in the process leading to the filling of a vacancy which may arise either due to the creation of a new post, or because the present holder of it is leaving the employ of the business or of a section or department of it. In the latter case, it will first have to be decided whether it is really necessary to replace the employee (for example, could his duties be spread amongst others in the department who may not be fully occupied, perhaps due to a reduction in work-load or efficiencies brought about by organization and method or work studies (simply abbreviated to O&M)). And the opportunity might be taken to change the scope of the post, broaden or reduce the range of duties, etc.

The personnel policy formulated for a business should concentrate on two aspects: (1) those activities which can be governed by clearly laid down procedures, which are to be followed as and when circumstances required (including recruitment, selection, promotion and training of employees); (2) those activities which are aimed at creating and maintaining a good work climate and content workers.

Text 12 - advertising

Advertising is a system of telling potential customers about your services or needs. All organizations advertise, whether they admit it or not. Charitable and community organizations don't do it as formally as businesses, but they find ways to get known.

Much of the lore of advertising is aimed at the clever phrase that gets people's attention. However, the most useful advertising for the majority of companies is the routine type. A regular notice in the same place all the time will help the customer find you when he is ready. Hardly anything beats the «yellow pages» type of advertising.

People are suspicious of slogans and displays that are so clever they appear insincere. The best advertising is third-person credibility — a customer telling a new or potential one about you. Give your customers a reason to do this.

The advertising budget for a charitable organization should be about 5 percent of receipts. It doesn't need to be that high if it can piggyback on the ads of others. Direct mail is the most useful if a sincere and personalized approach can be used. Remember that 80 percent of the money is given by 20 percent of the people. Go for them.

Retail organizations may spend 15 percent of their revenues on advertising, but that is high for a normal business. There is very little relation between the amount of advertising and the amount of business. A minimum amount will produce the same results as a maximum. It depends on how the advertising is placed. Use agencies if you can-they get their money from the media-but spend time making certain they understand your business. Don't assume it.

Positioning the product or service in the proper place in the market or business and presenting it in such a way that people become customers are what marketing is all about. Marketing people do not like to admit that they have anything to do with sales, but obviously the whole purpose of marketing is to create a situation in which a sale can be made.

In another sense, marketing is what we all do with our personal careers. Success or failure in the business world depends to a great degree on third-person credibility. The same is true in charitable organizations. For instance, the symphony that is thought of as a money-grubbing, disgruntled group of musicians gets very little support. The symphony that is thought of as yearning to pour music into the heart of every citizen receives all the funds and help it can handle. The difference between the two is marketing.

Companies such as Nieman-Marcus and Lazarus have developed a reputation for taking back whatever you bring them even if they didn't sell it to you. The reality is that this hardly ever happens, but the image of it is priceless. Such images are not generated by accident.

In careers, if one is thought of as a person of integrity, resourceful, energetic, and with an intense view of work, one will get far in the business world. If one is thought of as cantankerous, lazy, and difficult, obviously the reverse will be true. The difference in these two images lies very much in the hands of the individual. So all of us, as well as our businesses, need to think out how we wish to be presented to the world.